Mites of domestic animals
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Mites that infest and parasitize
domestic animal This page gives a list of domesticated animals, also including a list of animals which are or may be currently undergoing the process of domestication and animals that have an extensive relationship with humans beyond simple predation. This includ ...
s cause disease and loss of production.
Mite Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods). Mites span two large orders of arachnids, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari, but genetic analysis does not show clear evid ...
s are small
invertebrate Invertebrates are a paraphyletic group of animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a ''backbone'' or ''spine''), derived from the notochord. This is a grouping including all animals apart from the chordate ...
s, most of which are free living but some are
parasitic Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has c ...
. Mites are similar to
tic A tic is a sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization involving discrete muscle groups.American Psychiatric Association (2000)DSM-IV-TR: Tourette's Disorder.''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'', 4th ed., ...
ks and both comprise the order
Acari Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods). Mites span two large orders of arachnids, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari, but genetic analysis does not show clear evid ...
in the phylum
Arthropoda Arthropods (, (gen. ποδός)) are invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton, a Segmentation (biology), segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda. They are distinguished by their jointed limbs and Arth ...
. Mites are highly varied and their classification is complex; a simple grouping is used in this introductory article. Vernacular terms to describe diseases caused by mites include scab, mange, and scabies. Mites and ticks have substantially different biology from, and are classed separately from, insects (the class Insecta). Mites of domestic animals cause important types of skin disease, and some mites infest other organs. Diagnosis of mite infestations can be difficult because of the small size of most mites, but understanding how mites are adapted to feed within the structure of the skin is useful.


Life-cycles

The life-cycle of
mite Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods). Mites span two large orders of arachnids, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari, but genetic analysis does not show clear evid ...
s begins with
egg An egg is an organic vessel grown by an animal to carry a possibly fertilized egg cell (a zygote) and to incubate from it an embryo within the egg until the embryo has become an animal fetus that can survive on its own, at which point the a ...
s that are laid on the vertebrate animal host or within the nest or environment of the host. From the egg hatches a
larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. The ...
, characterized by having three pairs of legs. The larva feeds on the host and molts to a
nymph A nymph ( grc, νύμφη, nýmphē, el, script=Latn, nímfi, label=Modern Greek; , ) in ancient Greek folklore is a minor female nature deity. Different from Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature, are ty ...
. The nymph is similar to the larva but has four pairs of legs. Then the nymph feeds and molts. This molt is either to the first of several more nymph stages, or to an adult. The adult is defined as a sexually mature female or male, and has four pairs of legs. These similar stages (or instars) are in a sequence known as an incomplete metamorphosis. The potential reproductive capacity of a female mite is low compared to ticks because the eggs are large relative to the small female. However, the survival of larvae laid on their hosts or in nests of their hosts is high, and the life-cycle is short, so mite populations can expand rapidly under favorable conditions. Ectoparasitic mites typically transfer by crawling between hosts in close contact (see also section on control). The unusual life-cycle of trombiculid mites is described in the section on blood-sucking mites.


Diseases


Outer skin

Infestation of the outer skin is typically caused by psoroptic mites. ''Psoroptes ovis,'' for example, infests sheep and cattle. ''Psoroptes ovis'' infests the superficial layers of the skin among the dead cells of the stratum corneum. Irritation of the outer skin by the mite's mouthparts and saliva results in cutaneous hypersensitivity and inflammatory exudation of serum and fresh cells. The mites feed on this exudate. The skin loses its hair at the sites of infestation and large flakes of dried serum and cells accumulate. The mites cause intense pruritus (itching) and the host will groom compulsively and may become severely distressed. Depilation (hair loss) may be substantial. ''Psoroptes ovis'' infests sheep worldwide and can be a serious welfare and animal production problem, mainly for sheep, but also cattle. ''Psoroptes cuniculi'' infests rabbits, mainly on their outer ear. ''Chorioptes bovis'' infestations are found on cattle, sheep and horses but do not cause the severe reactions associated with ''Psoroptes'' mites. Other common psoroptic mites are in the genera ''Chorioptes'' and ''Otodectes. Otodectes cynotis'' infestations in the ears of dogs are a common problem.


