Mir-10 microRNA precursor family
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The miR-10 microRNA precursor is a short
non-coding RNA A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a functional RNA molecule that is not Translation (genetics), translated into a protein. The DNA sequence from which a functional non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called an RNA gene. Abundant and functionally im ...
gene involved in
gene regulation Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA). Sophisticated programs of gene expression are wi ...
. It is part of an RNA gene family which contains miR-10, miR-51, miR-57, miR-99 and miR-100. miR-10, miR-99 and miR-100 have now been predicted or experimentally confirmed in a wide range of species.
MIPF0000033MIPF0000025
mir-51 and mir-57 have currently only been identified in the nematode '' Caenorhabditis elegans''
MIPF0000268MIPF0000271
.
MicroRNA MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules containing 21 to 23 nucleotides. Found in plants, animals and some viruses, miRNAs are involved in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. mi ...
s are transcribed as ~70
nucleotide Nucleotides are organic molecules consisting of a nucleoside and a phosphate. They serve as monomeric units of the nucleic acid polymers – deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecule ...
precursors and subsequently processed by the
Dicer Dicer, also known as endoribonuclease Dicer or helicase with RNase motif, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the gene. Being part of the RNase III family, Dicer cleaves double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and pre-microRNA (pre-miRNA) into short ...
enzyme Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products ...
to give a ~22 nucleotide product. In this case the mature sequence comes from the 5' arm of the precursor. The mature products are thought to have regulatory roles through complementarity to
mRNA In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein. mRNA is created during the ...
.


