Muslim extremism on:
[Wikipedia]
[Google]
[Amazon]
Islamic extremism, Islamist extremism, or radical Islam, is used in reference to
. This case is noteworthy because the judge lists a 10-point definition of Islamic extremism that he used to determine the case:
In Charles Haddon-Cave's findings he wrote:
Sayyid Qutb, an Egyptian Islamist ideologue and prominent figurehead of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, was influential in promoting the Pan-Islamism, Pan-Islamist ideology in the 1960s. When he was executed by the Egyptian government under the History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser, regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Ayman al-Zawahiri formed the organization Egyptian Islamic Jihad to replace the government with an Islamic state that would reflect Qutb's ideas for the Islamic revival that he yearned for. The Qutbism, Qutbist ideology has been influential on jihadist movements and Islamic terrorists that seek to overthrow secular governments, most notably Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri of al-Qaeda, as well as the Salafi jihadism, Salafi-jihadi terrorist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh. Moreover, Qutb's books have been frequently been cited by Osama bin Laden and Anwar al-Awlaki.Robert Irwin, "Is this the man who inspired Bin Laden?"
''The Guardian'' (1 November 2001). Sayyid Qutb could be said to have founded the actual movement of radical Islam. Unlike the other Islamic thinkers that have been mentioned above, Qutb was not an Apologetics, apologist. He was a prominent leader of the Muslim Brotherhood and a highly influential Islamist ideologue, and the first to articulate these anathemizing principles in his magnum opus ''Fī ẓilāl al-Qurʾān'' (''In the shade of the Qurʾān'') and his 1966 manifesto ''Maʿālim fīl-ṭarīq'' (''Milestones (book), Milestones''), which lead to his execution by the Egyptian government. Other Salafi movements in the Middle East and North Africa and across the
Islamic extremism, Islamist extremism, or radical Islam, is used in reference to extremist
Extremism is "the quality or state of being extreme" or "the advocacy of extreme measures or views". The term is primarily used in a political or religious sense to refer to an ideology that is considered (by the speaker or by some implied share ...
beliefs and behaviors which are associated with the Islamic religion
Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God (or '' Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the mai ...
. These are controversial terms with varying definitions, ranging from academic understandings to the idea that all ideologies other than Islam have failed and are inferior to Islam. These terms can also be used in reference to other sects of Islam that do not share such beliefs. Political definitions of Islamic extremism include the one which is used by the government of the United Kingdom, which understands Islamic extremism as any form of Islam that opposes "democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and beliefs". In 2019, the U.S. Institute for Peace released an important report on extremism in fragile states that developed recommendations focused on adopting a shared understanding, operationalize a prevention framework, and rallying the international community.
Islamic extremism should not be equated with Islamic fundamentalism
Islamic fundamentalism has been defined as a puritanical, revivalist, and reform movement of Muslims who aim to return to the founding scriptures of Islam. Islamic fundamentalists are of the view that Muslim-majority countries should return ...
or Islamism, the former is defined as a movement of Muslims who believe that Muslim-majority countries
The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah. This consists of all those who adhere to the religious beliefs and laws of Islam or to societies in which Islam is practiced. In ...
should return to the fundamentals of an Islamic state
An Islamic state is a state that has a form of government based on Islamic law (sharia). As a term, it has been used to describe various historical polities and theories of governance in the Islamic world. As a translation of the Arabic term ...
and the latter movement is defined as a form of political Islam
Political Islam is any interpretation of Islam as a source of political identity and action. It can refer to a wide range of individuals and/or groups who advocate the formation of state and society according to their understanding of Islamic pri ...
, but some experts consider both Islamic fundamentalism and Islamism to be forms of Islamic extremism. Acts of violence which are committed by Islamic terrorists and jihadists
Jihadism is a neologism which is used in reference to "militant Islamic movements that are perceived as existentially threatening to the West" and "rooted in political Islam."Compare: Appearing earlier in the Pakistani and Indian media, Wes ...
are frequently blamed on Islamic extremism, but Islamic extremism is not the root cause of every act of violence.
Definitions
Academic definition
The academic definition of radical Islam consists of two parts: * The first being: Islamic thought that states that all ideologies other than Islam, whether associated with the West (capitalism or democracy) or the East (communism or socialism) have failed and have demonstrated their bankruptcy. * The second being: Islamic thought that states that (semi)secular regimes are wrong because of their negligence of Islam.United Kingdom High Courts definition
The UK High Courts have ruled in two cases on Islamic extremism, and provided definition. Aside from those, two major definitions have been offered for Islamic extremism, sometimes using overlapping but also distinct aspects of extreme interpretations and pursuits of Islamic ideology: * The use of violent tactics such as bombing and assassinations for achieving perceived Islamic goals (seeJihadism
Jihadism is a neologism which is used in reference to "militant Islamic movements that are perceived as existentially threatening to the West" and "rooted in political Islam."Compare: Appearing earlier in the Pakistani and Indian media, Wes ...