Living layer of epidermis

This is typically caused by sarcoptic mites. ''
Sarcoptes scabiei ''Sarcoptes scabiei'' or the itch mite is a parasitic mite that burrows into skin and causes scabies. The mite is found in all parts of the world. Humans are not the only mammals that can become infected. Other mammals, such as wild and domesti ...
'' is an example: it infests many species of mammals, including humans. Other common sarcoptic mites are in the genus ''Notoedres'', and the genus '' Knemidokoptes'' (or ''Cnemidocoptes'') which infest birds. Sarcoptic mites as adults are microscopic, nearly circular in outline, and their legs are short, adapted for burrowing. The females, after mating with males on the surface of their host's skin, burrow into the living layers of the epidermis (mainly the stratum spinosum). They make long tunnels horizontal to the surface of the skin. Eggs are laid in the tunnels and development of larvae and nymphs occurs in such tunnels. The feeding of the mites and their excretory products irritates and inflames the skin, causing intense pruritus. Dermal hypersensitivity reactions will develop in the host. Chronic infestations lead to thickening of the skin by overproduction of epidermal cells (acanthosis), resulting in a characteristic depilated and scaly appearance. Stress caused by the pruritus can be severe, and will result in lost productivity of most species of livestock animals. Camels are prone to severe infestation and wild animals such as foxes may die from sarcoptes infestation.


Hair follicle

One genus of mites, ''Demodex'', has adapted to infesting the
hair follicle The hair follicle is an organ found in mammalian skin. It resides in the dermal layer of the skin and is made up of 20 different cell types, each with distinct functions. The hair follicle regulates hair growth via a complex interaction between h ...
s of its hosts. Most species of mammal, including humans, are readily infested with these minute mites, but typically the infestation level is very low. The individual mites remain external to the epidermis within the follicle, but appear to be within the skin because they are below the general outer surface of the host. The mite ''
Demodex canis ''Demodex'' is a genus of tiny mites that live in or near hair follicles of mammals. Around 65 species of ''Demodex'' are known. Two species live on humans: ''Demodex folliculorum'' and ''Demodex brevis'', both frequently referred to as eyela ...
'' is a common cause of
demodicosis Demodicosis , also called Demodex folliculitis in humans and demodectic mange () or red mange in animals, is caused by a sensitivity to and overpopulation of ''Demodex, Demodex spp.'' as the host's immune system is unable to keep the mites under ...
in dogs. Demodex mites are microscopic, cigar-shaped and have very short legs. These mites seem to feed on epidermal cells. They can crawl out on the surface of the skin, aided by secretions from the skin's sebaceous glands. Puppies become infected by close contact with the bitch during suckling. Puppies are more susceptible to infestation at this age because their immune systems are immature. All dogs will become infested in this way but usually only low levels of infestation persist, without pruritus or other signs of clinical disease. Some dogs become heavily infested, likely because of an immune dysfunction. This results in severe inflammation of the epidermis with acanthosis. The skin may become so thickened that folds form, and bacterial infection of excessive sebaceous secretions (
seborrhea A sebaceous gland is a microscopic exocrine gland in the skin that opens into a hair follicle to secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, which lubricates the hair and skin of mammals. In humans, sebaceous glands occur in the greatest numbe ...
) may occur, producing an offensive smell. Demodicosis in cattle can occur as dense localized infestations. These create pustular folliculitis and indurated plaques within the dermis. This diminishes the commercial value of the animal's hide.


Blood-sucking mites

The dermanyssid mites are visible to the naked eye and have long powerful legs that they use to seek their hosts. These mites live in the nest of their hosts or within the fabric of poultry houses. They infest their hosts whilst feeding for short periods. Their mouthparts are long complex organs adapted for piercing their host's skin and sucking blood. ''Dermanyssus gallinae'', the red chicken mite is typical. Dense infestations of a poultry house cause much biting stress and loss of production to the birds, and human workers in the houses are bitten. Originally a parasite centered on the nest of its host, this species has become a major pest in commercial poultry houses. A similar genus is ''Ornithonyssus''; ''O.bursa'', the tropical fowl mite, and ''O.sylvarium'' the northern fowl mite cause similar problems in poultry production. Trombiculid mites (chiggers) also feed on blood, but only in the larval stage. The life-cycle starts with eggs laid in the environment of the normal hosts of the larvae, typically rodents and other small mammals. After the engorged larva molts to a nymph the remaining life-cycle comprises stages that are not parasitic, but free-living. There are several nymphal stages. The adults can be found crawling on vegetation, conspicuous with a dense covering of red setae (similar to hairs). ''Trombicula autumnalis'', the harvest mite, causes severe pruritus to its host after it has detached. Feeding by the larvae involves secretion of a feeding tube, the stylostome, into the host's skin. This remains when the larva detaches and proteins in the secretion induce inflammatory and dermal hypersensitivity reactions, with intense pruritus. Domestic birds, dogs and humans are among the other hosts afflicted by this temporary infestation.


Infestation of respiratory tract

Some genera of mites have adapted to infesting the lungs and air-sacs of birds or the lungs of mammals. '' Cytodites nudus'' is a typical species of this type. It infests poultry in North America and South Africa and may cause reduction in productivity of the birds. Another genus of similar bird infesting mites is ''Laminosioptes''. The genus ''Pneumocoptes'' has species that infest the lungs of some monkey and rodent species. These mites aggregate in nodules within the lung but signs of clinical disease are not obvious. '' Pneumonyssus caninum'' infests the nasal sinuses of dogs.


