In music, a ''method'' is a kind of
textbook
A textbook is a book containing a comprehensive compilation of content in a branch of study with the intention of explaining it. Textbooks are produced to meet the needs of educators, usually at educational institutions. Schoolbooks are textboo ...
for a specified
musical instrument
A musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be considered a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. A person who pl ...
or a selected problem of playing a certain instrument.
A ''method'' usually contains
fingering charts or
tablature
Tablature (or tabulature, or tab for short) is a form of musical notation indicating instrument fingering rather than musical pitches.
Tablature is common for fretted stringed instruments such as the guitar, lute or vihuela, as well as many fr ...
s, etc.,
scales
Scale or scales may refer to:
Mathematics
* Scale (descriptive set theory), an object defined on a set of points
* Scale (ratio), the ratio of a linear dimension of a model to the corresponding dimension of the original
* Scale factor, a number w ...
and numerous different
exercise
Exercise is a body activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness.
It is performed for various reasons, to aid growth and improve strength, develop muscles and the cardiovascular system, hone athletic ...
s, sometimes also simple
etudes, in different
key
Key or The Key may refer to:
Common meanings
* Key (cryptography), a piece of information that controls the operation of a cryptography algorithm
* Key (lock), device used to control access to places or facilities restricted by a lock
* Key (map ...
s, in ascending order as to difficulty (= in methodical ''progression'') or with a focus on isolated aspects like fluency,
rhythm
Rhythm (from Greek , ''rhythmos'', "any regular recurring motion, symmetry") generally means a " movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions". This general meaning of regular recu ...
,
dynamics,
articulation and the like. Sometimes there are even
recital
A concert is a live music performance in front of an audience. The performance may be by a single musician, sometimes then called a recital, or by a musical ensemble, such as an orchestra, choir, or band. Concerts are held in a wide variety an ...
pieces, also with accompaniment. Such methods differ from etude books in that they are meant as a linear course for a student to follow, with consistent guidance, whereas volumes of etudes are not as comprehensive.
As typical instrumental methods are meant to function as textbooks supporting an instrumental teacher (rather than to facilitate self-teaching), usually no basic or special playing techniques are covered in any depth. Detailed instructions in this respect are only found in special,
autodidactical methods.
Some methods are especially tailored for students on certain
skill
A skill is the learned ability to act with determined results with good execution often within a given amount of time, energy, or both. Skills can often be divided into domain-general and domain-specific skills. For example, in the domain of wo ...
levels or
stages of psychosocial development. In contrast, a 'complete' method (sometimes in multiple volumes) is meant to accompany the student until he or she becomes an advanced player.
Methods of certain authors or editors have achieved the status of standard works (reflecting regional and cultural differences) and are published or reissued by different
publishing
Publishing is the activity of making information, literature, music, software and other content available to the public for sale or for free. Traditionally, the term refers to the creation and distribution of printed works, such as books, newsp ...
companies and in diverse (new)
arrangement
In music, an arrangement is a musical adaptation of an existing composition. Differences from the original composition may include reharmonization, melodic paraphrasing, orchestration, or formal development. Arranging differs from orches ...
s. The
Suzuki Method is probably the most well known example of this.
The following is a list of various methods of historical interest.
Woodwinds
Flute
*
Altes, Henry. ''Method for the Boehm flute''.
*
Berbiguier, Benoit Tranquille. ''Flute method''.
*
De Lorenzo, Leonardo.
L'Indispensabile – A complete modern school for the flute.' (1912)
*
Dressler, Rafael''New and complete instructions for the flute, Op. 68''.(1827)
*
Drouet, Louis. ''Method of flute playing''. (1830)
*
Fürstenau, Anton Bernhard. ''Flöten-schule, Op. 42''. (1826)
* Fürstenau, Anton Bernhard. ''Die kunst des flötenspiels, Op.138''. (1844)
* Hugot and Wunderlich. ''Méthode de flûte''. (1804)
*
Lindsay, Thomas. ''The elements of flute-playing''. (1830)
*
Monzani, Tebaldo''Instructions for the german flute''.(1801)
*
Peraut, Mathieu. ''Méthode pour la flûte''. (1800)
*
Quantz, Johann Joachim''Versuch einer anweisung die flöte traversiere zu spielen''.(1752)
*
Soussmann, Heinrich. ''Complete method for flute''.