Species distribution

The presence of miR-10 has been detected in a diverse range of bilaterian animals. It is one of the most widely distributed microRNAs in animals, it has been identified in numerous species including human,
dog The dog (''Canis familiaris'' or ''Canis lupus familiaris'') is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from the extinct Pleistocene wolf, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. Do ...
,
cat The cat (''Felis catus'') is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat to distinguish it from the wild members of ...
,
horse The horse (''Equus ferus caballus'') is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal. It belongs to the taxonomic family Equidae and is one of two extant subspecies of ''Equus ferus''. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million yea ...
,
cow Cattle (''Bos taurus'') are large, domesticated, cloven-hooved, herbivores. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus ''Bos''. Adult females are referred to as cows and adult ma ...
,
guinea pig The guinea pig or domestic guinea pig (''Cavia porcellus''), also known as the cavy or domestic cavy (), is a species of rodent belonging to the genus '' Cavia'' in the family Caviidae. Breeders tend to use the word ''cavy'' to describe the ...
, mouse, rat,
common marmoset The common marmoset (''Callithrix jacchus'') also called white-tufted marmoset or white-tufted-ear marmoset is a New World monkey. It originally lived on the northeastern coast of Brazil, in the states of Piaui, Paraiba, Ceará, Rio Grande do ...
(''Callithrix jacchus''), common chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes''), rhesus monkey (''Macaca mulatta''), Sumatran orangutan (''Pongo abelii''),
northern greater galago The northern greater galago (''Otolemur garnettii''), also known as Garnett's greater galago, Garnett's galago, or the small-eared greater galago, is a nocturnal, arboreal primate endemic to Africa. Subspecies Four subspecies of ''Otolemur garne ...
(''Otolemur garnettii''),
gray short-tailed opossum The gray short-tailed opossum (''Monodelphis domestica'') is a small South American member of the family Didelphidae. Unlike most other marsupials, the gray short-tailed opossum does not have a true pouch. The scientific name ''Monodelphis'' is ...
(''Monodelphis domestica''), northern treeshrew (''Tupaia belangeri''),
European rabbit The European rabbit (''Oryctolagus cuniculus'') or coney is a species of rabbit native to the Iberian Peninsula (including Spain, Portugal, and southwestern France), western France, and the northern Atlas Mountains in northwest Africa. It has b ...
(''Oryctolagus cuniculus''), African bush elephant (''Loxodonta africana''),
nine-banded armadillo The nine-banded armadillo (''Dasypus novemcinctus''), also known as the nine-banded long-nosed armadillo or common long-nosed armadillo, is a mammal found in North, Central, and South America, making it the most widespread of the armadillos. ...
(''Dasypus novemcinctus''),
European hedgehog The European hedgehog (''Erinaceus europaeus''), also known as the West European hedgehog or common hedgehog, is a hedgehog species native to Europe from Iberia and Italy northwards into Scandinavia and westwards into the British Isles.Harris, S ...
(''Erinaceus europaeus''),
lesser hedgehog tenrec The lesser hedgehog tenrec (''Echinops telfairi'') is a species of mammal in the family Tenrecidae. It is the only species in the genus ''Echinops'' and is named in honour of Charles Telfair. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitats a ...
(''Echinops telfairi''),
zebra finch The zebra finches are two species of estrildid finch in the genus ''Taeniopygia'' found in Australia and Indonesia. They are seed-eaters that travel in large flocks. The species are: Previously, both species were classified as a single specie ...
(''Taeniopygia guttata''),
chicken The chicken (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') is a domesticated junglefowl species, with attributes of wild species such as the grey and the Ceylon junglefowl that are originally from Southeastern Asia. Rooster or cock is a term for an adu ...
,
platypus The platypus (''Ornithorhynchus anatinus''), sometimes referred to as the duck-billed platypus, is a semiaquatic, egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. The platypus is the sole living representative or mono ...
(''Ornithorhynchus anatinus''),
Western clawed frog The western clawed frog (''Xenopus tropicalis'') is a species of frog in the family Pipidae, also known as tropical clawed frog. It is the only species in the genus ''Xenopus'' to have a diploid genome. Its genome has been sequenced, making it ...
(''Xenopus tropicalis''), Carolina anole (''Anolis carolinensis''),
zebrafish The zebrafish (''Danio rerio'') is a freshwater fish belonging to the minnow family (Cyprinidae) of the order Cypriniformes. Native to South Asia, it is a popular aquarium fish, frequently sold under the trade name zebra danio (and thus often ca ...
(''Danio rerio''),
Japanese pufferfish ''Takifugu'' is a genus of pufferfish, often better known by the Japanese name . There are 25 species belonging to the genus ''Takifugu'' and most of these are native to salt and brackish waters of the northwest Pacific, but a few species are ...
(''Fugu rubripes''), green spotted pufferfish (''Tetraodon nigroviridis''),
Japanese killifish The Japanese rice fish (''Oryzias latipes''), also known as the medaka, is a member of genus ''Oryzias'' (ricefish), the only genus in the subfamily Oryziinae. This small (up to about ) native of East Asia is a denizen of rice paddies, marshes, ...
(''Oryzias latipes''),
three-spined stickleback The three-spined stickleback (''Gasterosteus aculeatus'') is a fish native to most inland and coastal waters north of 30°N. It has long been a subject of scientific study for many reasons. It shows great morphological variation throughout its ra ...
(''Gasterosteus aculeatus''), Florida
lancelet The lancelets ( or ), also known as amphioxi (singular: amphioxus ), consist of some 30 to 35 species of "fish-like" benthic filter feeding chordates in the order Amphioxiformes. They are the modern representatives of the subphylum Cephalochord ...
(''Branchiostoma floridae''), California purple sea urchin (''Strongylocentrotus purpuratus''), 12 different species of fruit fly (''
Drosophila ''Drosophila'' () is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many speci ...
''),
Western honey bee The western honey bee or European honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') is the most common of the 7–12 species of honey bees worldwide. The genus name ''Apis'' is Latin for "bee", and ''mellifera'' is the Latin for "honey-bearing" or "honey carrying" ...
(''Apis mellifera''), mosquito ('' Anopheles gambiae''),
red flour beetle The red flour beetle (''Tribolium castaneum'') is a species of beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, the darkling beetles. It is a worldwide pest of stored products, particularly food grains, and a model organism for ethological and food safety r ...
(''Tribolium castaneum''), the nematode '' Caenorhabditis elegans'', owl limpet (''Lottia gigantea''), starlet sea anemone (''Nematostella vectensis'') and the blood fluke ''
Schistosoma japonicum ''Schistosoma japonicum'' is an important parasite and one of the major infectious agents of schistosomiasis. This parasite has a very wide host range, infecting at least 31 species of wild mammals, including 9 carnivores, 16 rodents, one prima ...
''. In some of these species the presence of miR-10 has been shown experimentally, in others the genes encoding miR-10 have been predicted computationally.