; or Zeyno Baran Zeyno Baran (born January 31, 1972) is a Turkish American scholar on issues ranging from US-Turkey relations to Islamist ideology to energy security in Europe and Asia. She was the Director of the Center for Eurasian Policy and a Senior Fellow at ...
, Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Eurasian Policy at the Hudson Institute, prefers the term '' Islamist extremism'')
* An extremely conservative view of Islam, which does not necessarily entail violence (see also Islamic fundamentalism
Islamic fundamentalism has been defined as a puritanical, revivalist, and reform movement of Muslims who aim to return to the founding scriptures of Islam. Islamic fundamentalists are of the view that Muslim-majority countries should return ...
aran again prefers the term ''Islamism''.
UK High Court rulings
There are two UK High Court cases that explicitly address the issue of Islamic extremism. * May 2016: An Appeal from the Crown Court and Central Criminal Court: several individuals' cases considered together.https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/r-v-kahar-and-others.pdf * October 2016: In which the Judge concluded that Imam Shakeel Begg is an Islamic Extremist, and does not uphold Begg's claim that the BBC had libelled him by saying so.https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/shakeel-begg-v-bbc-judgment-final-20161028.pdfMay 2016 appeal case
The judge refers to several grounds: section 20 of the 2006 Act; the definition of "terrorism" in section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000 and the decision of the Supreme Court in ''R v Gul''.October 2016 Shakeel Begg case
Begg, a prominent Muslim public figure and Imam at Lewisham Islamic Centre since 1998 lost his 2016 court case of Libel against theBBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC
Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...
...Extremist Islamic positions 118. In my view, the following constitute "extremist" Islamic positions (or indicia thereof). * First, a 'Manichean' view of the world. A total, eternal 'Manichean' worldview is a central tenet of violent Islamic extremism. It divides the world strictly into 'Us' versus 'Them': those who are blessed or saved (i.e. the "right kind" of Muslim) on the one hand and those who are to be damned for eternity (i.e. the "wrong kind" of Muslim and everyone else) on the other. For violent Islamic extremists, the "wrong kind" of Muslim includes moderate Sunni Muslims, all Shia Muslims, and many others who are "mete for the sword" and can be killed, and anyone who associates or collaborates" with them... * Second, the reduction of jihad (striving in God's cause) to qital (armed combat) ('the Lesser Jihad')... * Third, the ignoring or flouting of the conditions for the declaration of armed jihad (qital), i.e. the established Islamic doctrinal conditions for the declaration of armed combat (qital) set out above... * Fourth, the ignoring or flouting of the strict regulations governing the conduct of armed jihad, i.e. the stipulations in the Qur'an and the Sunna for the ethics of conducting qital set out above. Thus, the use of excessive violence, attacks on civilians, indiscriminate 'suicide' violence and the torture or the murder of prisoners would constitute violation of these regulations of jihad... * Fifth, advocating armed fighting in defence of Islam (qital) as a universal individual religious obligation (fard al 'ayn)... * Sixth, any interpretation of Shari'a (i.e. religious law laid down by the Qur'an and the Sunna) that required breaking the 'law of the land'... * Seventh, the classification of all non-Muslims as unbelievers (kuffar)... * Eighth, the extreme Salafist Islamism doctrine that the precepts of the Muslim faith negate and supersede all other natural ties, such as those of family, kinship and nation... * Ninth, the citing with approval the fatwa (legal opinions) of Islamic scholars who espouse extremist view... * Tenth, any teaching which, expressly or implicitly, encourages Muslims to engage in, or support, terrorism or violence in the name of Allah.
Key influences of radical Islam
Early Islam
According to the academic definition of radical Islam, the second condition for something to be called radical Islam, is that it is antigovernmental. Consequently, a government is a condition for radical Islam. However, even though the peace of Westphalia was established in 1648 and thus introduced thenation state
A nation state is a political unit where the state and nation are congruent. It is a more precise concept than "country", since a country does not need to have a predominant ethnic group.
A nation, in the sense of a common ethnicity, may i ...
