Material properties (thermodynamics)
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The thermodynamic properties of materials are intensive thermodynamic parameters which are specific to a given material. Each is directly related to a second order differential of a thermodynamic potential. Examples for a simple 1-component system are: *
Compressibility In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressibility (also known as the coefficient of compressibility or, if the temperature is held constant, the isothermal compressibility) is a measure of the instantaneous relative volume change of a f ...
(or its inverse, the
bulk modulus The bulk modulus (K or B) of a substance is a measure of how resistant to compression the substance is. It is defined as the ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting ''relative'' decrease of the volume. Other moduli describ ...
) :* Isothermal compressibility ::\kappa_T=-\frac\left(\frac\right)_T \quad = -\frac\,\frac :* Adiabatic compressibility ::\kappa_S=-\frac\left(\frac\right)_S \quad = -\frac\,\frac *
Specific heat In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol ) of a substance is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the mass of the sample, also sometimes referred to as massic heat capacity. Informally, it is the amount of heat t ...
(Note - the extensive analog is the
heat capacity Heat capacity or thermal capacity is a physical property of matter, defined as the amount of heat to be supplied to an object to produce a unit change in its temperature. The SI unit of heat capacity is joule per kelvin (J/K). Heat capacity ...
) :* Specific heat at constant pressure ::c_P=\frac\left(\frac\right)_P \quad = -\frac\,\frac :* Specific heat at constant volume ::c_V=\frac\left(\frac\right)_V \quad = -\frac\,\frac * Coefficient of
thermal expansion Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change its shape, area, volume, and density in response to a change in temperature, usually not including phase transitions. Temperature is a monotonic function of the average molecular kinetic ...
::\alpha=\frac\left(\frac\right)_P \quad = \frac\,\frac where ''P''  is
pressure Pressure (symbol: ''p'' or ''P'') is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure (also spelled ''gage'' pressure)The preferred spelling varies by country and e ...
, ''V''  is
volume Volume is a measure of occupied three-dimensional space. It is often quantified numerically using SI derived units (such as the cubic metre and litre) or by various imperial or US customary units (such as the gallon, quart, cubic inch). Th ...
, ''T''  is
temperature Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses quantitatively the perceptions of hotness and coldness. Temperature is measurement, measured with a thermometer. Thermometers are calibrated in various Conversion of units of temperature, temp ...
, ''S''  is
entropy Entropy is a scientific concept, as well as a measurable physical property, that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty. The term and the concept are used in diverse fields, from classical thermodynam ...
, and ''N''  is the
number of particles The particle number (or number of particles) of a thermodynamic system, conventionally indicated with the letter ''N'', is the number of constituent particles in that system. The particle number is a fundamental parameter in thermodynamics which is ...
. For a single component system, only three second derivatives are needed in order to derive all others, and so only three material properties are needed to derive all others. For a single component system, the "standard" three parameters are the isothermal compressibility \kappa_T, the specific heat at constant pressure c_P, and the coefficient of thermal expansion \alpha. For example, the following equations are true: :c_P=c_V+\frac :\kappa_T=\kappa_S+\frac The three "standard" properties are in fact the three possible second derivatives of the
Gibbs free energy In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (or Gibbs energy; symbol G) is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum amount of work that may be performed by a thermodynamically closed system at constant temperature and ...
with respect to temperature and pressure. Moreover, considering derivatives such as \frac and the related Schwartz relations, shows that the properties triplet is not independent. In fact, one property function can be given as an expression of the two others, up to a reference state value.S. Benjelloun, "Thermodynamic identities and thermodynamic consistency of Equation of States"
Link to Archiv e-printLink to Hal e-print
/ref> The second principle of thermodynamics has implications on the sign of some thermodynamic properties such isothermal compressibility.Israel, R. (1979). Convexity in the Theory of Lattice Gases. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt13x1c8g


See also

* List of materials properties (thermal properties) *
Heat capacity ratio In thermal physics and thermodynamics, the heat capacity ratio, also known as the adiabatic index, the ratio of specific heats, or Laplace's coefficient, is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure () to heat capacity at constant vol ...
* Statistical mechanics *
Thermodynamic equations Thermodynamics is expressed by a mathematical framework of ''thermodynamic equations'' which relate various thermodynamic quantities and physical properties measured in a laboratory or production process. Thermodynamics is based on a fundamental ...
* Thermodynamic databases for pure substances * Heat transfer coefficient *
Latent heat Latent heat (also known as latent energy or heat of transformation) is energy released or absorbed, by a body or a thermodynamic system, during a constant-temperature process — usually a first-order phase transition. Latent heat can be underst ...
* Specific heat of melting (Enthalpy of fusion) * Specific heat of vaporization (Enthalpy of vaporization) *
Thermal mass In building design, thermal mass is a property of the mass of a building that enables it to store heat and provide inertia against temperature fluctuations. It is sometimes known as the thermal flywheel effect. The thermal mass of heavy structura ...


External links

* The Dortmund Data Bank is a factual data bank for thermodynamic and thermophysical data.


References

* {{cite book , first = Herbert B. , last = Callen , authorlink = Herbert Callen , year = 1985 , title = Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics , edition = 2nd , publisher = John Wiley & Sons , location = New York , isbn = 0-471-86256-8 Thermodynamic properties