Mezzotint is a monochrome printmaking process of the '' intaglio'' family. It was the first printing process that yielded half-tones without using line- or dot-based techniques like

hatching Hatching (french: hachure) is an artistic technique used to create tonal or shading Shading refers to the depiction of depth perception in 3D models (within the field of 3D computer graphics) or illustrations (in visual art) by varying ...

, cross-hatching or stipple. Mezzotint achieves tonality by roughening a metal plate with thousands of little dots made by a metal tool with small teeth, called a "rocker". In printing, the tiny pits in the plate retain the ink when the face of the plate is wiped clean. This technique can achieve a high level of quality and richness in the print. ''Mezzotint'' is often combined with other ''intaglio'' techniques, usually

etching Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio (incised) in the metal. In modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on other types ...

and

engraving Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a burin. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or glass are engraved, or may provide an in ...

. The process was especially widely used in England from the eighteenth century, to reproduce portraits and other paintings. It was somewhat in competition with the other main tonal technique of the day, aquatint. Since the mid-nineteenth century it has been relatively little used, as

lithography Lithography () is a planographic method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by the German a ...

and other techniques produced comparable results more easily. Interest in learning and using the technique grew exponentially in 1990 upon the publication of the book ''The Mezzotint: History and Technique'' by artist Carol Wax. The Wax book was responsible for a substantial upsurge in the number of artists creating mezzotints in the United States and worldwide. Sir Frank Short (1857–1945) was an important pioneer of the mezzotint revival in the United Kingdom along with

Peter Ilsted Peter Ilsted (14 February 1861 – 16 April 1933) was a Danish artist and printmaker. He was most associated with domestic interior scenes. Biography Peter Vilhelm Ilsted was born at Sakskøbing in Guldborgsund, Denmark. He was the son of me ...

(1864–1933) in Denmark. Today's practitioners of the mezzotint process include Craig McPherson (b. 1948), Frederick Mershimer (b. 1958) and Carol Wax (b. 1953). The Wax book is in the process of a revised edition due for publication late in 2022.

History

The mezzotint printmaking method was invented by the German amateur artist Ludwig von Siegen (1609–). His earliest mezzotint print dates to 1642 and is a portrait of Countess Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg. This was made by working from light to dark. The rocker seems to have been invented by

Prince Rupert of the Rhine Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Duke of Cumberland, (17 December 1619 (O.S.) / 27 December (N.S.) – 29 November 1682 (O.S.)) was an English army officer, admiral, scientist and colonial governor. He first came to prominence as a Royalist cava ...

, a famous cavalry commander in the

English Civil War The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians (" Roundheads") and Royalists led by Charles I (" Cavaliers"), mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of r ...

, who was the next to use the process, and took it to England. Sir

Peter Lely Sir Peter Lely (14 September 1618 – 7 December 1680) was a painter of Dutch origin whose career was nearly all spent in England, where he became the dominant portrait painter to the court. Life Lely was born Pieter van der Faes to Dutch ...

saw the potential for using it to publicise his portraits, and encouraged a number of Dutch printmakers to come to England.

Godfrey Kneller Sir Godfrey Kneller, 1st Baronet (born Gottfried Kniller; 8 August 1646 – 19 October 1723), was the leading portrait painter in England during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and was court painter to English and British monarchs from ...

worked closely with John Smith, who is said to have lived in his house for a period; he created about 500 mezzotints, some 300 copies of portrait paintings. British mezzotint collecting was a great craze from about 1760 to the Great Crash of 1929, also spreading to America. The main area of collecting was British portraits; hit oil paintings from the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition were routinely, and profitably, reproduced in mezzotint throughout this period, and other mezzotinters reproduced older portraits of historical figures, or if necessary, made them up. The favourite period to collect was roughly from 1750 to 1820, the great period of the British portrait. There were two basic styles of collection: some concentrated on making a complete collection of material within a certain scope, while others aimed at perfect condition and quality (which declines in mezzotints after a relatively small number of impressions are taken from a plate), and in collecting the many " proof states" which artists and printers had obligingly provided for them from early on. Leading collectors included William Eaton, 2nd Baron Cheylesmore and the Irishman John Chaloner Smith.

Light to dark method

The first mezzotints by Ludwig von Siegen were made using the light to dark method. The metal plate was tooled to create indentations and parts of the image that were to stay light in tone were kept smooth. This method was referred to as the ‘Additive method’; that is, adding areas of indentations to the plate for the areas of the print that were to appear darker in tone. This technique meant that it was possible to create the image directly by only roughening a blank plate selectively, where the darker parts of the image are to be. By varying the degree of smoothing, mid-tones between black and white can be created, hence the name ''mezzo-tinto'' which is Italian for " half-tone" or "half-painted".