, the writings of the formative centuries of Islamic history are influential to the contemporary writings that were coined radical after the concept of the nation state was established in the Muslim world
The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah. This consists of all those who adhere to the religious beliefs and laws of Islam or to societies in which Islam is practiced. I ...
as well. Key influences of radical Islam that stem from early Islam include:
Kharijites
Islamic extremism dates back to theearly history of Islam
The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic, military, and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization. Most historians believe that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE. Muslims re ...
with the emergence of the Kharijites in the 7th century CE. The original schism between Kharijites, Sunni Islam, Sunnīs, and Shia Islam, Shīʿas among Muslims was disputed over the Succession to Muhammad, political and religious succession to the guidance of the Ummah, Muslim community (''Ummah'') after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims. Shīʿas believe Ali, ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnīs consider Abu Bakr to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shīʿas and the Sunnīs during the First Fitna (the first Islamic Civil War); they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to ''Takfir, takfīr'' (excommunication), whereby they declared both Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims to be either Kafir, infidels (''kuffār'') or Munafiq, false Muslims (''munāfiḳūn''), and therefore deemed them Capital punishment in Islam, worthy of death for their perceived Apostasy in Islam, apostasy (''ridda'').
The Islamic tradition traces the origin of the Kharijities to the Battle of Siffin, battle between ʿAlī and Mu'awiya at Siffin in 657 CE. When ʿAlī was faced with a military stalemate and agreed to submit the dispute to arbitration, some of his party withdrew their support from him. "Judgement belongs to God alone" (لاَ حُكْكْ إلَا لِلّهِ) became the slogan of these secessionists. They also called themselves ''al-Shurat'' ("the Vendors"), to reflect their willingness to sell their lives in Martyrdom in Islam, martyrdom.
These original Kharijites opposed both ʿAlī and Mu'awiya, and appointed their own leaders. They were decisively defeated by ʿAlī, who was in turn assassinated by a Kharijite. Kharijites engaged in guerilla warfare against the Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyads, but only became a movement to be reckoned with during the Second Fitna (the second Islamic Civil War) when they at one point controlled more territory than any of their rivals. The Kharijites were, in fact, one of the major threats to Ibn al-Zubayr's bid for the caliphate; during this time they controlled Yamama and most of southern Arabia, and captured the oasis town of al-Ta'if.
The Azariqa, considered to be the extreme faction of the Kharijites, controlled parts of western Iran under the Umayyads until they were finally put down in 699 CE. The more moderate Ibadi Islam, Ibadi Kharijites were longer-lived, continuing to wield political power in North and East Africa and in eastern Arabia during the Abbasid Caliphate, 'Abbasid period. Because of their readiness to declare any opponent as apostate, the extreme Kharijites tended to fragment into small groups. One of the few points that the various Kharijite splinter groups held in common was their view of the caliphate, which differed from other Muslim theories on two points.
* First, they were principled egalitarians, holding that any pious Muslim ("even an History of slavery in the Muslim world, Ethiopian slave") can become Caliph and that family or tribal affiliation is inconsequential. The only requirements for leadership are piety and acceptance by the community.
* Second, they agreed that it is the duty of the believers to depose any leader who falls into error. This second principle had profound implications for Kharijite theology. Applying these ideas to the early history of the caliphate, Kharijites only accept Abu Bakr and 'Umar as legitimate caliphs. Of 'Uthman's caliphate they recognize only the first six years as legitimate, and they reject 'Ali altogether.
By the time that Ibn al-Muqaffa' wrote his political treatise early in the 'Abbasid period, the Kharijites were no longer a significant political threat, at least in the Early Muslim conquests, Islamic heartlands. The memory of the menace they had posed to Muslim unity and of the moral challenge generated by their pious idealism still weighed heavily on Muslim political and religious thought, however. Even if the Kharijites could no longer threaten, their ghosts still had to be answered. The Ibadis are the only Kharijite group to survive into modern times.