Allergies in respiratory system and skin

These can be caused indirectly by free living mites within the fabric of building and on stored foods such as grain and hay. They are most commonly seen as asthma and dermatitis in humans living in the housing or handling the materials but domestic animals such as dogs and horses can also develop similar diseases. The allergic reactions develop in response to foreign proteins within the fecal pellets of the mites. ''Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus'', the house-dust mite is the best known species causing such problems. Mites causing similar problems are in the genera ''Acarus'', ''Glycyphagus'', ''Tyrophagus'', and others.


Nuisance mites

A variety of mites cause mild dermatitis in their hosts and biting nuisance and disgust to the owners of domestic animals. ''Cheyletiella blakei'', the cat fur mite is typical. These mites live within the fur of cats and dogs, feeding on sloughed scales of skin. Often this causes little reaction in the host, but pruritus, seborrhea and pustules in the skin may develop as an allergic reaction to the mites. The adult mites are visible crawling in the fur and may cause similar skin reactions in the pet's owner. Other genera of mites that cause similar problems in colonies of rodents are ''Myobia'' and ''Myocoptes''. The genus ''Megninia'' has species found on the feathers of poultry birds.


Transmission of pathogens

Compared to ticks and insects of domestic animals, the parasitic mites are of limited importance as transmitters (vectors) of pathogenic organisms to domestic animals. Some mites are the intermediate host of parasitic worms, but not defined as vectors because they do not parasitize a host. For example, free-living mites of the family Oribatidae ingest the eggs of ''Moniezia expansa'' tapeworm of sheep; the sheep then ingest the mites whilst grazing. As another example, free-living hay mites are a suspected reservoir for
scrapie Scrapie () is a fatal, degenerative disease affecting the nervous systems of sheep and goats. It is one of several transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), and as such it is thought to be caused by a prion. Scrapie has been known since ...
, a prion disease of sheep. ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' has been shown to transmit the virus causing
St Louis encephalitis Saint Louis encephalitis is a disease caused by the mosquito-borne Saint Louis encephalitis virus. Saint Louis encephalitis virus is related to Japanese encephalitis virus and is a member of the family ''Flaviviridae''. This disease mainly affe ...
virus between chickens. (the main transmitters of this virus to humans are ''Culex'' mosquitoes). Various species of trombiculid mite transmit the bacterium ''Orientia tsutsugamushi'', the causative agent of scrub-typhus, a notorious disease of humans in South East Asia. ''Leptotrombidium deliniense'' is the most important of several species of mite transmitting this bacterium.