Dark to light method

This became the most common method. The whole surface (usually) of a

metal A metal (from ancient Greek, Greek μέταλλον ''métallon'', "mine, quarry, metal") is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electrical resistivity and conductivity, e ...

, usually copper, plate is roughened evenly, manually with a rocker, or mechanically. If the plate were printed at this point it would show as solid black. The image is then created by selectively burnishing areas of the surface of the metal plate with metal tools; the smoothed parts will print lighter than those areas not smoothed by the burnishing tool. Areas smoothed completely flat will not hold ink at all; such areas will print "white," that is, the color of the paper without ink. This is called working from "dark to light", or the "subtractive" method.

Jacob Christoph Le Blon Jacob Christoph Le Blon, or Jakob Christoffel Le Blon, (2 May 1667 – 16 May 1741) was a painter and engraver from Frankfurt who invented the system of three- and four-colour printing, using an RYB color model which segued into the modern CMY ...

used the dark to light method and invented the three and four-color mezzotint printing technique by using a separate metal plate for each color. Le Blon's color printing method applied the YB color modelapproach whereby red, yellow and blue were used to create a larger gamut of color nuances. In Coloritto, Le Blon refers to red, yellow and blue as 'Primitive' colors and that red and yellow make orange; red and blue, make purple/violet; and blue and yellow make green (Le Blon, 1725, p. 6).

Printing

Printing the finished plate is the same for either method, and follows the normal way for an intaglio plate; the whole surface is inked, the ink is then wiped off the surface to leave ink only in the pits of the still rough areas below the original surface of the plate. The plate is put through a high-pressure printing press next to a sheet of paper, and the process repeated. Because the pits in the plate are not deep, only a small number of top-quality impressions (copies) can be printed before the quality of the tone starts to degrade as the pressure of the press begins to smooth them out. Perhaps only one or two hundred really good impressions can be taken.

Detailed technique

Plates can be mechanically roughened; one way is to rub fine metal filings over the surface with a piece of glass; the finer the filings, the smaller the grain of the surface. Special roughening tools called 'rockers' have been in use since at least the eighteenth century. The method commonly in use today is to use a steel rocker approximately five inches wide, which has between 45 and 120 teeth per inch on the face of a blade in the shape of a shallow arc, with a wooden handle projecting upwards in a T-shape. Rocked steadily from side to side at the correct angle, the rocker will proceed forward creating burrs in the surface of the

copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from la, cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pink ...

. The plate is then moved – either rotated by a set number of degrees or through 90 degrees according to preference – and then rocked in another pass. This is repeated until the plate is roughened evenly and will print a completely solid tone of black.

Tone

Mezzotint is known for the luxurious quality of its tones: first, because an evenly, finely roughened surface holds a lot of ink, allowing deep solid colors to be printed; secondly because the process of smoothing the plate with burin, ''burnisher'' and ''scraper'' allows fine gradations in tone to be developed. The scraper is a triangular ended tool, and the burnisher has a smooth round end – not unlike many spoon handles. File:Mezzaluna berceau.jpg, Two sizes of rocker File:Mezzotintoführung.jpg, Using the rocker File:Muscles of the sole of the foot. Colour mezzotint by A. E. G Wellcome V0007806.jpg, Muscles of the sole of the foot, Colour mezzotint by A.E. Gautier d'Agoty (son of Jacques Fabien Gautier d'Agoty, 1773 File:Peter Ilsted - Sunshine Falling on a Door.jpg, ''Sunshine V'',

Mezzotint engravers

* Ludwig von Siegen – inventor *

* Wallerant Vaillant (1623–1677, the first professional mezzotinter) * John Smith (c. 1652–c. 1742) * Jan van der Vaart (c. 1650–1727, Dutchman working in England) *

(1667–1741, German, developed colour printing, using different plates) * Bernhard Vogel (1683–1737) * George White (c. 1684–1732) * Jacques Fabien Gautier d'Agoty (1716–1785, French, developed a four-colour mezzotint process) *

Richard Houston Richard Houston (1721?–1775) was an Irish mezzotint engraver, whose career was mostly in London. Life Born in Dublin about 1721, he became a pupil of John Brooks, who was also the master of James McArdell and Charles Spooner. He came to Londo ...

(1721?–1775) *

James MacArdell James MacArdell (1729?–1765) was an Irish mezzotinter. Life He was born in Cow Lane (later Greek Street), Dublin, around 1729. He learnt mezzotint-engraving from John Brooks. When Brooks moved to London in 1746, MacArdell and other pupils fol ...

(1729?–1765, Irish) * Edward Fisher (1730?–1785?, Irish) *

Johann Jacob Ridinger Johann, typically a male given name, is the German form of ''Iohannes'', which is the Latin form of the Greek name ''Iōánnēs'' (), itself derived from Hebrew name ''Yochanan'' () in turn from its extended form (), meaning " Yahweh is Graciou ...

