Tokugawa shogunate
The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Tokugawa-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia ...
of
Edo period
The or is the period between 1603 and 1867 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional '' daimyo''. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengoku period, the Edo period was characte ...
Japan. It was located in Echigo Province, Honshū. The domain was centered at Muramatsu ''Jin'ya'' (later renamed Muramatsu Castle), located in what is now part of the city of
Gosen Gosen may refer to:
*Gosen, Niigata, Japan
* Gosen-Neu Zittau, Brandenburg, Germany
* Gosen (Company), a Japanese manufacturer of sporting equipment
*Gosen Wakashū, an ancient Japanese poetry anthology
*Land of Goshen
The land of Goshen ( he, ...
in
Niigata Prefecture
is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Honshu of Japan. Niigata Prefecture has a population of 2,227,496 (1 July 2019) and is the fifth-largest prefecture of Japan by geographic area at . Niigata Prefecture borders Toyama Prefecture and ...
.
History
Upon the death of Hori Naoyori, ''
daimyō
were powerful Japanese magnates, feudal lords who, from the 10th century to the early Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings. They were subordinate to the shogun and nominal ...
'' of
Murakami Domain
was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Echigo Province (modern-day Niigata Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Murakami Castle in what is now the city of Murakami, Niigata.Hori Naotoki. This marked the start of Muramatsu Domain. However, to be more precise, Hori Naotoki built his seat at Yasuda in Echigo Province, and it was not until the time of his son, Hori Naoyoshi, that the ''jin'ya'' was moved to Muramatsu. The area of the domain was mostly mountainous and unsuited to the development of new rice lands. Its actual '' kokudaka'' was only around 40,000 ''koku''. Although Hori Naoyoshi attempted a survey and
land reform
Land reform is a form of agrarian reform involving the changing of laws, regulations, or customs regarding land ownership. Land reform may consist of a government-initiated or government-backed property redistribution, generally of agricultural ...
, he died before it could be completed and the domain was perennially in debt. During the time of the 8th ''daimyō'', Hori Naoyasu, some fiscal reforms were initiated, which resulted in a peasant uprising in 1814. During the time of the 9th ''daimyō'', Hori Naohide, a more successful reform was implemented, with woven goods, ''
washi
is traditional Japanese paper. The term is used to describe paper that uses local fiber, processed by hand and made in the traditional manner. ''Washi'' is made using fibers from the inner bark of the gampi tree, the mitsumata shrub (''E ...
'', green tea, and a form of ceramics known as ''Muramatsu-yaki'' developed to supplement the domain's income. The domain was also raised in status from a ''jin'ya'' domain to a castle domain in 1850.
During the
Bakumatsu period
was the final years of the Edo period when the Tokugawa shogunate ended. Between 1853 and 1867, Japan ended its isolationist foreign policy known as and changed from a feudal Tokugawa shogunate to the modern empire of the Meiji govern ...
, the
samurai
were the hereditary military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan from the late 12th century until their abolition in 1876. They were the well-paid retainers of the '' daimyo'' (the great feudal landholders). They h ...
of the domain were sharply divided between a conservative faction led by the 11th ''daimyō'', Hori Naoyoshi, and a pro-''
Sonnō jōi
was a ''yojijukugo'' (four-character compound) phrase used as the rallying cry and slogan of a political movement in Japan in the 1850s and 1860s during the Bakumatsu period. Based on Neo-Confucianism and Japanese nativism, the movement soug ...
'' faction. During the Boshin War, Hori Naoyoshi led the domain into the
Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei
The was a Japanese military-political coalition established and disestablished over the course of several months in early to mid-1868 during the Boshin War. Its flag was either a white interwoven five-pointed star on a black field, or a black i ...
, but he switched sides after only a few months. In July 1871, with the abolition of the han system, Muramatsu Domain briefly became Muramatsu Prefecture, and was merged into the newly created
Niigata Prefecture
is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Honshu of Japan. Niigata Prefecture has a population of 2,227,496 (1 July 2019) and is the fifth-largest prefecture of Japan by geographic area at . Niigata Prefecture borders Toyama Prefecture and ...