Ibn Taymiyyah
Modern Islam
Salafism and Wahhabism
The Salafi movement, ''Salafiyya'' movement is a conservative, ''Islahi'' (reform) movement within Sunni Islam, Sunnī Islam that emerged in the second half of the 19th century and advocate a return to the traditions of the "devout ancestors" (''Salaf, Salaf al-Salih''). It has been described as the "fastest-growing Islamic movement"; with each scholar expressing diverse views across social, theological, and political spectrum. Salafis follow a doctrine that can be summed up as taking "a Islamic fundamentalism, fundamentalist approach to Islam, emulating the Prophet Muhammad and his earliest followers—''al-salaf al-salih'', the 'pious forefathers'....They reject religious innovation, or ''bidʻah'', and support the implementation of ''Sharia'' (Islamic law)." The Salafi movement is often divided into three categories: the largest group are the purists (or Political quietism in Islam, quietists), who avoid politics; the second largest group are the Islamism, militant activists, who get involved in politics; the third and last group are the Salafi jihadism, jihadists, who constitute a minority. Most of the violent Islamist groups come from the Salafi jihadism, Salafi-Jihadist movement and their subgroups. In recent years, Jihadi-Salafist doctrines have often been associated with the armed insurgencies of Islamic extremist movements and Islamic terrorism, terrorist organizations targeting innocent civilians, both Muslims and Non-Muslims, such as al-Qaeda, Islamic State, ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh, Boko Haram, etc. The second largest group are the Salafi activists who have a long tradition of political activism, such as those that operate in organizations like the Muslim Brotherhood, the Arab world's major Islamism, Islamist movement. In the aftermath of widescale repressions after the Arab Spring, Arab spring, accompanied by their political failures, the activist-Salafi movements have undergone a decline. The most numerous are the Political quietism in Islam, quietists, who believe in disengagement from politics and accept allegiance to Muslim governments, no matter how tyrannical, to avoid ''Fitna (word), fitna'' (chaos). The Wahhabism, Wahhabi movement was founded and spearheaded by the Hanbali, Ḥanbalī scholar and theologian Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, a religious preacher from the Najd region in Arabian Peninsula, central Arabia, and was instrumental in the rise of the House of Saud to power in the Arabian peninsula. Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab sought to Islamic revival, revive and purify Islam from what he perceived as non-Islamic popular religious beliefs and practices by returning to what, he believed, were the Islamic fundamentalism, fundamental principles of the Islamic religion. His works were generally short, full of quotations from the Quran and Hadith, ''Hadith'' literature, such as his main and foremost theological treatise, ''Kitāb at-Tawḥīd'' ( ar, كتاب التوحيد; "The Book of Oneness"). He taught that the primary doctrine of Islam was the Tawhid, uniqueness and oneness of God (''tawḥīd''), and denounced what he held to be popular religious beliefs and practices among Muslims that he considered to be akin to Bidʻah, heretical innovation (''bidʿah'') and Shirk (Islam), polytheism (''shirk''). Wahhabism has been described as a conservative, strict, and Islamic fundamentalism, fundamentalist branch of Sunnī Islam, with Puritanical, puritan views, believing in a literal interpretation of the Quran. The terms "Wahhabism" and "Salafism" are sometimes evoked interchangeably, although the designation "Wahhabism#Definitions and etymology, Wahhabi" is specifically applied to the followers of Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab and his Islah, reformist doctrines. The label "Wahhabi" was not claimed by his followers, who usually refer themselves as ''al-Muwaḥḥidūn'' ("affirmers of the singularity of God"), but is rather employed by Western scholars as well as his critics. Starting in the mid-1970s and 1980s, the international propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism within Sunnī Islam favored by the Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf has achieved what the French political scientist Gilles Kepel defined as a "preeminent position of strength in the global expression of Islam." 22 months after the September 11 attacks, when the Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI considered al-Qaeda as "the number one terrorist threat to the United States", journalist Stephen Suleyman Schwartz, Stephen Schwartz and U.S. Senator Jon Kyl have explicitly stated during a hearing that occurred in June 2003 before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology, and Homeland Security of the United States Senate, U.S. Senate that "Wahhabism is the source of the List of terrorist incidents, overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today's world". As part of the global "War on terror, War on Terror", Wahhabism has been accused by the European Parliament, various Western security analysts, and think tanks like the RAND Corporation, as being "a source of global terrorism". Furthermore, Wahhabism has been accused of causing disunity in the Ummah, Muslim community (''Ummah'') and criticized for its followers' Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia, destruction of many Islamic, cultural, and historical sites associated with theearly history of Islam
The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic, military, and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization. Most historians believe that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE. Muslims re ...
and the first generation of Muslims (Ahl al-Bayt, Muhammad's family and his Companions of the Prophet, companions) in Saudi Arabia.
