The N-localizer is a device that enables guidance of

stereotactic surgery Stereotactic surgery is a minimally invasive form of surgical intervention that makes use of a three-dimensional coordinate system to locate small targets inside the body and to perform on them some action such as ablation, biopsy, lesion, inj ...

radiosurgery Radiosurgery is surgery using radiation, that is, the destruction of precisely selected areas of tissue using ionizing radiation rather than excision with a blade. Like other forms of radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy), it is usually u ...

using tomographic images that are obtained via computed tomography (CT),

magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body. MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio wave ...

(MRI), or

positron emission tomography Positron emission tomography (PET) is a functional imaging technique that uses radioactive substances known as radiotracers to visualize and measure changes in metabolic processes, and in other physiological activities including blood flow, ...

(PET). The N-localizer comprises a diagonal rod that spans two vertical rods to form an N-shape (Figure 1) and permits calculation of the point where a tomographic image plane intersects the diagonal rod. Attaching three N-localizers to a stereotactic instrument allows calculation of three points where a tomographic image plane intersects three diagonal rods (Figure 2). These points determine the spatial orientation of the tomographic image plane relative to the stereotactic frame. The N-localizer is integrated with the Brown-Roberts-Wells (BRW), Kelly-Goerss, Leksell, Cosman-Roberts-Wells (CRW), Micromar-ETM03B, FiMe-BlueFrame, Macom, and Adeor-Zeppelin stereotactic frames and with the Gamma Knife

system. An alternative to the N-localizer is the Sturm-Pastyr localizer that comprises three rods wherein two diagonal rods form a V-shape and a third, vertical rod is positioned midway between the two diagonal rods (Figure 3). The Sturm-Pastyr localizer is integrated with the Riechert-Mundinger and Zamorano-Dujovny stereotactic frames. Compared to the N-localizer, the Sturm-Pastyr localizer is less accurate and necessitates more elaborate calculations to determine the spatial orientation of the tomographic image plane relative to the stereotactic frame. In contrast to the N-localizer that does not require specification of the pixel size in a tomographic image, the Sturm-Pastyr localizer requires precise specification of the pixel size. Research conducted four decades after the introduction of the N-localizer and Sturm-Pastyr localizer has revealed computational techniques that improve the accuracy of both localizers.

Figures

File:IntersectionOfCTSectionWithNLocalizer.tif, Figure 1. Depiction of the N-localizer and its intersection with the tomographic image plane. (A) Side view of the N-localizer. The tomographic image plane intersects two vertical rods and one diagonal rod. (B) Tomographic image. The intersection of the tomographic image plane with the N-localizer creates two fiducial circles and one fiducial ellipse. The relative spacing between the ellipse and the two circles varies with the height at which the tomographic image plane intersects the diagonal rod. File:IntersectionOfCTWith3NLocalizersAndStereotacticFrame.tiff, Figure 2. Depiction of three N-localizers and their intersection with the tomographic image plane. The quadrilateral represents the tomographic image plane. The oval and the arch represent the stereotactic instrument. The vertical and diagonal lines attached to the oval represent three N-localizers. The three points where the tomographic image plane intersects the diagonal rods are depicted by the dots. These points of intersection determine the spatial orientation of the tomographic image plane relative to the stereotactic frame. File:IntersectionOfSectionWithSturmPastyr.tif, Figure 3. Depiction of the Sturm-Pastyr localizer and its intersection with the tomographic image plane. (A) Side view of the Sturm-Pastyr localizer. The tomographic image plane intersects two diagonal rods and one vertical rod. (B) Tomographic image. The intersection of the tomographic image plane with the Sturm-Pastyr localizer creates two fiducial ellipses and one fiducial circle. The relative spacing between the circle and the two ellipses varies with the height at which the tomographic image plane intersects the vertical rod.

Figures

References

Further reading