Control

Mites infesting their hosts at the outer surface of the skin are removed by treatment with topically applied
acaricide Acaricides are pesticides that kill members of the arachnid subclass ''Acari'', which includes ticks and mites. Acaricides are used both in medicine and agriculture, although the desired selective toxicity differs between the two fields. Termino ...
s (chemicals to kill mites and ticks applied to the skin). Numerous commercial formulations are available, representing several different chemical groups. Examples are: synthetic
pyrethroid A pyrethroid is an organic compound similar to the natural pyrethrins, which are produced by the flowers of pyrethrums (''Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium'' and ''Chrysanthemum coccineum, C. coccineum''). Pyrethroids are used as commercial and hou ...
s such as
flumethrin Flumethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide. It is used externally in veterinary medicine against parasitic insects and ticks on cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and dogs, and the treatment of parasitic mites in honeybee colonies. Chemistry Flumethrin ...
; formamidines such as
amitraz Amitraz (development code BTS27419) is a non-systemic acaricide and insecticideCorta, E., Bakkali, A., Berrueta, L. A., Gallo, B., & Vicente, F. (1999). Kinetics and mechanism of amitraz hydrolysis in aqueous media by HPLC and GC-MS. Talanta, 48( ...
; and phenylpyrazoles such as
fipronil Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide that belongs to the phenylpyrazole chemical family. Fipronil disrupts the insect central nervous system by blocking the ligand-gated ion channel of the GABAA receptor and glutamate-gated chloride (GluCl ...
. Botanical acaricides are represented by
azadirachtin Azadirachtin, a chemical compound belonging to the limonoid group, is a secondary metabolite present in neem seeds. It is a highly oxidized tetranortriterpenoid which boasts a plethora of oxygen-bearing functional groups, including an enol ether, ...
, an extract of the
neem ''Azadirachta indica'', commonly known as neem, nimtree or Indian lilac, is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is one of two species in the genus ''Azadirachta'', and is native to the Indian subcontinent and most of the countries in Afr ...
tree. Aqueous suspensions of fungi naturally pathogenic to mites, such as ''Metarhizium anisopliae'', are another potential alternative to chemical acaricides. Good potential for vaccination of sheep to control ''Psoroptes ovis'' infestation has been demonstrated. Mites infesting their hosts deeper within the skin are difficult to control using acaricides applied topically.
Benzyl benzoate Benzyl benzoate is an organic compound which is used as a medication and insect repellent. As a medication it is used to treat scabies and lice. For scabies either permethrin or malathion is typically preferred. It is applied to the skin as a ...
is a chemical that is effective as a topical treatment for sarcoptic mange. Alternatively, acaricides that act systemically can penetrate to where the mites are feeding when they are delivered by injection. Macrocyclic lactones such as
ivermectin Ivermectin (, '' EYE-vər-MEK-tin'') is an antiparasitic drug. After its discovery in 1975, its first uses were in veterinary medicine to prevent and treat heartworm and acariasis. Approved for human use in 1987, today it is used to treat inf ...
are the best known of this type. Dermanyssid mites in the fabric of poultry houses are controlled using equipment that delivers scalding water at high pressure to clean the materials, or by spraying on acaricide in a water based emulsion. Synthetic pyrethroids, or a
carbamate In organic chemistry, a carbamate is a category of organic compounds with the general formula and structure , which are formally derived from carbamic acid (). The term includes organic compounds (e.g., the ester ethyl carbamate), formally o ...
chemical such as
carbaryl Carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate) is a chemical in the carbamate family used chiefly as an insecticide. It is a white crystalline solid previously sold under the brand name Sevin, which was a trademark of the Bayer Company. The Sevin tradem ...
are typical for this treatment.
Diatomaceous earth Diatomaceous earth (), diatomite (), or kieselgur/kieselguhr is a naturally occurring, soft, siliceous sedimentary rock that can be crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. It has a particle size ranging from more than 3  μm to le ...
s as dust formulations are also used in this context; the dust abrades the waterproof cuticle of the mites which then die of dehydration. The intense infestations with psoroptic, sarcoptic and demodectic mites that build up in some individual animals (often because of reduced immune competence) need special attention because they act as strong sources of infestation to other animals in the same population. Close attention to domestic animals is necessary, including regular hand grooming of companion animals. This enables early signs of infestation to be detected and treatment applied when it likely to have highest effect. Hygiene measures must be appropriate to the type of infestation. ''Psoroptes'' mites can live off the host on fomites such as scraps of sheep's wool for several weeks and act as a source of infestation. Close contact between hosts when confined in pens aids spread of these highly contagious mites. Sarcoptic mites are contagious by very close contact and infested animals are kept separate from uninfested ones until treatment is complete. ''Demodex'' mites infest all individuals of their natural host species, but it is only those individuals who cannot control the infestations by natural immune defenses that are treated, including not breeding from them. Mites causing asthma and similar conditions are controlled substantially by thorough cleaning and vacuuming of the fabric of affected areas.


References


External links


Mite images from Natural History Museum, London



Sheep psoroptic mites – Iowa State University

Sheep mites – Parasitipedia

Psoroptic mites – Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, UK

Sarcoptic mites – Companion Animal Parasite Council, USA

Demodex mites - Companion Animal Parasite Council, USA

Notoedric mites - Companion Animal Parasite Council, USA

Dog nasal mites - Companion Animal Parasite Council, USA

Dog ear mites - Companion Animal Parasite Council, USA



Mites in wildlife – Alberta Sustainable Resource Development


Further reading

*Baker, A.S.(1999) ''Mites and Ticks of Domestic Animals: an identification guide and information source''. London: The Stationery Office, . *Bowman, D.D. (2009) ''Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians''. St. Louis: Saunders / Elsevier, . *Hendrix, C.M. & Robinson, E. (2011) ''Diagnostic Parasitology for Veterinary Technicians''. St. Louis: Mosby / Elsevier, . *McDaniel, B. (1979) ''How to Know the Mites and Ticks''. Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, . *Paterson, S. (2008) ''Manual of Skin Diseases of the Dog and Cat''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, . *Taylor, M.A.,(2007) ''Veterinary Parasitology''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, . *Walker, A.R. (1994) ''Arthropods of Humans and Domestic Animals: a guide to preliminary identification''. London: Chapman & Hall, . *Wall, R. & Shearer, D. (2001) ''Veterinary Ectoparasites: biology, pathology & control''. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd, . *Zajac, A. & Conboy, G.A. (2012) ''Veterinary Clinical Parasitology''. Chichester: Wiley – Blackwell, {{ISBN, 978-0-8138-2053-8. Veterinary parasitology