*
Tromlitz, Johann George. ''Unterricht der flöte zu spielen''. (1791)
*
Wagner, Ernest. ''Foundation to flute playing''.
Oboe
*
Andraud, Albert. ''Practical and progressive oboe method''.
*
Barret, Apollon Marie-Rose. ''Complete method for oboe''. (1850)
*
Langley, Robin. ''Tutor for oboe''.
*
Niemann, Walter. ''Method for the oboe''.
Clarinet
*
Langenus, Gustav. ''Complete method for the Boehm clarinet''. (1913)
*
Bading, Heinrich and
Lange, Hermann. ''Tutor''. (1911)
*
Bärmann, Karl. ''Volständige clarinett-schule''. (1864)
*
Gabler, Maximillian. ''Tutor''. (1906)
*
Gräfe, Richard. ''Method''. (1912)
*
Klosé, Hyacinthe Eléonore.
Conservatory Method For The Clarinet.' (1879)
*
Lazarus, Henry. ''New and modern method for the Albert- and Boehm-system clarinet''. (1881)
*
Magnani, Aurelio. ''Methode complete de clarinette''. (1900)
*
Mimart, Prospere. ''Methode nouvelle de clarinette''. (1911)
*
Reinecke, Carl. ''Foundation to clarinet playing : an elementary method''. (1919)
* Stark, Robert. ''Grosse theoretische-praktische clarinett-schule, Op. 49''. (1892)
Bassoon
*
Langey, Otto. ''Tutor for bassoon''.
*
Mackintosh, George. ''New and improved bassoon tutor''. (1840)
*
Weissenborn, Julius. ''Practical method for the bassoon''. (1887)
*
Weissenborn, Julius and
Spaniol, Douglas. ''The New Weissenborn Method for Bassoon''. (2010, revised 2013)
Saxophone
*
Klosé, Hyacinthe and
Gay, Eugene. ''Methode complete pour saxophone''.
*
Iasilli, Gerardo. ''Modern conservatory method for saxophone''.
*
Mayeur, Louis-Adolphe. ''Method for saxophone''.
*
Vereecken, Ben. ''Foundation to saxophone playing''.
* Vereecken, Ben. ''The saxophone virtuoso''.
*
Ville, Paul de. ''Universal method for the saxophone''.
Brass
Trumpet/Cornet
*
Araldi, Giuseppe. ''Methodo per tromba a chiavi et a macchina''. (1835)
*
Arban, Jean-Baptiste. ''
Method for the cornet.(1864)
*
Arbuckle, Matthew. ''Complete cornet method''. (1866)
*
Brett, Harry. ''The cornet''. (1888)
*
Brulon, Adolphe. ''Méthode de cornet à deux et à trois pistons''. (1854)
*
Canti, Antonio. ''Metodo per cornetto flugelhorn in si bemòlle e per flugel basso''. (1892)
*
Clarke, Herbert Lincoln. ''
Clarke's Elementary Studies for Cornet''. (1909)
* Clarke, Herbert Lincoln. ''Clarke's Technical Studies for Cornet''. (1912)
* Clarke, Herbert Lincoln. ''Clarke's Characteristic Studies for Cornet''. (1915)
*
Clodomir, Pierre François. ''Méthode élémetaire de cornet à pistons''. (1870)
*
Dauverné, François Georges Auguste. ''Methode de trompette à pistons''. (1835)
* Dauverné, François Georges Auguste. ''Méthode théorique et pratique du cornet à pistons ou cylindres''. (1846)
* Dauverné, François Georges Auguste. ''Méthode pour la trompette''. (1857)
*
Foraboschi Giuseppe. ''A new and complete instruction book for the trumpet''. (1828)
*
Forestier, Joseph. ''Method pour le cornet à pistons''. (1834)
*
Guichard, Michel. ''Grande méthode''. (1864)
*
Hoch, Theodor. ''Tutor for the cornet''. (1880)
*
Hofmann, Richard. ''Schule für althorn oder es-cornet''. (1885)
*
Howe, Elias. ''New cornet instructor''. (1860)
*
Kastner, Jean Georges. ''Metodo elementare per cornetto (o flicorno) a due e tre pistoni''. (1892)
*
Kosleck, Julius. ''Grosse Schule für cornet a piston''.
