Morning glory

Morning glory (also written as morning-glory) is the common name for over 1,000 species of flowering plants in the family Convolvulaceae, whose current taxonomy and systematics are in flux. Morning glory species belong to many genera, some of which are:
* '' Argyreia''
* ''Astripomoea''
* ''Calystegia''
* '' Convolvulus''
* ''Ipomoea'' (the largest genus)
* '' Lepistemon''
* ''Merremia''
* '' Operculina''
* '' Rivea''
* ''Stictocardia''
As the name suggests, most ''morning'' glory flowers unfurl into full bloom in the early morning. The flowers usually start to fade a few hours before the corolla begins to display visible curling. They prefer full solar exposure throughout the day, and mesic soils. Some morning glories, such as '' Ipomoea muricata'', '' Ipomoea alba'', and '' Ipomoea macrorhiza'', are night-blooming flowers.

History

'' Ipomoea nil'', a species of morning glory, was first known in China for its medicinal uses, due to the laxative properties of its seeds.

Ancient Mesoamerican civilizations used the morning glory species '' Ipomoea alba'' to convert the latex from the ''Castilla elastica'' tree and also the guayule plant to produce bouncing rubber balls. The sulfur in the morning glory's juice served to vulcanize the rubber, a process antedating Charles Goodyear's discovery by at least 3,000 years. Aztec priests in Mexico were also known to use the plant's hallucinogenic properties (see '' Rivea corymbosa'').

Invasive species

In some places, such as Australian bushland, some species of morning glories develop thick roots and tend to grow in dense thickets. They can quickly spread by way of long, creeping stems. By crowding out, blanketing, and smothering other plants, morning glory has turned into a serious invasive weed problem.

In parts of the US, species such as ''Calystegia sepium'' (hedge bindweed), ''Ipomoea purpurea'' (common morning glory) and ''Ipomoea indica'' (blue morning glory) have shown to be invasive. In fact, as of 2021, most non-native species of ''Ipomoea'' are currently illegal to cultivate, possess, and sell in the U.S. state of Arizona, and before 4 January 2020, this ban applied to native species, too. This is because some species of Convolvulaceae (like '' Convolvulus arvensis'' and '' Ipomoea × leucantha'') have been known to cause problems in crops, especially in cotton fields.' ''Ipomoea aquatica'' is a federal noxious weed, though some states, like Texas, have acknowledged its status as a vegetable and allow it to be grown.

Cultivation

In cultivation, most are treated as perennial plants in frost-free areas and as annual plants in colder climates, but some species tolerate winter cold. Some species are strictly annual (e.g. '' Ipomoea nil),'' producing many seeds, and some perennial species (e.g. '' I. indica'') are propagated by cuttings. Some moonflowers, which flower at night, are also in the morning glory family.

Because of their fast growth, twining habit, attractive flowers, and tolerance for poor, dry soils, some morning glories are excellent vines for creating summer shade on building walls when trellised, thus keeping the building cooler and reducing heating and cooling costs.

Popular varieties in contemporary western cultivation include 'Sunspots', 'Heavenly Blue', moonflower, cypress vine, and cardinal climber. The cypress vine is a hybrid, with the cardinal climber as one parent.

Many morning glories self-seed in the garden. They have a hard seed coat, which delays germination until late spring. Germination may be improved by soaking in warm water.

Morning glory has been a favorite flower in Japan for many a long century."The Japan Magazine A Representative Monthly of Things Japanese vol 7" S. Murayama, Japan magazine Company 1916, p175 The cultivation started in the Nara period (8th century). The big booms of the selective breeding of the morning glory happened in the Edo era(17-19th century). The large-flowered morning glory was broadly cultivated as a hobby flower. The varied Japanese morning glory (変化朝顔 Henka-asagao or mutant morning glory) was created.くらしの植物苑特別企画「伝統の朝顔」
National Museum of Japanese History.

Asagao no hachi o motsu bijin LCCN2008660553.jpg
Jp asago sanjuu rokka sen 003.jpg,
Jp asago sanjuu rokka sen 033.jpg,
Jp asago sanjuu rokka sen 017.jpg
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Jp asago sanjuu rokka sen 001.jpg

Culinary uses

''Ipomoea aquatica'', known as water spinach, water morning glory, water convolvulus, ''ong-choy, kang-kung'', or swamp cabbage, is popularly used as a green vegetable, especially in East and Southeast Asian cuisines. In the US, ''I. aquatica'' is a federal noxious weed, and can be illegal to grow, import, possess, or sell without a permit. A market exists, though, for the plant's powerful culinary potential. As of 2005, the state of Texas has acknowledged that water spinach is a highly prized vegetable in many cultures, and has allowed it to be grown for personal consumption, in part because it is known to have been grown in Texas for more than 15 years and has not yet escaped cultivation.

The genus ''Ipomoea'' also contains the sweet potato (''I. batatas''). Though the term "morning glory" is not usually extended to ''I. batatas'', sometimes it may be referred to as a "tuberous morning glory" in a horticultural context. Some cultivars of ''I. batatas'' are grown for their ornamental value, rather than for the edible tuber.

Chemistry and ethnobotany

The seeds of many species of morning glory contain ergoline alkaloids such as the psychedelic ergonovine and ergine (LSA). Seeds of '' Ipomoea tricolor'' and ''Turbina corymbosa'' (syn. ''R. corymbosa'') are used as psychedelics. The seeds of morning glory can produce a similar effect to LSD when taken in large doses, often numbering into the hundreds. Though the chemical LSA is not legal in some countries, the seeds are found in many gardening stores; however, some claim the seeds from commercial sources can sometimes be coated in some kind of pesticide or methylmercury (although the latter is illegal in the UK and the US).

Gallery

File:Morning Glory-1.jpg, Morning glory (''Ipomoea cairica'')
File:Blue2glories.jpg, Blue morning glory ('' Ipomoea hederacea'')
File:Ipomoea purpurea 2400px.jpg, Blue and purple morning glory (''Ipomoea purpurea'')
File:Pink Morning Glory 2500px.jpg, A fully open pink morning glory ('' Ipomoea carnea'')
File:Morning Glory Curled Side 1800px.jpg, Side view of a partially curled ''Ipomoea purpurea'' in early afternoon
File:Morning Glory Curled Top 2250px.jpg, The top of partially curled ''Ipomoea purpurea'' in early afternoon
File:Morning Glory Leaves 3284px.jpg, The leaves of common morning glory (''Ipomoea purpurea'')
File:Blue Morning Glory 2.jpg, Opening blue morning glory (''Ipomoea indica'')
File:BlueMorningGloryClose.jpg, Close-up of a blue morning glory flower (''Ipomoea indica'')
File:MorningGlory5.jpg, Close-up of a hedge bindweed flower (''Calystegia sepium'')
File:MorningGlory.JPG, Climbing morning glory vine (''Ipomoea purpurea'')
File:Blue Morning Glory flower.jpg, alt=Blue morning glory flower, Blue morning glory flower (''Ipomoea indica'')

References

Further reading

*
* Furst, Peter (1990). ''Flesh of the Gods''. .
* Schultes, Richard Evans (1976). ''Hallucinogenic Plants''. Elmer W. Smith, illustrator. New York: Golden Press. .

External links

*

Erowid Morning Glory Vault

Morning Glory Flowers
is a book from 1854

{{Hallucinogenic lysergamides

Convolvulaceae
Herbal and fungal hallucinogens
Natural sources of lysergamides
Plant common names