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Ottawa County is a county located in the northeastern corner of the U.S. state of
Oklahoma Oklahoma (; Choctaw language, Choctaw: ; chr, ᎣᎧᎳᎰᎹ, ''Okalahoma'' ) is a U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States, bordered by Texas on the south and west, Kansas on the nor ...
. As of the 2020 census, the population was 30,285. Its county seat is Miami. The county was named for the Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma. O'Dell, Larry. ''Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture''. "Ottawa County."
Retrieved March 6, 2015.
It is also the location of the federally recognized
Modoc Nation The Modoc Nation is a federally recognized tribe of Modoc people, located in Ottawa County in the northeast corner of Oklahoma and Modoc and Siskiyou counties in northeast California.Self, Burl EModoc.''Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia ...
and the Quapaw Nation, which is based in Quapaw. Ottawa County comprises the Miami, OK Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Joplin-Miami, MO-OK Combined Statistical Area. The county borders both Kansas and Missouri.


History

Archaeological studies indicate this area was inhabited for thousands of years by succeeding cultures of prehistoric indigenous peoples. According to the ''Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture'', at the start of the 20th century, there were eight known Archaic sites (6000 B. C. to 1 A. D.), sixteen Woodland sites (1 A. D. to 1000 A.D.), and six Plains Village sites (1000 to 1500 A. D.). The Osage Nation had moved into the area from Missouri and Kansas by the 19th century, under pressure from European-American encroachment on their lands. They ceded this land to the Federal Government in exchange for another area farther west in Indian Territory. In 1828, the Western Cherokee, the first group of this nation to relocate west of the Mississippi River, ceded their land in Western Arkansas to the Federal Government in exchange for some of the land just vacated by the Osage. In 1831, the Federal Government reacquired part of what would eventually become Ottawa County in order to resettle some smaller tribes that had been forced west from the Midwest under its
Indian Removal Indian removal was the United States government policy of forced displacement of self-governing tribes of Native Americans from their ancestral homelands in the eastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi Riverspecifically, to a de ...
program. These included two tribes of Iroquois, Shawnee, Quapaw, Peoria, Kaskaskia, Miami,
Ottawa Ottawa (, ; Canadian French: ) is the capital city of Canada. It is located at the confluence of the Ottawa River and the Rideau River in the southern portion of the province of Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, and forms the core ...
and Wyandotte. The Neosho Agency administered the affairs of these tribes from 1837 until 1871. In that year, it was renamed as the Quapaw Agency, serving only the tribes in Indian Territory. The Modoc band led by Captain Jack in northern California was exiled and relocated here in 1873, after being taken as prisoner following their defeat in the Modoc War. The 153 members were settled at the Quapaw Agency. After regaining federally recognized status in 1978 as the Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma, they were given land of their own under federal trust in this county. Native Americans make up nearly 17% of the population in the county. This county is part of the Tri-state District, a center of lead and zinc mining through the first half of the 20th century. Unrestricted mining resulted in severe
environmental degradation Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment (biophysical), environment through depletion of resources such as quality of air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; an ...
and mining centers such as Picher, Oklahoma in the county were included within the Tar Creek Superfund Site in 1980. Environmental remediation has been conducted, but the state and federal government have also closed Picher as a city and relocated nearly all its residents since the early 21st century. In 1996 the government found that 34% of the children of Picher, OK had
lead poisoning Lead poisoning, also known as plumbism and saturnism, is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body. The brain is the most sensitive. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, irritability, memory problems, inferti ...
due to groundwater, air and dust effects.


Geography

According to the
U.S. Census Bureau The United States Census Bureau (USCB), officially the Bureau of the Census, is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureau is part of the ...
, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (2.8%) is water. It is the fourth-smallest county in Oklahoma by area. The eastern part of the county lies in the Ozark Plains, while the western is in the Neosho Lowlands.


Adjacent counties

* Cherokee County, Kansas (north) *
Newton County, Missouri Newton County is a county located in the southwest portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 58,114. Its county seat is Neosho. The county was organized in 1838 and is named in honor of John Newton, a her ...
(east) * McDonald County, Missouri (southeast) * Delaware County (south) * Craig County (west)