*
Kresser, Joseph Gebhardt. ''Methode pour la trompette''.
*
Kueffner, Joseph. ''Principes elementaires''.
*
Langey, Otto. ''Celebrated tutors: b-flat cornet''. (1899)
*
Mariscotti, Luigi. ''Nouvelle méthode complete de cornet à pistons''. (1837)
*
Roy, Eugene. . (1824)
*
Ryan, Sidney. ''True cornet instructor''. (1874)
*
Saint-Jacome, Louis. ''Grand method for the cornet''. (1894)
*
Schlossberg, Max. ''Daily Drills and Technical Studies for Trumpet''. (1937)
*
Sedgwick, Alfred. ''Complete method for the cornet''. (1873)
*
Sinsolliez, Ainé. ''Méthode complète de cornet à trois pistons''. (1848)
*
Sussmann, Heinrich. ''Neue theoretisch practische trompeten-schule''. (1859)
*
Weber, Carl. ''The premier method for cornet''. (1896)
*
Winner, Septimus. ''The ideal method for the cornet''. (1882)
*
Wurm, Wilhelm. ''Method for cornet à pistons''. (1893)
Horn
*
Dauprat, Louis-François''Methode de cor alto et cor basse''.(1824)
*
Domnich, Heinrich''Methode de premier et de deuxieme cor''.(1807)
*
Duvernoy, Frederic''Methode pour le cor''.(1803)
*
Franz, Oscar. ''Grosse theoretisch-practische waldhorn-schule''. (1880)
*
Frohlich, Joseph. ''Hornschule''. (1810)
*
Gallay, Jacques-François''Méthode pour le cor''.(1842)
*
Göroldt, Johann Heinrich. ''Hornschule''. (1822)
*
Holyoke, Samuel. ''The instrumental assistant''. (1807)
*
Kling, Henri''Hornschule''.(1865)
*
Meifred, Joseph. ''Methode pour le cor chromatique ou a pistons''. (1840)
*
Pepper, James Welsh''Self instructor for french horn''.(1882)
*
Simpson, John. ''The complete tutor for the horn''. (1746)
*
Tully, Charles. ''Tutor for the French horn''. (1840)
Trombone
*
Arban, Jean-Baptiste. ''
Grande méthode complete pour cornet a pistons et de saxhorn.(1864)
*
Braun, André. . (1795)
*
Brulon, Adolphe. ''Methode de trombone a coulisse''. (1851)
*
Cornette, Victor. ''Method for the trombone''. (1838)
*
Dieppo, Antoine. ''Méthode complete pour le trombone''. (1836)
*
Fillmore, Henry. ''Jazz trombonist''. (1919)
*
Fröhlich, Joseph. ''Vollständige theoretisch-practische musikschule''. (1811)
*
Gebauer, Francois Rene. . (1800)
*
Hampe, Carl. ''Method for the slide trombone with an appendix for the trombone with valves''. (1916)
*
Kastner, Jean Georges. ''Method for the trombone''. (1845)
*
Lafosse, André. ''Methode complete pour le trombone''. (1921)
*
Langey, Otto. ''Tutor for the tenor slide trombone''. (1885)
*
Müller, Robert. ''Schule für zugposaune''. (1902)
*
Nemetz, Andreas. ''Neueste posaun-schule''. (1828)
*
Sordillo, Fortunato. ''Art of jazzing for the trombone''. (1920)
*
Ville, Paul de. ''Universal method for slide and valve trombone in bass and treble clef''. (1900)
*
Vobaron, Edmond. ''Methode de trombone''. (1853)
*
Wirth, Adam. ''Posaune schule für alto, tenor, und bass posaune''. (1870)
Voice
*
Abt, Franz''Praktische gesangschule, Op.474''.*
Concone, Giuseppe''The school of sight-singing''.*
García, Manuel''Ecole de Garcia: traité complet de l'art du chant''.*
Lamperti, Francesco''The art of singing''.(1890)
*
Marchesi, Mathilde''The art of singing, Op. 21''.(1890)
*
Marchesi, Mathilde''Vocal method, Op. 31''.(1900)
*
Panofka, Heinrich''Abécédaire vocal''.*
Panseron, Auguste''Méthode complète de vocalisation''.(1898)
*
Shakespeare, William''The art of singing''.(1910)
*
Vaccai, Nicola''Metodo pratico de canto''.(1832)
Keyboards
Piano
*
Clementi, Muzio. ''Introduction to the art of playing on the pianoforte''. (1801)
*
Cramer, Johann Baptist. ''Instructions for the pianoforte''. (1810)
*
Czerny, Carl. ''Complete theoretical and practical pianoforte school, Op. 500''. (1838)
*
Dussek, Jan Ladislav. ''Instructions on the art of playing the piano forte or harpsichord''. (1796)
*
Herz, Henri. ''Méthode''. (1838)
*
Hummel, Johann Nepomuk. ''Ausführliche theoretisch-practische Anweisung zum Piano-Forte-Spiel''. (1828)
*
Philipp, Isidore. ''Complete school of Technic for the Piano''.
