Mauricio Mulder
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Claude Maurice Mulder Bedoya, known as Mauricio Mulder (born June 8, 1956), is a
Peruvian Peruvians ( es, peruanos) are the citizens of Peru. There were Andean and coastal ancient civilizations like Caral, which inhabited what is now Peruvian territory for several millennia before the Spanish conquest of Peru, Spanish conquest in th ...
politician, lawyer and former journalist. One of the most prominent and influential members of the
Peruvian Aprista Party The Peruvian Aprista Party ( es, Partido Aprista Peruano, PAP) () is a Peruvian political party and a member of the Socialist International. The party was founded as the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) by Víctor Raúl Haya de l ...
, he was Congressman from 2001 to 2019, representing
Lima Lima ( ; ), originally founded as Ciudad de Los Reyes (City of The Kings) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of ...
. From 2004 to 2010, he held the office of party Secretary General. Born to a Swiss father and a Peruvian mother, Mulder attended the
Pontifical Catholic University of Peru Pontifical Catholic University of Peru ( es, link=no, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, PUCP) is a private university in Lima, Peru. It was founded in 1917 with the support and approval of the Catholic Church, being the oldest private ...
in Lima, earning his law degree in 1979. From a very young age, he joined the
Peruvian Aprista Party The Peruvian Aprista Party ( es, Partido Aprista Peruano, PAP) () is a Peruvian political party and a member of the Socialist International. The party was founded as the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) by Víctor Raúl Haya de l ...
, and from 1976 to 1977, he led the party's command at his college. He pursued his graduate studies at the
Graduate Institute of International Studies Graduate may refer to: Education * The subject of a graduation, i.e. someone awarded an academic degree ** Alumnus, a former student who has either attended or graduated from an institution * High school graduate, someone who has completed high ...
(HEI) in
Geneva, Switzerland Geneva ( ; french: Genève ) frp, Genèva ; german: link=no, Genf ; it, Ginevra ; rm, Genevra is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Situa ...
. Under the
first presidency of Alan García The first presidency of Alan García governing Peru was from 1985 to 1990. He regained the presidency in 2006 . Election On 14 April 1985, Alan García was elected President of Peru after winning the 1985 Peruvian general election securing 53. ...
, Mulder was Chairman of the National Broadcasting Company IRTP. From 1992 to 1995, he served in the
United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmoniz ...
as political officer in the El Salvador
peace process A peace process is the set of sociopolitical negotiations, agreements and actions that aim to solve a specific armed conflict. Definitions Prior to an armed conflict occurring, peace processes can include the prevention of an intra-state or in ...
. Upon his return to Peru, he was appointed chief editor of the daily newspaper
La República LA most frequently refers to Los Angeles, the second largest city in the United States. La, LA, or L.A. may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * La (musical note), or A, the sixth note * "L.A.", a song by Elliott Smith on ''Figur ...
, from 1996 to 2001. Since 1999, Mulder has served as a full member of the National Executive Committee of the Peruvian Aprista Party. In 2004, Mulder was elected Institutional Secretary General of the
Peruvian Aprista Party The Peruvian Aprista Party ( es, Partido Aprista Peruano, PAP) () is a Peruvian political party and a member of the Socialist International. The party was founded as the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) by Víctor Raúl Haya de l ...
. Due to
Jorge del Castillo Jorge Alfonso Alejandro Del Castillo Gálvez (born 2 July 1950) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. In his career, he has served in the now abolished Peruvian Chamber of Deputies between 1990 and 1992, in the unicameral Congress of the Republi ...
's appointment as
Alan García Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (; 23 May 1949 – 17 April 2019) was a Peruvian politician who served as President of Peru for two non-consecutive terms from 1985 to 1990 and from 2006 to 2011. He was the second leader of the Peruvian Apris ...
's first Prime Minister of his second Presidency, Mulder held both Institutional and Political affairs until he stepped down in 2010. Considered a confrontational figure in Peruvian politics, Mulder set in motion various controversial procedures during his 18 years in Congress. His tenure in office ended on September 30, 2019, due to the dissolution of Congress by
Martín Vizcarra Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo (; born 22 March 1963) is a Peruvian engineer and politician who served as President of Peru from 2018 to 2020. Vizcarra previously served as Governor of the Department of Moquegua (2011–2014), First Vice P ...
. He has since retired from politics after failing to retain his seat in the 2020 snap parliamentary elections, although he serves in his party as Political Commission Chairman since 2019.