. Under the new
Meiji government
The was the government that was formed by politicians of the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain in the 1860s. The Meiji government was the early government of the Empire of Japan.
Politicians of the Meiji government were known as the Meiji o ...
, Hori Naohiro, the final ''daimyō'' of Muramatsu Domain was given the ''
kazoku
The was the hereditary peerage of the Empire of Japan, which existed between 1869 and 1947. They succeeded the feudal lords () and court nobles (), but were abolished with the 1947 constitution.
Kazoku ( 華族) should not be confused with ...
'' peerage title of ''shishaku'' (
viscount
A viscount ( , for male) or viscountess (, for female) is a title used in certain European countries for a noble of varying status.
In many countries a viscount, and its historical equivalents, was a non-hereditary, administrative or judicia ...
). The site of former Muramatsu Castle is now a park.
Bakumatsu period holdings
As with most domains in the
han system
( ja, 藩, "domain") is a Japanese historical term for the Estate (land), estate of a daimyo in the Edo period (1603–1868) and early Meiji (era), Meiji period (1868–1912).Louis Frédéric, Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"Han"in ''Japan En ...
, Muramatsu Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned '' kokudaka'', based on periodic
cadastral
A cadastre or cadaster is a comprehensive recording of the real estate or real property's metes-and-bounds of a country.Jo Henssen, ''Basic Principles of the Main Cadastral Systems in the World,'/ref>
Often it is represented graphically in a cad ...
was the 1st ''daimyō'' of Yasuda Domain (Muramatsu). He was the second son of Hori Naoyori of
Iiyama Domain
was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It was located in northern Shinano Province, Honshū. The domain was centered at Iiyama Castle, located in what is now part of the city of Iiyama in Nagano Prefecture.
in Shinano Province and received a 30,000 '' koku'' fief in Echigo Province on his father's death, becoming an independent ''daimyō''. He was married to a daughter of Ikeda Nagayoshi of
Bitchū-Matsuyama Domain
270px, Itakura Katukiyo
was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, in what is now western Okayama Prefecture. It controlled most of central Bitchū Province and was centered around Bitchū Matsuyama Castle. It was ...
, but died in 1643 at the age of 28 without an heir.
Hori Naoyoshi (d.1676)
was the 2nd ''daimyō'' of Yasuda Domain (Muramatsu). He was the second son of Hori Naotoki and became ''daimyō'' on his father's death in 1643. In May 1644 he relocated his seat from Yasuda to Muramatsu. He was married to a daughter of Hori Naotsugu of
Murakami Domain
was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Echigo Province (modern-day Niigata Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Murakami Castle in what is now the city of Murakami, Niigata.sōshaban
were officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. Conventional interpretations have construed this Japanese title as "master of ceremonies"
Created in 1632, this '' bakufu'' title identified an official selected from the ranks of the ...
'' and as ''
jisha-bugyō
was a "commissioner" or an "overseer" of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. Appointments to this prominent office were always ''fudai daimyōs'', the lowest-ranking of the shogunate offices to be so restricted.Beasley, William G. (1955) ...
Kanō Domain
270px, Remnants of the walls of Kanō Castle
was a '' fudai'' feudal domain of Edo period Japan. The domain was centered at Kanō Castle, located in what is now part of the city of Gifu in Gifu Prefecture.
History
Before the Battle of Sek ...
. He retired from his offices in 1711 and died in 1716.
Hori Naoyuki
was the 4th ''daimyō'' of Muramatsu Domain. He was the second son of Hori Naotoshi and became ''daimyō'' on his father's retirement in 1716. he subsequently served as '' Osaka kaban''. He was married to a daughter of Koide Fusasada of
Sonobe Domain
250px, Sonobe Castle
was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Tanba Province in what is now the central portion of modern-day Kyoto Prefecture. It was centered around Sonobe ''jin'ya'', which was locat ...
. He retired from his offices in 1736 and died in 1743.