*
Pollini, Francesco. ''Methodo del clavicembelo''. (1811)
*
Rimbault, Edward Francis. ''A child's first instruction book for the piano forte''. (1839)
*
Safonov, Vasily Ilyich. ''New Formula for the Piano Teacher and Piano Student''. (1916)
*
Daniel Gottlob Türk
Daniel Gottlob Türk (10 August 1750 – 26 August 1813) was a German composer, organist, and music professor of the Classical period.
Biography
Born in Claußnitz, Saxony, Türk studied organ under his father and later under Johann Adam Hille ...
. ''Klavier-Schule''. (1789)
Harpsichord/Clavichord
*
Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel''Versuch über die wahre art das clavier zu spielen''.(1753)
*
Baumgarten, Charles Frederick. ''The ladies companion, or a complete tutor for the forte, piano forte, or harpsichord''. (1784)
*
Couperin, François. ''
L'art de toucher le clavecin
''L'art de toucher le clavecin'' (English: ''The Art of Playing the Harpsichord'') is a didactic treatise by the French composer François Couperin
François Couperin (; 10 November 1668 – 11 September 1733) was a French Baroque composer, org ...
''.] (1716)
*
Francesco Gasparini, Gasparini, Francesco''L'Armonico Pratico al Cimbalo''.
Organ
*
Neukomm, Sigismund. ''An elementary method for the organ in general''. (1859)
*
Rinck, Johann Christian Heinrich''Praktische orgelschule, Op. 55''.(1819)
Strings
Guitar
*
Aguado, Dionisio''Nuevo metodo de guitarra, Op. 6''.*
Carcassi, Matteo''Methode complete pour la guitare, Op. 59''.*
Carulli, Ferdinando. ''Méthode complette''. (1815)
*
Chabran, Carlo Francesco. ''Complete instructions for the Spanish guitar''. (1795)
*
Giuliani, Mauro''Studio per la chitarra, Op. 1''.(1812)
*
Justin Holland
Justin Holland (July 26, 1819 – March 24, 1887) was an American classical guitarist, a music teacher, a community leader, a black man who worked with white people to help slaves on the Underground Railroad, and an activist for equal rights for ...
. ''Comprehensive Method for the Guitar'' and '' Modern Method for the Guitar'' (1874)
*
Jauralde, Nicario. ''A complete preceptor for the Spanish guitar''. (1827)
*
Legnani, Luigi''Metodo par imparare e conoscere la musica e suonare la chitarra, Op. 250''.(1847)
*
Shaeffer, Arling''Elite guitar instructor''.(1895)
*
Sor, Fernando''Complete method for the guitar''.(1851)
Harp
*
Barthélemon, François-Hippolyte. ''Tutor for the harp''. (1795)
*
Bochsa, Nicholas Charles''The first 6 weeks, or daily precepts & examples for the harp''.(1840)
*
Dizi, François Joseph. ''"École de harpe", a complete treatise on the harp''. (1827)
*
Weippert, John Erhardt. ''The pedal harp rotula''. (1800)
Mandolin or mandolin-banjo or banjolin
*
Edgar Bara
Edgar Bara (1876–1962) was a mandolinist, author and composer. He wrote the method book ''Méthode de Mandoline et Banjoline'', published 1903 in the United States, one of the few from that era which is still in print today, in France. He was ...