Early life and education

Claude Maurice Mulder Bedoya was born on June 8, 1956 in
Lima Lima ( ; ), originally founded as Ciudad de Los Reyes (City of The Kings) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of ...
. His parents were Rosa María Bedoya Rivera and Charles Mulder Eymann, the latter of Swiss descent. His paternal uncle, Frederic Mulder, was a renowned pharmaceutic who founded ''Química Suiza'' and ''Quicorp''. Mulder completed his primary and secondary education at the Pestalozzi School, the Swiss Peruvian school of Peru. He was subsequently admitted to the
Pontifical Catholic University of Peru Pontifical Catholic University of Peru ( es, link=no, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, PUCP) is a private university in Lima, Peru. It was founded in 1917 with the support and approval of the Catholic Church, being the oldest private ...
, where he graduated with a law degree in 1979. During his law studies, Mulder joined the
Peruvian Aprista Party The Peruvian Aprista Party ( es, Partido Aprista Peruano, PAP) () is a Peruvian political party and a member of the Socialist International. The party was founded as the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) by Víctor Raúl Haya de l ...
at the age of 17. At his college Aprista Student Command, he was elected President of the Federated Center of Law Students in 1977. As a prominent Aprista student leader, he was very close to
Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre (February 22, 1895 – August 2, 1979) was a Peruvian politician, philosopher, and author who founded the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) political movement, the oldest currently existing political ...
. Following the culmination of his law degree, Mulder moved to Switzerland to start his graduate education at the
Graduate Institute of International Studies Graduate may refer to: Education * The subject of a graduation, i.e. someone awarded an academic degree ** Alumnus, a former student who has either attended or graduated from an institution * High school graduate, someone who has completed high ...
, in
Geneva , neighboring_municipalities= Carouge, Chêne-Bougeries, Cologny, Lancy, Grand-Saconnex, Pregny-Chambésy, Vernier, Veyrier , website = https://www.geneve.ch/ Geneva ( ; french: Genève ) frp, Genèva ; german: link=no, Genf ; it, Ginevr ...
. He did not finish the master's degree in international relations.


Career

At the start of the 1980s, Mulder began working as journalist for the ''Hoy'' newspaper, and hosted radio and television programs. Four years into the decade, he was appointed to the Futura Publishing Company as Deputy Director. In this position, he took a prominent role in cultural promotion.


Political career


Early political career

In 1983, he was appointed to the National Executive Committee of the Peruvian Aprista Party, in the position of Secretary of International Affairs, during the leadership of Secretary General,
Alan García Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (; 23 May 1949 – 17 April 2019) was a Peruvian politician who served as President of Peru for two non-consecutive terms from 1985 to 1990 and from 2006 to 2011. He was the second leader of the Peruvian Apris ...
. Mulder was subsequently appointed Secretary of Professional Caucuses of the party, serving until mid-1990. In 1988, during the
first presidency of Alan García The first presidency of Alan García governing Peru was from 1985 to 1990. He regained the presidency in 2006 . Election On 14 April 1985, Alan García was elected President of Peru after winning the 1985 Peruvian general election securing 53. ...
, Mulder was appointed to the Chairman of the National Broadcasting Company IRTP. Subsequently, from 1992 and 1995, he was appointed Political Affairs Officer in the Observer Mission of the
United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmoniz ...
in El Salvador. Following the 1995 general election, Mulder returned to Peru and joined the National Democratic Forum. Alongside
Javier Diez Canseco Javier Diez Canseco Cisneros (March 24, 1948 – May 4, 2013) was a Peruvian politician and member of the Peruvian Congress representing the Socialist Party of Peru (PS), of which he was a founding member and also served as its Party President. ...
,
Lourdes Flores Lourdes Celmira Rosario Flores Nano (born October 7, 1959) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician who served as a councilwoman of Lima, Deputy from Lima from 1990 to 1992, Democratic Constituent Congresswoman from 1992 to 1995, Congresswoman from ...
and Alberto Borea, Mulder presented more than 1,500,000 signatures against the re-reelection of
Alberto Fujimori Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto ( or ; born 28 July 1938) is a Peruvian politician, professor and former engineer who was President of Peru from 28 July 1990 until 22 November 2000. Frequently described as a dictator, * * * * * * he remains a ...
and the so-called “authentic interpretation” of the Constitution. Taking a more prominent role in national politics, Mulder was slated to run for the
Peruvian Congress The Congress of the Republic of Peru ( es, Congreso de la República) is the unicameral body that assumes legislative power in Peru. Congress' composition is established by Chapter I of Title IV of the Constitution of Peru. Congress is compose ...
at the 2000 general election. Although he was not elected, he was noted for his strong leadership and oratory, and was once again selected to run for Congress at the early 2001 general election for the
Lima Lima ( ; ), originally founded as Ciudad de Los Reyes (City of The Kings) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of ...
constituency.