Contemporary Islam
The contemporary period begins after 1924. With the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922), the Ottoman Caliphate was also Abolition of the Caliphate, abolished. This event heavily influenced Islamic thinking in general, but also what would later be coined radical Islamic thought. Key thinkers that wrote about Islam in the 20th century, and especially about ''jihad'', include:Muhammad Abduh
Rashid Rida
Hassan al-Banna
Abul A'la al-Maududi
Sayyid Qutb
Sayyid Qutb, an Egyptian Islamist ideologue and prominent figurehead of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, was influential in promoting the Pan-Islamism, Pan-Islamist ideology in the 1960s. When he was executed by the Egyptian government under the History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser, regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Ayman al-Zawahiri formed the organization Egyptian Islamic Jihad to replace the government with an Islamic state that would reflect Qutb's ideas for the Islamic revival that he yearned for. The Qutbism, Qutbist ideology has been influential on jihadist movements and Islamic terrorists that seek to overthrow secular governments, most notably Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri of al-Qaeda, as well as the Salafi jihadism, Salafi-jihadi terrorist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh. Moreover, Qutb's books have been frequently been cited by Osama bin Laden and Anwar al-Awlaki.Robert Irwin, "Is this the man who inspired Bin Laden?"''The Guardian'' (1 November 2001). Sayyid Qutb could be said to have founded the actual movement of radical Islam. Unlike the other Islamic thinkers that have been mentioned above, Qutb was not an Apologetics, apologist. He was a prominent leader of the Muslim Brotherhood and a highly influential Islamist ideologue, and the first to articulate these anathemizing principles in his magnum opus ''Fī ẓilāl al-Qurʾān'' (''In the shade of the Qurʾān'') and his 1966 manifesto ''Maʿālim fīl-ṭarīq'' (''Milestones (book), Milestones''), which lead to his execution by the Egyptian government. Other Salafi movements in the Middle East and North Africa and across the
Muslim world
The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah. This consists of all those who adhere to the religious beliefs and laws of Islam or to societies in which Islam is practiced. I ...
adopted many of his Islamist principles.
According to Qutb, the Ummah, Muslim community (''Ummah'') has been extinct for several centuries and reverted to ''jahiliyah'' (the pre-Islamic age of ignorance) because those who call themselves Muslims have failed to follow the Sharia, ''sharia'' law. In order to Islamic revival, restore Islam, bring back its days of glory, and free the Muslims from the clasps of ignorance, Qutb proposed the shunning of modern society, establishing a vanguard modeled after the early Muslims, preaching, and bracing oneself for poverty or even death as preparation for ''jihad'' against what he perceived as ''jahili'' government/society, and overthrow them. Qutbism, the radical Islamist ideology derived from the ideas of Qutb, was denounced by many prominent Muslim scholars as well as other members of the Muslim Brotherhood, like Yusuf al-Qaradawi.
Groups
Foreign Political support
According to the British historian Mark Curtis (British author) , Mark Curtis, in his book Secret Affairs: Britain's Collusion with Radical Islam, ''Secret Affairs: Britain's Collusion with Radical Islam'', Britain has been accused of consistently supporting radical Islam to combat secular nationalism. Because the secular nationalists threatened to seize the resources of their countries and use it for internal development, which was not accepted by England. The United States, like Britain before it, has been accused of historically supporting radical Islam in the face of secular nationalism, seen as a major threat to Western colonial dominance. Chomsky and coauthors accuse Israel of destroying Egypt and Syria in 1967, two bastions of secular Arab nationalism opposed to Saudi Arabia, which they view as the leader of radical Islam.See also
* Antisemitism in Islam * Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh * Islam and other religions * Islam and secularism * Islam and violence * Islam and war ** Religious war#Islam, Holy war in Islam * Islam Yes, Islamic Party No * Islam in Mali#Extremism, Islamic extremism in Mali * Islamic extremism in Northern Nigeria * Islamic extremism in the 20th-century Egypt * Islamic terrorism **Jihadism
Jihadism is a neologism which is used in reference to "militant Islamic movements that are perceived as existentially threatening to the West" and "rooted in political Islam."Compare: Appearing earlier in the Pakistani and Indian media, Wes ...
** Jihadist extremism in the United States
* Islamism
** Post-Islamism
* List of Islamist terrorist attacks
* List of thwarted Islamist terrorist attacks
* Mujahideen
* Petro-Islam
* Qutbism
* Religious fanaticism#Islam, Religious fanaticism in Islam
* Salafi movement
** International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism (International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region, by region)
** Salafi jihadism
** Wahhabism
* Takfirism
* Violent extremism
Further reading
* * * * *References
External links
* {{Islamic terrorism in Europe Religious extremism Islamic extremism, Islam and politics Islam-related controversies Islamic practices Islamism Political ideologies Islamic fundamentalism