. ''Méthode de Mandoline et Banjoline'' (1903). Still in print.
*
Bartolomeo Bortolazzi
Bartolomeo Bortolazzi (born Toscolano-Maderno 1772; died 1846) was a performing musician, composer, author, and virtuoso of both the guitar and the mandolin. He was credited by music historian Philip J. Bone as helping to pull the mandolin out o ...
. Method in German, ''Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi'' (1805)
*
Giuseppe Bellenghi. ''Method for the mandolin in three parts'' (Pub in French, English, Italian, German), ''La ginnastica del mandolino'', ''Ascending and descending major and minor scales in all positions for the mandolin''
*
Giuseppe Branzoli
Giuseppe Branzoli (1835 in Cento – 21 January 1909, in Rome) was a violinist, mandolinist, composer, author, educator at the Liceo Musicale di St. Cecilia in Rome, and the founder of the periodical ''IL mandolin Romano''. His compositions w ...
. ''A Theoretical and practical method for the mandolin'' (1875, 2nd edition 1890)
*
Ferdinando de Cristofaro
Ferdinando de Cristofaro (1846 – 18 April 1890) was one of the most celebrated mandolin virtuosi of the late 19th Century. He was also a classical pianist, teacher, author and composer, who performed at the chief courts of Europe, and received ...
. ''Méthode de mandolin'' (Paris, 1884) English, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish versions
*
Giovanni Cifolelli. ''Method for the mandolin'' (date unknown, estimated 1760s)
*
Carlo Curti
Carlo Curti (May 6, 1859 – 1926), also known as Carlos Curti, was an Italian musician, composer and bandleader. He moved to the United States whose most lasting contribution to American society was popularizing the mandolin in American music b ...
. ''Complete Method for the Mandolin'' (1896) English.
*
Pietro Denis
Pietro Denis (1720–1790), also known as Pierre Denis, was a French mandolin virtuoso and teacher, and composer. He studied under Giuliano in Naples
Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new ...
. ''Méthode pour apprendre à jouer de la mandoline sans Maître'' (1768, French)
*
George H. Hucke. Forty Progressive Studies for the Mandoline (London, 1893, English)
*
Carmine de Laurentiis. Method for the Mandolin (Milan, 1869 or 1874)
*
Salvador Leonardi
Salvador, meaning "salvation" (or "saviour") in Catalan, Spanish, and Portuguese may refer to:
* Salvador (name)
Arts, entertainment, and media Music
*Salvador (band), a Christian band that plays both English and Spanish music
** ''Salvador'' (S ...
''Méthode pour Banjoline ou Mandoline-Banjo''(1921, book has sections in English, French and Spanish)
*
Carlo Munier
Carlo Munier (1858–1911) was an Italian musician who advocated for the mandolin's acknowledgement among as an instrument of classical music and focused on "raising and ennobling the mandolin and plectrum instruments". He wanted "great masters" ...
. ''Scuola del mandolino'' (1895)
*
Jean Pietrapertosa. ''Méthode de mandolin'' (1892) In French and English sections in same book
*
Janvier Pietrapertosa Fils ''Méthode de mandolin ou banjoline'' (1903)
*
Giuseppe Pettine. ''Pettine's Modern Mandolin School'' (c. 1900)
*
Silvio Ranieri
Silvio Ranieri (1882 – 1956) was an Italian Mandolin virtuoso. Born in Rome, he gave his first concert in 1897, aged fifteen, and he went on to tour Europe to great acclaim. It was his desire to elevate the Mandolin to a status similar to the vi ...
. ''L'Art de la Mandoline in 4 Bänden, Die Kunst des Mandolinspiels, in 5 Sprachen (französich, deutsch, englisch, italienisch und holländisch)''
*
Samuel Siegel
Samuel Siegel (born 1875, Des Moines, Iowa — died January 14, 1948, Los Angeles, California) was an American mandolin virtuoso and composer who played mandolin on 29 records for Victor Records, including 9 pieces of his own composition and tw ...