Congressional career (2001-2019)

In the
2001 elections The following elections occurred in the year 2001. Africa * 2001 Beninese presidential election * 2001 Cape Verdean parliamentary election * 2001 Cape Verdean presidential election * 2001 Chadian presidential election * 2001 Gabonese legislative ...
, he was elected to Congress with more than 24,000 votes and Mulder started his first term in Congress on July 26, 2001, alongside other 27 Aprista representatives. In his tenure, he overtook a strong role in the Supervision and Comptrollership Committee, serving as a fierce leader of the opposition caucus against
Alejandro Toledo Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique (; born 28 March 1946) is a Peruvian politician who served President of Peru, from 2001 to 2006. He gained international prominence after leading the opposition against president Alberto Fujimori, who held ...
's administration. Likewise, Mulder was elected Institutional Secretary General of the
Peruvian Aprista Party The Peruvian Aprista Party ( es, Partido Aprista Peruano, PAP) () is a Peruvian political party and a member of the Socialist International. The party was founded as the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) by Víctor Raúl Haya de l ...
at the 2004 party national convention. At the same time, he served as chairman of the investigative committee on
Alberto Fujimori Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto ( or ; born 28 July 1938) is a Peruvian politician, professor and former engineer who was President of Peru from 28 July 1990 until 22 November 2000. Frequently described as a dictator, * * * * * * he remains a ...
's presidency. The final report was submitted to the
Truth and Reconciliation Commission A truth commission, also known as a truth and reconciliation commission or truth and justice commission, is an official body tasked with discovering and revealing past wrongdoing by a government (or, depending on the circumstances, non-state act ...
, alleging human rights violations, illicit enrichment, electoral fraud, among other charges. Alongside
Jorge Del Castillo Jorge Alfonso Alejandro Del Castillo Gálvez (born 2 July 1950) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. In his career, he has served in the now abolished Peruvian Chamber of Deputies between 1990 and 1992, in the unicameral Congress of the Republi ...
, Mulder served as one of
Alan García Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (; 23 May 1949 – 17 April 2019) was a Peruvian politician who served as President of Peru for two non-consecutive terms from 1985 to 1990 and from 2006 to 2011. He was the second leader of the Peruvian Apris ...
's main congressional leaders for the upcoming 2006 general election. García ultimately won the Presidency, and appointed Del Castillo as
Prime Minister of Peru The president of the Council of Ministers of Peru ( es, link=no, presidente del Consejo de Ministros del Perú), informally called Premier (form of address) or Prime Minister, is the head of the cabinet as the most senior member of the Council ...
, while Mulder assumed both offices of Secretary General, and was reelected to Congress simultaneously. In this position, Mulder was elected Vice President of
COPPPAL The Permanent Conference of Political Parties of Latin America and the Caribbean (french: Conférence permanente des partis politiques d'Amérique latine et des Caraïbes; es, Conferencia Permanente de Partidos Políticos de América Latina y el ...
. Mulder stepped down as Secretary General in March 2010, being succeeded by Omar Quesada. Running for reelection at the 2011 general election, he attained more than 52,000 votes, securing his seat along 3 other representatives of the party. During
Ollanta Humala Lieutenant colonel Ollanta Moisés Humala Tasso (; born 27 June 1962) is a Peruvian politician and former military officer who served as President of Peru from 2011 to 2016. Originally a socialist and left-wing nationalist, he is considered ...
's administration, he was viewed as one of the most confrontational figures of the opposition. He constantly clashed with various government ministers during congressional inquiries, developing a reputation of a congressional fist-fighter. One of the main government caucus representatives, Daniel Abugattás, verbally insulted Mulder during their debates, while Mulder claimed he was mentally insane. As a staunch defender of
Alan García Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (; 23 May 1949 – 17 April 2019) was a Peruvian politician who served as President of Peru for two non-consecutive terms from 1985 to 1990 and from 2006 to 2011. He was the second leader of the Peruvian Apris ...
, he represented his party in the investigative committee of the
second presidency of Alan García The second presidency of Alan García (2006–2011) began with the successful economic growth of the country recovering from the crisis of the first presidency of Alan García in the 1980s. Presidents Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000) and Alejandr ...
, which final report submitted to the judiciary was dismissed and archived. At the 2016 general election, Mulder was selected to run for a fourth term. Under the Popular Alliance coalition list for the
Lima Lima ( ; ), originally founded as Ciudad de Los Reyes (City of The Kings) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of ...
constituency, he was reelected with over 155,000 votes, attaining one of the highest majorities nationally. For the 2017-2018 annual term, he was elected Third Vice President of Congress term led by Luis Galarreta of the
Fujimorist Fujimorism () denotes the policies and the political ideology of former President of Peru Alberto Fujimori as well as the personality cult built around him, his policies and his family. The ideology is defined by authoritarianism, its support for ...
Popular Force People's Force ( es, Fuerza Popular, FP), known as Force 2011 ( es, Fuerza 2011, links=no) until 2012, is a right-wing populist and Fujimorist political party in Peru. The party is led by Keiko Fujimori, former congresswoman and daughter of for ...
.