Demographics

As of the census of 2020, there were 33,194 people, 12,984 households, and 9,114 families residing in the county. The population density was 175/km2 (67.6/mi2). There were 14,842 housing units at an average density of 12/km2 (32/mi2). The racial makeup of the county was 68.9% White, 1.2% Black or African American, 20.3% Native American, 0.7%
Asian Asian may refer to: * Items from or related to the continent of Asia: ** Asian people, people in or descending from Asia ** Asian culture, the culture of the people from Asia ** Asian cuisine, food based on the style of food of the people from Asi ...
, 0.9% Pacific Islander, 1.54% from other races, and 8.0% from two or more races. 5.9% of the population were Hispanic or
Latino Latino or Latinos most often refers to: * Latino (demonym), a term used in the United States for people with cultural ties to Latin America * Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States * The people or cultures of Latin America; ** Latin A ...
of any race. There were 14,100 households, out of which 30.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.60% were
married couples Marriage, also called matrimony or wedlock, is a culturally and often legally recognized union between people called spouses. It establishes rights and obligations between them, as well as between them and their children, and between t ...
living together, 10.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.80% were non-families. 26.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.98. In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.70% under the age of 18, 9.70% from 18 to 24, 24.80% from 25 to 44, 22.90% from 45 to 64, and 16.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.10 males. The median income for a household in the county was $27,507, and the median income for a family was $32,368. Males had a median income of $25,725 versus $18,879 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,478. About 13.00% of families and 16.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.80% of those under age 18 and 12.20% of those age 65 or over.


Politics

Prior to 2008, Ottawa County was a swing county in presidential elections, backing the national winner in all but three presidential elections from 1912 to 2004. It has since become a Republican stronghold similar to the rest of the state, with Donald Trump's 2020 51.2 point win over Joe Biden being the most lopsided margin of victory in the county's electoral history.


Economy

Lead and zinc mining has been important to the county economy since 1890, and Quapaw lands have been exploited for mining, first by lease. They were restricted in terms of receiving royalties and were generally excluded by discrimination from mining jobs. By 1910, the local mining industry was controlled by a few large corporations, including Commerce Mining and Royalty Company, the Eagle-Picher Company, the Childers Mining Company, the LaClede Lead and Zinc Company, and the American Lead and Zinc Company. In 1926, at the region's peak of production, Ottawa County was the largest source of lead and zinc in the world. By the 1960s most of the mines had closed, leaving mine shafts, sinkholes, chat piles, and other dangers for future cleanup. Such areas have been designated as part of the Tar Creek Superfund Site by the US
Environmental Protection Agency A biophysical environment is a biotic and abiotic surrounding of an organism or population, and consequently includes the factors that have an influence in their survival, development, and evolution. A biophysical environment can vary in scale f ...
.
Tripoli Tripoli or Tripolis may refer to: Cities and other geographic units Greece *Tripoli, Greece, the capital of Arcadia, Greece * Tripolis (region of Arcadia), a district in ancient Arcadia, Greece * Tripolis (Larisaia), an ancient Greek city in ...
, primarily used as an abrasive, was found near Peoria in 1912, and was mined into the twenty-first century. Today, Ottawa County, together with nearby Delaware County to the south, have a large impact on tourism in Oklahoma. Said counties combined are the third-largest tourism destination in the state, following only the Oklahoma City and Tulsa metropolitan areas.


Communities


Cities

* Commerce * Miami (county seat)


Towns

* Afton * Fairland *
North Miami North Miami is a suburban city located in northeast Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States, about north of Miami. The city lies on Biscayne Bay and hosts the Biscayne Bay Campus of Florida International University, and the North Miami campu ...
* Peoria * Quapaw * Wyandotte


Census-designated places

* Dotyville * Narcissa


Unincorporated communities

*
Ottawa Ottawa (, ; Canadian French: ) is the capital city of Canada. It is located at the confluence of the Ottawa River and the Rideau River in the southern portion of the province of Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, and forms the core ...


Ghost towns

*
Cardin Cardin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Alberto Cardín (1948–1992), Spanish essayist and anthropologist * Annie Cardin (born 1938), French artist *Arthur Cardin (1879–1946), Canadian politician *Ben Cardin (born 1943), ...
* Douthat * Hockerville * Picher * Zincville