. ''Special Mandolin Studies'' (1901).
Violin
*
Bang, Maia''Violin method''.*
Bériot, Charles de. ''Method for violin''.
*
Casorti, August. ''The Techniques of Bowing'' (Technik des Bogens und des rechten Handgelenks für Violine; Bogen-Technik für Violine), Op. 50 (published 1880)
*
Geminiani, Francesco''The art of playing on the violin''.(1751)
*
Hohmann, Christian Heinrich''Practical violin method''.*
Laoureux, Nicolaus. ''A practical method for violin''.
*
Mozart, Leopold''Gründliche Violinschule''.(1756)
*
Schradieck, Henry''The school of violin technics''.(1900)
*
Sevcik, Otakar''Violin school for beginners, Op.6''.(1903)
* Sevcik, Otakar
''School of violin technique, Op. 1''.(1905)
* Sevcik, Otakar
''School of bowing technique, Op. 2''.(1905)
*
Spohr, Louis''Violinschule''.(1832)
*
Wohlfahrt, Franz. ''Easiest elementary method for beginners, Op. 38''.
Viola
*
Cavallini, Eugenio''Viola method''.(1845)
*
Giorgetti, Ferdinando''Viola method, Op.34''.(1840)
Violoncello
*
Davydov, Karl''School of violoncello playing''.(1888)
*
Dotzauer, Justus Johann Friedrich. ''The violoncello method for elementary teaching, Op. 126''. (1836)
* Dotzauer, Justus Johann Friedrich. ''The method of playing harmonics, Op. 147''. (1837)
* Dotzauer, Justus Johann Friedrich. ''The practical method of violoncello playing, Op. 155''.
* Dotzauer, Justus Johann Friedrich
''The violoncello method, Op. 165''.(1832)
*
Duport, Jean-Louis''Instruction on the fingering and bowing of the violoncello''.(1806)
*
Gunn, John''The theory and practice of fingering the violoncello''.(1789)
*
Kummer, Friedrich August''Cello method, Op. 60''.(1839)
*
Lee, Sebastianfor the violoncello''.(1845)
*
Popper, David''High school of cello playing, Op. 73''.(1901-1905)
*
Romberg, Bernhard''A Complete Theoretical and Practical School for the Violoncello''.(1839)
*
Schroeder, Alwin (Schröder, Alvin). ''170 Foundation Studies for Violoncello''.
*
Schoeder, Carl II (Schröder, Karl II)''Practical Method for the Violoncello''.*
Sevcik, Otakar''School of bowing technique''.(1905)
*
Werner, Josefmethod for cello, Op. 12''.(1882)
Contrabass
*
Fröhlich, Friedrich Theodor''Contrabass-schule''.(1830)
*
Simandl, Franzmethod for double bass''.(1881)
See also
*
Music education
Music education is a field of practice in which educators are trained for careers as elementary or secondary music teachers, school or music conservatory ensemble directors. Music education is also a research area in which scholars do origina ...
References
"International Music Score Library Project."(Website)
"Slide trombone methods."(List)
(Article)
* Anzenberger, Friedrich
(List at archive.org)
* Ginsburg, Lev. ''History of the violoncello''. Neptune City, New Jersey: Paganiniana Publications, 1983.
* Hoeprich, Eric. ''The clarinet''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.
* Kimball, Will. ''Trombone''. 2008.
19th century
* Nelson, Kayla
"hornhistory.com".2007. (Website)
* Rosen, Lawrence, Ed. ''CD Sheet Music''. Verona, NJ: Subito Music, Corp., 2000–2009.
* Schwartz, Richard. ''The cornet compendium: The history and development of the nineteenth-century cornet''. 2000.
* Spaniol, Doug. "A history of the Weissenborn Practical method for bassoon" in Ewell, Terry. Celebrating Double Reeds: A Festschrift for William Waterhouse and Philip Bate. 2009.
* Westbury Park Strings
(Article)
* Westphal, Frederick. ''Guide to teaching woodwinds''. Sacramento, CA: McGraw-Hill, 1990.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Method (Music)
Music education