Mother sauce

In French cuisine, the mother sauces (french: sauces mères), also known as in French, are a group of sauces upon which many other sauces"daughter sauces" or are based. Different sets and classifications of mother sauces have been proposed since at least the early 19th century.

The most common list of mother sauces in current use is attributed to chef Auguste Escoffier and based on those presented in the 1907 English-language edition (''A guide to modern cookery'') of his seminal cookery book ''Le guide culinaire'':

* Béchamel sauce: White sauce, based on milk thickened with a white roux.
* Espagnole sauce: Brown sauce based on a brown stock reduction, and thickened with a brown roux. Ingredients typically include roasted bones, bacon, and tomato (puréed or fresh).
* Tomato sauce (sometimes or ): As well as tomatoes, ingredients typically include carrots, onion, garlic, butter, and flour, plus pork belly and veal broth.
* Velouté sauce: Clear sauce, made by reducing clear stock (made from un-roasted bones) and thickened with a white roux. is French for "velvety".
* Hollandaise sauce: Warm emulsion of egg yolk, melted butter, and lemon juice or vinegar.

The original French editions of ''Le guide culinaire'' did not include Hollandaise as a ''grande sauce'', but separately described mayonnaise—a cold emulsion of egg yolk with oil and vinegar—as a mother sauce for cold sauces; this was not included in the English edition.

History

The concept of mother sauces predated Escoffier's classification by at least 50 years; in 1844, the French magazine ''Revue de Paris'' reported: "''Oui ne savez-vous pas que la grande espagnole est une sauce-mère, dont toutes les autres préparations, telles que réductions, fonds de cuisson, jus, veloutés, essences, coulis, ne sont, à proprement parler, que des dérivés?''" ("Don’t you know that the grand sauce Espagnole is a mother sauce, of which all the other preparations, such as reductions, stocks, jus, veloutés, essences, and coulis, are, strictly speaking, only derivatives?")

Different classifications of French sauces into mother and daughter sauces have been proposed by different chefs, varying in number and selection.

Classification by Marie Antoine Carême (1833)

In 1833, Marie Antoine Carême published a classification of French sauces in his reference cookbook ''L’art de la cuisine française au XIXe siècle'' ("The Art of French Cuisine in the 19th Century"). Instead of mother sauces, he called them ''Grandes et Petites sauces'' ("great and small sauces").

In this cookbook, Carême defined a sauce classification and listed four ''grandes sauces'':

* Espagnole
* Velouté
* Allemande
* Béchamel

Carême classified the following as ''petites sauces'':

* Poivrade
* Suprême
* Tomate
* Hollandaise
* Mayonnaise

Classification by Jules Gouffé (1867)

In 1867, the French chef and pâtissier Jules Gouffé published ''Le livre de cuisine comprenant la grande cuisine et la cuisine de ménage'' (''The Cookbook Including Grand And Domestic Cooking'').

In this book, Gouffé listed twelve mother sauces. (He used both the terms ''grandes sauces'' and ''sauce mères'').

* Espagnole Grasse (Fattier Espagnole)
* Espagnole Maigre (Leaner Espagnole)
* Velouté Gras (Fattier Velouté)
* Velouté Maigre (Leaner Velouté)
* Allemande (Velouté thickened with eggs)
* Béchamel à l’ancienne (Old Fashioned Béchamel)
* Béchamel de volaille (Poultry Béchamel)
* Béchamel maigre (Leaner Béchamel)
* Poivrade brune (Brown Poivrade)
* Poivrade Blanche (White Poivrade)
* Poivrade Maigre (Leaner Poivrade)
* Marinade

Classification by Auguste Escoffier (1903)

The pioneering chef Auguste Escoffier is credited with establishing the importance of Espagnole, Velouté, Béchamel and Tomate, as well as Hollandaise and Mayonnaise. His book ''Le guide culinaire'' was published in 1903. The 1912 edition lists the "''Grandes Sauces'' de base" as:

*Espagnole
*Velouté
*Béchamel
*Tomate

Escoffier listed Hollandaise sauce as a daughter sauce in ''Le guide culinaire''. Mayonnaise was placed in the chapter on cold sauces, described as a mother sauce for cold sauces, and compared to Espagnole and Velouté.

The 1907 English edition of ''Le guide culinaire'', ''A Guide to Modern Cookery'', listed five "basic sauces", including Hollandaise alongside the original four. The English edition did not describe mayonnaise as a mother sauce.

Daughter sauces

Many sauces, often referred to as daughter sauces, can be derived from mother sauces.

Béchamel sauce

Béchamel is a milk-based sauce, thickened with a white roux and typically flavoured with onion, nutmeg, or thyme.

Derivations of béchamel

*Crème
* Mornay
*Soubise
*Ecossaise
*Nantua

Espagnole sauce

Espagnole is a strong-flavoured brown sauce, made from a dark brown roux and brown stock, usually beef or veal stock, and tomatoes or tomato paste.

Derivations of espagnole

* Demi-glace
** Poivrade
** Grand veneur
** Bigarade

Velouté sauce

Velouté is a clear sauce, light in colour, made by reducing clear stock (made from un-roasted bones), usually veal, chicken or fish stock, thickened with a white or blond roux. ''Velouté'' is the French word for "velvety".

Derivations of velouté

* Allemande
** Poulette
* Cardinal
* Poultry velouté
** Suprême
*** Albuféra
* Fish velouté
** Bercy
** Normande

Tomato sauce

The ''sauce tomate'' described by Escoffier is a tomato sauce made with fatty salted pork breast, a mirepoix of carrots, onions and thyme, and white stock.

Derivations of tomato

* Bolognese
* Portugaise
* Milanaise

Hollandaise sauce

Hollandaise is a warm emulsion based on egg yolk and clarified butter, flavoured with lemon juice or vinegar.

Derivations of hollandaise

* Béarnaise
** Foyot
** Paloise
** Choron
* Bavaroise sauce
* Crème fleurette
* Maltese sauce
* Noisette sauce

Mayonnaise

Mayonnaise is an emulsion of egg yolk and oil, served cold and flavoured with lemon juice, vinegar, and seasoning.

Derivations of mayonnaise

* Rémoulade
* Tartar sauce
* Gribiche
* Samourai

See also

* List of sauces

References

{{Reflist, 1

External links

Auguste Escoffier School of Culinary Arts: An Introduction to the 5 French Mother Sauces

French cuisine
French sauces
Mother sauces