Education

School districts include:
Text list

2010 map2010 text list
/ref> * Afton Public Schools *
Commerce Public Schools Commerce School Public Schools is a school district headquartered in Commerce, Oklahoma. The district includes Commerce, North Miami, and a section of Miami. In 2009 the Picher-Cardin Public Schools closed and was dissolved. A portion went to th ...
*
Fairland Public Schools Fairland may refer to: *Fairland, Illinois, United States *Fairland, Indiana, United States *Fairland, Maryland, United States *Fairland, Oklahoma, United States *Fairland, Roanoke, Virginia, United States *Fairland, Gauteng, a suburb of Johannesbu ...
*
Miami Public Schools Miami Public Schools (MPS) is a school district headquartered in Miami, Oklahoma. Its attendance area includes most of the city; the northern portion is instead in Commerce Public Schools. Jeremy Hogan became the superintendent circa 2016. That y ...
*
Quapaw Public Schools Quapaw Public Schools is a school district headquartered in Quapaw, Oklahoma. Its area includes, in addition to Quapaw, Cardin, Oklahoma, Cardin, Peoria, Oklahoma, Peoria, Picher, Oklahoma, Picher, and Hockerville, Oklahoma, Hockerville. It incl ...
*
Welch Public Schools Welch, Welch's, Welchs or Welches may refer to: People *Welch (surname) Places *Welch, Oklahoma, a town, US *Welches, Oregon, an unincorporated community, US * Welch, Texas, an unincorporated community, US * Welchs, Virginia, an unincorporated c ...
*
Wyandotte Public Schools Wyandotte Public Schools is a school district based in and serving Wyandotte, Michigan Wyandotte ( ) is a city in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 25,058 at the 2020 census. Wyandotte is located in southeastern M ...
*
Turkey Ford Public School Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in S ...
(elementary only)
Picher-Cardin Public Schools Picher-Cardin Public Schools was a school district headquartered in Picher, Oklahoma. The district operated an elementary school, a junior high school, and a high school. In later periods it was organized only into an elementary school and a high ...
was in operation until 2009.


NRHP sites

The following sites are in Ottawa County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: * Cities Service Station, Afton *
Coleman Theatre The Coleman Theatre is a historic performance venue and movie house located on historic U.S. Route 66 in Miami, Oklahoma. Built in 1929 for George Coleman, a local mining magnate, it has a distinctive Spanish Colonial Revival exterior, and an elab ...
, Miami *
George L. Coleman Sr. House The George L. Coleman Sr. House, at 1001 Rockdale St. in Miami, Oklahoma, was built in 1918. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The listing included two contributing buildings and a contributing structure. It is a ...
, Miami *
Commerce Building/Hancock Building Commerce is the large-scale organized system of activities, functions, procedures and institutions directly and indirectly related to the exchange (buying and selling) of goods and services among two or more parties within local, regional, natio ...
, Miami * Horse Creek Bridge, Afton *
John Patrick McNaughton Barn The John Patrick McNaughton Barn, also known as the McNaughton Barn or the Max Mirage View Farm Barn, is a 3½ story wooden barn located in Ottawa County, Oklahoma, Ottawa County near Miami, Oklahoma, Miami, Oklahoma. Built on a rising hill in 1 ...
, Quapaw *
Miami Marathon Oil Company Service Station The Miami Marathon Oil Company Service Station, at 331 S. Main St. in Miami, Oklahoma, was built in 1929. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. It is a one-story Classical Revival-style building built on the south sid ...
, Miami *
Miami Original Nine-Foot Section of Route 66 Roadbed The historic U.S. Route 66 (US-66, Route 66), sometimes known as the Will Rogers Highway after Oklahoma native Will Rogers, ran from west to northeast across the state of Oklahoma, along the path now taken by Interstate 40 (I-40) and State ...
, Miami *
Modoc Mission Church and Cemetery Modoc Mission Church and Cemetery is a historic mission church and cemetery in Miami, Oklahoma. It was built in 1892 and added to the National Register of Historic Places The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United State ...
, Miami *
Narcissa D-X Gas Station The Narcissa D-X Gas Station, on 15050 S. Highway 69 in Ottawa County, Oklahoma, United States, near Miami, Oklahoma, was built in 1934 for the D-X Oil Company. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. It was located on ...
, Miami * Ottawa County Courthouse, Miami *
Peoria Indian School Peoria can refer to: People * Peoria tribe, Native American tribe Places United States * Peoria, Arizona, largest city in the U.S. with that name; named after Peoria, Illinois. ** Peoria Unified School District **Peoria Sports Complex **Peoria ...
, Miami *
Peoria Tribal Cemetery Peoria can refer to: People * Peoria tribe, Native American tribe Places United States * Peoria, Arizona, largest city in the U.S. with that name; named after Peoria, Illinois. ** Peoria Unified School District **Peoria Sports Complex **Peoria ...
, Miami *
Riviera Courts--Motel ''Riviera'' () is an Italian word which means "coastline", ultimately derived from Latin , through Ligurian . It came to be applied as a proper name to the coast of Liguria, in the form ''Riviera ligure'', then shortened in English. The two areas ...
, Miami * Tri-State Zinc and Lead Ore Producers Association Office, Picher


See also

*
Quapaw Indian Agency The Quapaw Indian Agency was a territory that included parts of the present-day Oklahoma counties of Ottawa and Delaware. Established in the late 1830s as part of lands allocated to the Cherokee Nation, this area was later leased by the federal g ...


References


External links

*
Ottawa County Map

Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory
{{Coord, 36.84, -94.81, type:adm2nd_region:US-OK_source:UScensus1990, display=title 1907 establishments in Oklahoma Populated places established in 1907 Ozarks