''Mulder Bill''

During his fourth term in Congress, Mulder presented a controversial bill, which prohibited government advertising in private media, except in the event of a national emergency or disaster and electoral educational advertising, stipulating that it could only be done in government media and on the digital network. The legislative initiative was initially presented on November 15, 2017 through Bill No. 2133. According to Mulder, the bill aimed at the "waste of resources" after seeing an advertisement with the slogan "Sunedu is like that brave aunt who defends us" and that "there are means that live off what the mayor or the governor transfers to them". On February 28, 2018, the bill was approved by the Permanent Assembly of Congress with 20 votes in favor, 3 against and 14 abstentions. Congress proceeded in passing the bill on June 15, 2018, with 70 votes in favor, 30 against and 7 abstentions. The bill was published on June 18, 2018 in the Legal Norms of the Official Gazette
El Peruano ''Diario Oficial El Peruano'' (''The Peruvian Official Newspaper'') is the official daily newspaper of Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = ...
, automatically entering in force. The bill received praise by
Keiko Fujimori Keiko Sofía Fujimori Higuchi (; ja, 藤森 恵子, Fujimori Keiko; born 25 May 1975) is a Peruvian politician. Fujimori is the eldest daughter of former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori and Susana Higuchi. From August 1994 to November 200 ...
, leader of
Popular Force People's Force ( es, Fuerza Popular, FP), known as Force 2011 ( es, Fuerza 2011, links=no) until 2012, is a right-wing populist and Fujimorist political party in Peru. The party is led by Keiko Fujimori, former congresswoman and daughter of for ...
, commenting on the purpose of legislating on state budgets over how the government should or should not invest in state advertising. On June 21, 2018, the Minister of Justice,
Salvador Heresi Saleh Carlos Salvador Heresi Chicoma (born February 16, 1966) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. Throughout his political career, he served as mayor of San Miguel District, Lima, San Miguel from 2003 to 2014, member of the Congress of the Rep ...
, filed before the
Constitutional Court A constitutional court is a high court that deals primarily with constitutional law. Its main authority is to rule on whether laws that are challenged are in fact unconstitutional, i.e. whether they conflict with constitutionally established ...
the unconstitutionality claim against the bill, stating that the law contravened the
Peruvian Constitution The Constitution of Peru is the supreme law of Peru. The current constitution, enacted on 31 December 1993, is Peru's fifth in the 20th century and replaced the 1979 Constitution. The Constitution was drafted by the Democratic Constituent Congres ...
and the
American Convention on Human Rights The American Convention on Human Rights, also known as the Pact of San José, is an international human rights instrument. It was adopted by many countries in the Western Hemisphere in San José, Costa Rica, on 22 November 1969. It came into for ...
. Likewise, on June 20, 2018, the
Peruvians for Change Peruvians ( es, peruanos) are the citizens of Peru. There were Andean and coastal ancient civilizations like Caral, which inhabited what is now Peruvian territory for several millennia before the Spanish conquest in the 16th century; Peruvian p ...
caucus filed an opposition lawsuit signed by 33 members of Congress from Popular Action, Broad Front and
Alliance for Progress The Alliance for Progress ( es, Alianza para el Progreso, links=no), initiated by U.S. President John F. Kennedy on March 13, 1961, ostensibly aimed to establish economic cooperation between the U.S. and Latin America. Governor Luis Muñoz Marí ...
. The claim was subsequently admitted by the Constitutional Court. The Constitutional Court ultimately declared the ''Mulder Bill'' unconstitutional with six votes in favor and only one against.