(1736–1784), youngest son of

Johann Elias Ridinger Johann Elias Ridinger (16 February 1698, Ulm – 10 April 1767, Augsburg) was a German painter, engraver, draughtsman and publisher. He is considered one of the most famous German engravers of animals, particularly horses, hounds and hunt ...

, who worked in mezzotint himself, too *

David Martin David or Dave Martin may refer to: Entertainment *David Martin (artist) (1737–1797), Scottish painter and engraver *David Stone Martin (1913–1992), American artist *David Martin (poet) (1915–1997), Hungarian-Australian poet and novelist *Dav ...

(1737–1797, Scottish) * William Pether (c. 1738–1821) *

Valentine Green Valentine Green (3 October 173929 July 1813) was a British mezzotinter and print publisher. Green trained under Robert Hancock, a Worcester engraver, after which he moved to London and began working as a mezzotint engraver. He began to exhibit ...

(1739–1813) * John Dixon (about 1740–1811) *

Richard Earlom Richard Earlom (baptised 14 May 17439 October 1822) was an England, English mezzotinter. Biography Earlom was born and died in London. His natural faculty for art appears to have been first called into exercise by his admiration for the lord ma ...

(1743–1822) * William Dickinson (1746–1823) *

John Raphael Smith John Raphael Smith (1751 – 2 March 1812) was a British painter and mezzotinter. He was the son of Thomas Smith of Derby, the landscape painter, and father of John Rubens Smith, a painter who emigrated to the United States. Biography Bapti ...

(1751–1812) * John Jones (c.1755–1797) *

Joseph Grozer Joseph Grozer (1755–1799) was an English artist and printmaker. He resided at No 8, Castle Street, Leicester Square (or Leicester Fields) (1792-4) and published some of his prints himself. Works Grozer engraved in mezzotint, after Sir Joshua Re ...

(1755–1799) *

John Young John Young may refer to: Academics * John Young (professor of Greek) (died 1820), Scottish professor of Greek at the University of Glasgow * John C. Young (college president) (1803–1857), American educator, pastor, and president of Centre Coll ...

(1755–1825) * William Doughty (1757–1782) * James Walker (c. 1760–c. 1823, British, moved to Russia) * Charles Howard Hodges (1764–1837, English, moved to Amsterdam) * William Say (1764–1834) * Charles Turner (1774–1857) * John Martin (1789–1854) * James Bromley (1800–1838) *

John Sartain John Sartain (October 24, 1808 – October 25, 1897) was an English-born American artist who pioneered mezzotint engraving in the United States. Biography John Sartain was born in London, England. He learned line engraving, and produced several o ...

(1808–1897, English pioneer of the technique in America) * Alexander Hay Ritchie (1822–1895, Scottish, moved to US) * Richard Josey (1840–1906), engraver of James McNeill Whistler's '' Whistler's Mother'' *

(1861–1933, Danish) * T.F. Simon (1877–1942) *

M. C. Escher Maurits Cornelis Escher (; 17 June 1898 – 27 March 1972) was a Dutch graphic artist who made mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs, and mezzotints. Despite wide popular interest, Escher was for most of his life neglected in t ...

(1898–1972) *

Yozo Hamaguchi Yozo Hamaguchi (April 5, 1909 - December 25, 2000) was a Japanese copper printmaker who specialized in mezzotint and was responsible for its resurgence as a printmaking medium in the mid-20th century. Hamaguchi's prints are distinguished for the ...

(1909–2000) *Mario Avati (1921–2009) * Robert Kipniss (b. 1931) *

Toru Iwaya is a Japanese people, Japanese mezzotint engraver and Painting, painter. Biography Born in Koriyama, Japan in 1936, the youngest child of Iwaya Kanekichi and Kageyama Matsu, Toru Iwaya went, at the age of 19, to Tokyo. After he graduated from ...

(b. 1936) * Carol Wax (b. 1953) *Sir Frank Short (1857–1945) *Frederick Mershimer (b. 1958) *Craig Mcpherson (b. 1948)
Holly Downing
(b. 1948)

Notes

References

* * This includes a detailed description of mezzotint history and methods. * Griffiths, Antony (ed), ''Landmarks in Print Collecting - Connoisseurs and Donors at the British Museum since 1753'', p. 138, 1996, British Museum Press,

External links

Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Printed image in the West: Mezzotint

Mezzotint
with Guy Langevin @YouTube
National Portrait Gallery, London: The early history of mezzotint and the prints of Richard Tompson and Alexander Browne''Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures''
an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on mezzotint
Mezzotint and other similar printmaking techniques
* Mezzotint / Art of Darkness, An exhibition of classical and contemporary mezzotints curated by Carol Wax and Earl Retif at the New Orleans Museum of Art. Illustrated th 58 artist biographies {{Authority control Printmaking Printing Printing terminology Visual arts media Artistic techniques