Genomic location

The ''mir-10'' genes are found within the Hox gene clusters. In
mammals Mammals () are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia (), characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young, a neocortex (a region of the brain), fur o ...
there are four Hox gene clusters, these contain five genes encoding miRNAs (''mir-10a'', ''mir-10b'', ''mir-196a-1'', ''mir-196a-2'' and ''mir-196b''). The ''mir-10a'' gene is located upstream of ''
Hoxb4 Homeobox protein Hox-B4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HOXB4'' gene. Function This gene is a member of the Antp homeobox family and encodes a nuclear protein with a homeobox DNA-binding domain. It is included in a cluster of h ...
'' and the ''mir-10b'' gene is located upstream of ''
Hoxd4 Homeobox protein Hox-D4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HOXD4'' gene. Function This gene belongs to the homeobox family of genes. The homeobox genes encode a highly conserved family of transcription factors that play an import ...
''. Zebrafish have seven Hox gene clusters, genes encoding miR-10 (''mir-10a'', ''mir-10b-1'', ''mir-10b-2'' and ''mir-10c'') are found in the Hox Ba, Bb, Ca and Da clusters. A fourth miR-10 gene (''mir-10d'') is found elsewhere in the genome, at a location homologous to the pufferfish HoxDd cluster.


miR-10*

A miRNA can be derived from each arm of the pre-miRNA
hairpin A hairpin or hair pin is a long device used to hold a person's hair in place. It may be used simply to secure long hair out of the way for convenience or as part of an elaborate hairstyle or coiffure. The earliest evidence for dressing the hai ...
. The least common of these two miRNA products is denoted by the addition of * to the miRNA name. Both miR-10 and miR-10* have been detected in ''Drosophila''. There are many potential targets for miR-10* in ''Drosophila'', including several ''Hox'' genes, indicating that miR-10* may also be functional. In ''Drosophila'' most mature miR-10 sequences are produced from the 3' arm of the precursor while in the beetle ''Tribolium castaneum'' most production comes from the 5' arm. These changes of arm preference during evolution are termed arm switching events, and they are relatively frequent during the evolution of microRNAs.


Pattern of expression

In adult animals, expression of miR-10 is limited to specific organs. The highest levels of miR-10a and miR-10b have been found in the
kidney The kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped organs found in vertebrates. They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space, and in adult humans are about in length. They receive blood from the paired renal arteries; blo ...
s of mice. Lower levels of miR-10a are seen in small intestine, lung and
spleen The spleen is an organ found in almost all vertebrates. Similar in structure to a large lymph node, it acts primarily as a blood filter. The word spleen comes .
, and lower levels of miR-10b are seen in skeletal muscle. Expression of miR-10b has also been detected in the
ovaries The ovary is an organ in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm. There is an ovary () found on each side of the body. T ...
. Adult zebrafish express miR-10a in
heart The heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to t ...
,
testis A testicle or testis (plural testes) is the male reproductive gland or gonad in all bilaterians, including humans. It is homologous to the female ovary. The functions of the testes are to produce both sperm and androgens, primarily testostero ...
and ovary, and miR-10b in muscle and
liver The liver is a major organ only found in vertebrates which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth. In humans, it ...
. In developing
embryos An embryo is an initial stage of development of a multicellular organism. In organisms that reproduce sexually, embryonic development is the part of the life cycle that begins just after fertilization of the female egg cell by the male spe ...
, miR-10 is detected at specific stages. Zebrafish embryos show miR-10a expression from 48 to 120 hours post- fertilisation, and miR-10b expression from 12 to 120 hours post-fertilisation. In ''Drosophila'' expression of miR-10-3p is highest in 12- to 24-hour-old embryos and in 1st and 3rd
instar An instar (, from the Latin '' īnstar'', "form", "likeness") is a developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, between each moult (''ecdysis''), until sexual maturity is reached. Arthropods must shed the exoskeleton in order to grow or ...
larvae. Levels of miR-10-5p are highest in 12- to 24-hour-old embryos and much lower in larvae. In stage 5 ''Drosophila'' embryos (130–180 minutes post-fertilisation), miR-10 is distributed throughout 50-80% of the length of the egg. Later in development miRNA-10 becomes localised into bands, and levels decrease by stage 7 (195–200 minutes post-fertilisation). miR10 reappears by stage 11 (320–440 minutes post-fertilisation), where it is found in the
ventral nerve cord The ventral nerve cord is a major structure of the invertebrate central nervous system. It is the functional equivalent of the vertebrate spinal cord. The ventral nerve cord coordinates neural signaling from the brain to the body and vice versa, i ...
, posterior
midgut The midgut is the portion of the embryo from which most of the intestines develop. After it bends around the superior mesenteric artery, it is called the "midgut loop". It comprises the portion of the alimentary canal from the end of the foregut a ...
and hindgut. At stage 14 (620–680 hours post-fertilisation), miRNA-10 is localised to the posterior midgut and the anal pad. In ''Drosophila'' larvae, miR-10-3p is found in the
imaginal disc An imaginal disc is one of the parts of a holometabolous insect larva that will become a portion of the outside of the adult insect during the pupal transformation. Contained within the body of the larva, there are pairs of discs that will for ...
s (groups of cells which are destined to become adult structures upon metamorphosis). Expression of miR-10ba in mouse embryos shows a similar pattern to that of the ''Hoxb4'' gene. Highest levels are found in the posterior trunk of the embryo, surrounding the hindlimb buds. Similarly, expression is restricted to the posterior trunk of chicken embryos. In Zebrafish embryos expression of miR-10 is also restricted to the posterior trunk, later in development it is further restricted to the
spinal cord The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone). The backbone encloses the central canal of the sp ...
.