Congressional dissolution and party defeat (2019–2020)

On September 30, 2019, president
Martín Vizcarra Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo (; born 22 March 1963) is a Peruvian engineer and politician who served as President of Peru from 2018 to 2020. Vizcarra previously served as Governor of the Department of Moquegua (2011–2014), First Vice P ...
proceeded to constitutionally dissolve Congress following the factual denial of confidence of his cabinet led by
Salvador del Solar Salvador Alejandro Jorge del Solar Labarthe (; born 1 May 1970) is a Peruvian actor, director and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Peru from March to September 2019, in President Martín Vizcarra's administration. Born in Lima, from ...
. Mulder was among the members of Congress that proclaimed
Mercedes Aráoz Mercedes Rosalba Aráoz Fernández (born 5 August 1961) is a Peruvian economist, professor, and politician who served as Second Vice President of Peru from 2016 to 2020. At the beginning of her political career, she served as Minister of Fore ...
as acting president, condemning Vizcarra's act as a "coup d'état", a "felony", and "the start of a
Chavista ''Chavismo'' (from es, chavismo), also known in English as Chavism or Chavezism, is a left-wing political ideology based on the ideas, programs and government style associated with the Venezuelan President between 1999 and 2013 Hugo Chávez th ...
dictatorship". His remarks were widely dismissed by pundits, viewing the end of his political career due to the perception as one of the most unpopular politicians of the term. In an attempt to regain his seat, Mulder ran for Congress in the 2020 parliamentary election. He was harshly criticized within his party, specially by his former colleague
Jorge del Castillo Jorge Alfonso Alejandro Del Castillo Gálvez (born 2 July 1950) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. In his career, he has served in the now abolished Peruvian Chamber of Deputies between 1990 and 1992, in the unicameral Congress of the Republi ...
, who expressed his disconformity with the primaries to which Mulder was to be subjected to. The party's institutional secretary general, Elías Rodríguez claimed that Mulder was an invited candidate rather than an elected one in the primaries, as he was assigned the number 1 in the list for the
Lima Lima ( ; ), originally founded as Ciudad de Los Reyes (City of The Kings) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of ...
constituency. The controversy rose when it was revealed that Mulder's name was in the ballot for the primary election, spreading rumors that he obtained a low share of votes, and concluding that he would be in the list by invitation rather than a formal nomination conducted democratically. Mulder himself denied the allegations, claiming that Del Castillo opposed his candidacy for past differences while serving in Congress, declaring his relationship to be of rivals. The exit polls gave the
Peruvian Aprista Party The Peruvian Aprista Party ( es, Partido Aprista Peruano, PAP) () is a Peruvian political party and a member of the Socialist International. The party was founded as the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) by Víctor Raúl Haya de l ...
2.7% of the popular vote, thus failing to pass the electoral threshold, and preventing Mulder from returning to Congress. Following the poor results, Mulder claimed full responsibility for his party's defeat, and opened his own law firm, retiring from Peruvian politics, though he remains as the Chairman of the political commission of his own party.


References


External links


Official Congressional SiteResume on the National Electoral Panel (JNE) site
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mulder, Mauricio 1956 births Living people Peruvian people of Swiss descent Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni American Popular Revolutionary Alliance politicians Members of the Congress of the Republic of Peru Pontifical Catholic University of Peru alumni People from Lima