Mizuno Tadakuni

was a ''daimyō'' during late-Edo period Japan, who later served as chief senior councilor (''Rōjū'') in service to the Tokugawa shogunate. He is remembered for having instituted the Tenpō Reforms.

Biography

Mizuno Tadakuni was the second son of Mizuno Tadaaki, the daimyō of Karatsu Domain. As his elder brother died at an early age, Tadakuni became heir in 1805 and was presented to ''shōgun'' Tokugawa Ienari and future ''shōgun'' Tokugawa Ieyoshi in a formal audience in 1807. In 1812, on the retirement of his father, he became head of the Mizuno clan and daimyō of Karatsu. He entered the service of the Tokugawa shogunate as a ''Sōshaban'' (Master of Ceremonies) at Edo Castle in 1816. However, faced with increasing difficulties over the policing of the foreign trade port of Nagasaki, in 1817, Tadakuni petitioned to be transferred from the Karatsu Domain to the much smaller Hamamatsu Domain in Tōtōmi Province. Although both domains were ranked officially at 70,000 ''koku'', Karatsu Domain had an effective income of 253,000 ''koku'' as opposed to only 153,000 ''koku'' for Hamamatsu. As a consequence, this transfer was met with outrage and disbelief by his senior retainers, resulting in the ''seppuku'' of his senior advisor, but Tadakuni would not be dissuaded. The same year, within the shogunal administration, he received the post of '' Jisha-bugyō'' (Commissioner of Shrine and Temples).

In 1825, Tadakuni received the post of ''Osaka jōdai'' (Castellan of Osaka), with a promotion to Lower 4th Court Rank.Crawcour, E. Sydney. (1997)
"Economic Change in the 19th Century," p. 24
in ''The Economic Emergence of Modern Japan,'' Kōzō Yamamura, ed. The following year (1826), he became Kyoto Shoshidai, the shogunate’s official representative to the Court in Kyoto. His courtesy title was changed from '' Izumi-no-kami'' to ''Echizen-no-kami''. In 1828, Tadakuni became a ''Rōju''. He steadily rose through the ranks of the ''Rōjū'' to become Senior ''Rōjū'' in 1839.

As ''Rōjū'' Mizuno Tadakuni wielded tremendous political power, and attempted to overhaul the shogunate's finances and social controls in the aftermath of the Great Tempo Famine of 1832–36 by the passage of numerous sumptuary laws which came to be known as the Tenpō Reforms. The Reform tried to stabilize the economy, through a return to the frugality, simplicity and discipline that were characteristic from the early Edo period by banning most forms of entertainment and displays of wealth. This proved extremely unpopular with the commoners. Another part of the Reform included the ''Agechi-rei'' which was to have daimyō in the vicinity of Edo and Ōsaka surrender their holdings for equal amounts of land elsewhere, thereby consolidating Tokugawa control over these strategically vital areas. However, this was also greatly unpopular amongst daimyō of all ranks and income levels. The general failure of the Reforms caused Tadakuni to lose favor. To complicate his situation future, in May 1844, Edo Castle burned down. On February 22, 1845, he was relieved of his position in the government, and on September 2, 1845, he was exiled to Yamagata Domain in Dewa Province, where he remained in exile until his death. He died on March 12, 1851, five days before word of his release from exile would have reached him. He was succeeded by his son Mizuno Tadakiyo, who was also an important figure in the late Tokugawa shogunate.

Mizuno Tadakuni was married to a daughter of Sakai Tadayuki, a ''wakadoshiyori'' and daimyō of Obama Domain.

Depiction in popular culture

Mizuno is a recurring, sometimes major, character in the ''Nemuri Kyōshirō'' films, TV series and TV specials, where he is Chief Elder of the ''Rōjū''.

Notes

References

* Bolitho, Harold. (1974). ''Treasures among Men''. New Haven: Yale University Press.
* Satoh, Henry (1908). ''Lord Hotta, the Pioneer Diplomat of Japan''. Tokyo: Hakubunkan.
*-- (1891). ''Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan''. n.p.
* Papinot, Edmond. (1906) ''Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du japon''. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaish
..Click link for digitized 1906 ''Nobiliaire du japon'' (2003)
* Yamamura, Kōzō. (1997)
''The Economic Emergence of Modern Japan''.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* ''The content of much of this article was derived from that of the corresponding article on Japanese Wikipedia.''

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mizuno, Tadakuni
1794 births
1851 deaths
Rōjū
Fudai daimyo
Kyoto Shoshidai
Osaka jōdai
Mizuno clan