Targets of miR-10

A number of Hox genes have been shown to be regulated by miR-10. These genes encode
transcription factor In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence. The f ...
s which are important in embryonic development. In zebrafish embryos, miR-10 binds to sites in the
three prime untranslated region In molecular genetics, the three prime untranslated region (3′-UTR) is the section of messenger RNA (mRNA) that immediately follows the translation termination codon. The 3′-UTR often contains regulatory regions that post-transcriptionally ...
(3'UTR) of the ''HoxB1a'' and ''HoxB3a'' genes, which are important in anterior-posterior patterning during embryonic development. Binding of miR-10 leads to the repression of these genes. It also acts
synergistically Synergy is an interaction or cooperation giving rise to a whole that is greater than the simple sum of its parts. The term ''synergy'' comes from the Attic Greek word συνεργία ' from ', , meaning "working together". History In Christia ...
with HoxB4 to repress these genes. The ''mir-10'' gene is located near to the ''HoxB1a'' and ''HoxB3a'' genes within the zebrafish genome, ''Hox-1'' and ''Hox-3'' paralogues located on different Hox clusters are not targets of miR-10. Human ''
HOXD10 Homeobox D10, also known as HOXD10, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''HOXD10'' gene. Function This gene is a member of the Abd-B homeobox family and encodes a protein with a homeobox DNA-binding domain. It is included in a clust ...
'' gene has also been shown experimentally to be repressed by miR-10a and miR-10b. It has also been experimentally verified that miR-10a downregulates the human '' HOXA1'' and '' HOXA3'' genes. Control of the Hox genes by miR-10 suggests that this microRNA may play an important role in development. In addition to the Hox genes, miR-10a represses the transcription factor '' USF2'' and the ''
Ran Ran, RaN and ran may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Ran'' (film), a 1985 film directed by Akira Kurosawa * "Ran" (song), a 2013 Japanese song by Luna Sea * '' Ran Online'', a 2004 MMORPG (massively multiplayer online role playing game) * ...
'' and ''Pbp1'' genes. The cell-surface proteoglycan Syndecan-1 is a target of miR-10b. miR-10a binds to the
five prime untranslated region The 5′ untranslated region (also known as 5′ UTR, leader sequence, transcript leader, or leader RNA) is the region of a messenger RNA (mRNA) that is directly upstream from the initiation codon. This region is important for the regulation of t ...
(5'UTR) of
mRNA In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein. mRNA is created during the ...
s encoding
ribosomal proteins A ribosomal protein (r-protein or rProtein) is any of the proteins that, in conjunction with rRNA, make up the ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of translation. ''E. coli'', other bacteria and Archaea have a 30S small subunit a ...
, and increases their
translation Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between ''transla ...
. It binds immediately downstream of the 5' oligopyrimidine tract (5'TOP) motif, a region important in the regulation of ribosomal protein synthesis.