Hori Naotaka
was the 5th ''daimyō'' of Muramatsu Domain. He was the eldest son of Hori Naoyuki and became ''daimyō'' on his father's retirement in 1736. He was married to a daughter of Matsudaira Yorisada of
Moriyama Domain
was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in southern Mutsu Province in what is now part of the modern-day city of Kōriyama, Fukushima. It was established by a cadet branch of the Tokugawa clan of Mito. A ...
. He ruled to his death in 1785, outliving the first five of his sons.
Hori Naonori
was the 6th ''daimyō'' of Muramatsu Domain. He was the sixth son of Hori Naotaka and became ''daimyō'' on his father's death in 1785. He was married to a daughter of
Matsudaira Yoritaka
Viscount was a Japanese ''daimyō'' of the late Edo period who served as daimyō of Shishido han. Retiring early, he was succeeded by his son Matsudaira Yorinori, but Yoritaka returned to headship following Yorinori's death in 1864. Though the ...
of
Matsuyama Domain
270px, Matsudaira Katsushige, 13th daimyō of Iyo-Matsuyama Domain
was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, in what is now central Ehime Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It was centered around Matsuyama Cast ...
. He retired in 1795, appointing his nephew, the son of Hori Naoyasu, his eldest brother, as his heir. He died in 1812.
Hori Naokata
was the 7th ''daimyō'' of Muramatsu Domain. He was the eldest son of Hori Naoyasu, the eldest son of Hori Naotaka and became ''daimyō'' on Naonori's retirement in 1795 without an heir. He was married to a daughter of Kinoshita Toshitane of Hiji Domain. He retired in 1802 and died three years later in 1805.
Hori Naoyasu (d.1819)
was the 8th ''daimyō'' of Muramatsu Domain. He was the second son of Hori Naokata, and became ''daimyō'' on his father's retirement in 1802. He was married to a daughter of Inaba Hiromichi of Usuki Domain. In 1814, the peasants of the domain rose up in a widespread revolt against many ears of corruption and overtaxation by the hereditary ''
karō
were top-ranking samurai officials and advisors in service to the ''daimyōs'' of feudal Japan.
Overview
In the Edo period, the policy of ''sankin-kōtai'' (alternate attendance) required each ''daimyō'' to place a ''karō'' in Edo and anothe ...
'' and other domain officials. He died in 1819.
Hori Naohide
was the 9th ''daimyō'' of Muramatsu Domain. He was the third son of Hori Naokata, and became ''daimyō'' on his brother's death in 1819. He was married to a daughter of
Tsugaru Yasuchika
was the 9th ''daimyō'' of Hirosaki Domain in northern Mutsu Province, Honshū, Japan (modern-day Aomori Prefecture). His courtesy title, initially Dewa-no-kami, was later raised to ''Saikyo Daiyu'' and ''Jujū'', and his Court rank was Juni ...
of
Hirosaki Domain
Hirosaki Castle, the seat of the Hirosaki Domain
, also known as , was a '' tozama'' feudal domain of Edo period JapanRavina, Mark. (1998) ''Land and Lordship in Early Modern Japan,'' p. 222 It is located in Mutsu Province, in northern Honsh ...
Tsuchiura Domain
was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Hitachi Province (modern-day Ibaraki Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Tsuchiura Castle in what is now the city of Tsuchiura, Ibaraki. It was ruled for ...
. His name is also read as Hori Naohisa. In 1843, he sponsored the reconstruction of the Ueno Daibutsu. In 1850, the status the domain was raised to that of a "castle-holding domain" by the Tokugawa shogunate, and he expanded Muramatsu ''jin'ya'' accordingly. From 1853, he worked on restructuring the domain's finance though a combination of domainal monopolies, agrarian reforms and fiscal restraint. The Ueno Daibutsu was severely damaged in the
Ansei great earthquakes
The Ansei great earthquakes (安政の大地震, ''Ansei no Dai Jishin'') were a series of major earthquakes that struck Japan during the Ansei era (1854–1860):
* The Ansei Tōkai quake ( ja, 安政東海地震, Ansei Tōkai Jishin, label=none) ...