Association with cancer

Recently there has been much interest in abnormal levels of expression of microRNAs in
cancer Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal b ...
s. Upregulation of miR-10 has been found in a number of cancers. Increased levels of miR-10a have been found in
glioblastoma Glioblastoma, previously known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is one of the most aggressive types of cancer that begin within the brain. Initially, signs and symptoms of glioblastoma are nonspecific. They may include headaches, personality ...
,
anaplastic astrocytoma Anaplastic astrocytoma is a rare WHO grade III type of astrocytoma, which is a type of cancer of the brain. In the United States, the annual incidence rate for anaplastic astrocytoma is 0.44 per 100,000 people. Signs and symptoms Initial present ...
s, primary hepatocellular carcinomas and colon cancer. Increased levels of miR-10b have been found in glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytomas, pancreatic cancer, and
metastatic Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; the term is typically used when referring to metastasis by a cancerous tumor. The newly pathological sites, then, ...
breast cancer Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, milk rejection, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a r ...
. Although high expression of miR-10b is found in metastatic breast cancers, it does not appear to be present at high levels in early breast cancers. The expression of miR-10b is correlated with overall survival in 1262 breast cancer patients. Downregulation of miR-10a has been found in
chronic myeloid leukemia Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), also known as chronic myeloid leukemia, is a cancer of the white blood cells. It is a form of leukemia characterized by the increased and unregulated growth of myeloid cells in the bone marrow and the accumulati ...
. USF2, a target gene of miR-10a, has been found to be overexpressed in these leukemias. Downregulation of miR-10a has also been found in
acute myeloid leukemia Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells that build up in the bone marrow and blood and interfere with normal blood cell production. Symptoms may inclu ...
, the most common acute
leukemia Leukemia ( also spelled leukaemia and pronounced ) is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal blood cells. These blood cells are not fully developed and are called ''blasts'' or ...
affecting adults. Conversely, miR-10a and miR-10b have found to be upregulated in acute myeloid leukemia with ''
NPM1 Nucleophosmin (NPM), also known as nucleolar phosphoprotein B23 or numatrin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NPM1'' gene. Function NPM1 is associated with nucleolar ribonucleoprotein structures and binds single-stranded and ...
''
mutation In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA. Mutations result from errors during DNA replication, DNA or viral repl ...
s; these account for approximately a third of adult acute myeloid leukemia cases and contain mutations in the ''NPM1'' gene which result in the relocation of NPM1 from the
nucleus Nucleus ( : nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to: *Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom * Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucl ...
to the
cytoplasm In cell biology, the cytoplasm is all of the material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus. The material inside the nucleus and contained within the nuclear membrane is termed the nucleoplasm. ...
. Upregulation of miR-10b has also been found in
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). Early on, there are typically no symptoms. Later, non-painful lymph node swelling, feeling tired, fever, nigh ...
, the most common type of leukemia. Genomic copy number abnormalities involving microRNA genes (both increases and decreases in copy number) have been found in cancers. A gain in copy number of the ''mir-10a'' gene has been found in melanoma and breast cancer. Upstream of the ''mir-10b'' gene is a promoter region containing a binding site for the
Twist transcription factor Twist-related protein 1 (TWIST1) also known as class A basic helix–loop–helix protein 38 (bHLHa38) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the ''TWIST1'' gene. Function Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) tr ...
(Twist). Binding of Twist to this promoter region
induces Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (emf) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field. Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831, and James Cler ...
miR-10b expression, leading to a reduced translation of the tumour suppressor HOXD10. This results in upregulation of
RhoA Transforming protein RhoA, also known as Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), is a small GTPase protein in the Rho family of GTPases that in humans is encoded by the ''RHOA'' gene. While the effects of RhoA activity are not all well known, it is ...
/ RhoC,
Rho kinase Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) is a kinase belonging to the AGC (PKA/ PKG/PKC) family of serine-threonine specific protein kinases. It is involved mainly in regulating the shape and movement of cells by acting on the cytoskeleton. ROCKs ( ...
activation and
tumour A neoplasm () is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue. The process that occurs to form or produce a neoplasm is called neoplasia. The growth of a neoplasm is uncoordinated with that of the normal surrounding tissue, and persists ...
cell invasion.


See also

*
MicroRNA MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules containing 21 to 23 nucleotides. Found in plants, animals and some viruses, miRNAs are involved in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. mi ...
* Gene expression *
Hox genes Hox genes, a subset of homeobox genes, are a group of related genes that specify regions of the body plan of an embryo along the head-tail axis of animals. Hox proteins encode and specify the characteristics of 'position', ensuring that the co ...


References


Further reading

* * *


External links

* * * * *
miRBase entry for human miR-10a

miRBase entry for human miR-10b

miRDB predicted targets for human miR-10a

miRDB predicted targets for human miR-10b

miRNAMap entry for human miR-10a

miRNAMap entry for human miR-10b

HNGC entry for miR-10a

HGNC entry for miR-10b
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mir-10 Microrna Precursor Family MicroRNA MicroRNA precursor families