, and he again sponsored the rebuilding. He retired in 1857 and died in 1861.
Hori Naoyasu (d.1860)
was the 10th ''daimyō'' of Muramatsu Domain. He was the second son of Hori Naohide by a concubine, and became ''daimyō'' on his father's retirement in 1857. He was married to a daughter of Katō Yasumoto of
Ōzu Domain
270px, Katō Yasuaki, final daimyō of Ōzu Domain
was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, in what is now western Ehime Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It was centered around Ōzu Castle, and was ruled thr ...
. He continued his father's policies, but dropped suddenly dead while walking along a road in 1860.
Hori Naoyoshi (d.1903)
was the 11th ''daimyō'' of Muramatsu Domain. He was the grandson of Hori Naonori, and became ''daimyō'' on his father's sudden death in 1860. During the
Bakumatsu period
was the final years of the Edo period when the Tokugawa shogunate ended. Between 1853 and 1867, Japan ended its isolationist foreign policy known as and changed from a feudal Tokugawa shogunate to the modern empire of the Meiji govern ...
, the domain was violently divided between supporters of the ''
Sonnō jōi
was a ''yojijukugo'' (four-character compound) phrase used as the rallying cry and slogan of a political movement in Japan in the 1850s and 1860s during the Bakumatsu period. Based on Neo-Confucianism and Japanese nativism, the movement soug ...
'' movement and those of the shogunate. The domain did join the
Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei
The was a Japanese military-political coalition established and disestablished over the course of several months in early to mid-1868 during the Boshin War. Its flag was either a white interwoven five-pointed star on a black field, or a black i ...
and sent forces in support of
Nagaoka Domain
was a '' fudai'' feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It is located in Echigo Province, Honshū. The domain was centered at Nagaoka Castle, located in what is now part of the city of Nagaoka in Niigata Prefecture ...
Yonezawa Domain
was a feudal domain in Edo period Japan, located in Dewa Province (modern-day Yamagata Prefecture), Japan. It was centered at Yonezawa castle in what is now the city of Yamagata, and its territory extended over the Okitama District of Dewa Pro ...
after the
Battle of Hokuetsu
The was a battle of the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration, which occurred in 1868 in the northwestern part of Japan, in the area of modern Niigata Prefecture.
Background
The Boshin War erupted in 1868 between troops favourable to the resto ...
. The domain surrendered to the
Meiji government
The was the government that was formed by politicians of the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain in the 1860s. The Meiji government was the early government of the Empire of Japan.
Politicians of the Meiji government were known as the Meiji o ...
in 1868. Hori Yayoshi was forced to retire. In 1877 he changed his surname to "Okuda". He died in 1910 and his grave is at
Yanaka Cemetery
is a large cemetery located north of Ueno in Yanaka 7-chome, Taito, Tokyo, Japan. The Yanaka sector of Taito is one of the few Tokyo neighborhoods in which the old Shitamachi atmosphere can still be felt. The cemetery is famous for its beautif ...
in Tokyo.
Hori Naohiro
was the 12th (and final) ''daimyō'' of Muramatsu Domain. He was the third son of Hori Naoyasu, and became ''daimyō'' on his father's forced retirement in 1868. His wife was a daughter of the '' kuge'' Sawa Nobuyoshi. In 1869, he was appointed imperial governor of Muramatsu under the
Meiji government
The was the government that was formed by politicians of the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain in the 1860s. The Meiji government was the early government of the Empire of Japan.
Politicians of the Meiji government were known as the Meiji o ...
, holding that post to the abolition of the han system in 1871. In 1877 he changed his surname to "Okuda". He subsequent received the ''
kazoku
The was the hereditary peerage of the Empire of Japan, which existed between 1869 and 1947. They succeeded the feudal lords () and court nobles (), but were abolished with the 1947 constitution.
Kazoku ( 華族) should not be confused with ...
'' peerage title of ''shishiku'' (viscount). He died in 1919.