Marma Language

, pronunciation =
, ethnicity = Rakhine, Kamein
, states = Myanmar, Bangladesh, India
, region = * Rakhine State (Myanmar)
* Bandarban, Khagrachari, Patuakhali, Barguna (Bangladesh)
* Tripura (India)
, speakers = 1 million
, date = 2011–2013
, ref = e18
, speakers2 = 1 million second language speakers in Myanmar (2013)
, familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
, fam2 = (Tibeto-Burman)
, fam3 = Lolo-Burmese
, fam4 = Burmish
, fam5 = Burmese
, dia1 = Ramree
, dia2 = Marma
, script = Burmese script,
, map = Rakhine State in Myanmar.svg
, mapcaption = Rakhine State shown within Myanmar,
, lc1 = rki
, ld1 = Rakhine ("Arakanese")
, lc2 = rmz
, ld2 = Marma ("Burmese")
, glotto = arak1255
, glottorefname = Arakanese–Marma

Arakanese (also known as Rakhine ; my, ရခိုင်ဘာသာ, MLCTS: ) is a language closely related to Burmese, of which it is often considered a dialect. "Arakan" is the former name for the Rakhine region. Arakanese can be divided into three dialects: Sittwe– Marma (about two thirds of speakers), Ramree, and Thandwe. It is the native language of the Rakhine, Marma and Kamein peoples. According to speakers of standard Burmese, Arakanese has an intelligibility of seventy-five percent with Burmese.

Vocabulary

While Arakanese and Standard Burmese share the majority of lexicon, Arakanese has numerous vocabulary differences. Some are native words with no cognates in Standard Burmese, like "sarong" ( in Standard Burmese, in Arakanese). Others are loan words from Bengali, English, and Hindi, not found in Standard Burmese. An example is "hospital," which is called in Standard Burmese, but is called (pronounced ) in Arakanese, from English "sick lines." Other words simply have different meanings (e.g., "afternoon", in Arakanese and in Standard Burmese). Moreover, some archaic words in Standard Burmese are preferred in Arakanese. An example is the first person pronoun, which is in Arakanese (not , as in Standard Burmese).

Comparison

A gloss of vocabulary differences between Standard Burmese and Arakanese is below:
}.
, -
, papaya , , , , , , Standard Burmese for 'papaya' literally means 'boat'.
, -
, soap , , , , , , In Standard Burmese, '' means 'rebel' or 'insurgent'.
, -
, superficial , , , , , ,
, -
, blanket , , , , , , in Standard Burmese refers to the male longyi (sarong).
, -
, dark , , , , , , The compound word ('pitch dark') is used in both Standard Burmese and Arakanese.
, -
, pick a flower , , , , , , The compound word ('pick') is used in both Standard Burmese and Arakanese.
, -
, wash lothes, , , , , , The compound word ('wash') is used in both Standard Burmese and Arakanese.
, -

Phonology

The phonological system described here is the inventory of sounds, represented using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

Consonants

The consonants of Arakanese are:

Arakanese largely shares the same set of consonant phonemes as standard Burmese, though Arakanese more prominently uses , which has largely merged to in standard Burmese (with some exceptions). Because Arakanese has preserved the sound, the medial (which is preserved in writing in Standard Burmese with the diacritic ) is still distinguished in the following Arakanese consonant clusters: . For example, the word "blue," spelt , is pronounced in standard Burmese, but pronounced in Arakanese. Moreover, there is less voicing in Arakanese than in Standard Burmese, occurring only when the consonant is unaspirated. Unlike in Burmese, voicing never shifts from to .

Vowels

The vowels of Arakanese are:

While Arakanese shares the same set of vowels as Burmese, Arakanese rhymes also diverge from Standard Burmese for a number of open syllables and closed syllables. For instance, Arakanese has also merged various vowel sounds like () to ဣ (). Hence, a word like "blood", which is spelt is pronounced is () in standard Burmese, is pronounced in Arakanese. Similarly, Arakanese has a number of closed syllable rhymes that do not exist in Standard Burmese, including .

The Arakanese dialect also has a higher frequency of open vowels weakening to than Standard Burmese. An example is the word for "salary," () which is in standard Burmese, but in Arakanese.

Differences from standard Burmese

The following is a summary of consonantal, vowel and rhyme differences from Standard Burmese found in the Arakanese dialect:

Writing system

Arakanese is written using the Burmese script, which descends from Southern Brahmi. Rakhine speakers are taught Rakhine pronunciations using written Burmese, while most Marma speakers is are only literate in Bengali.

The first extant Arakanese inscriptions - the Launggrak Taung Maw inscription and the Mahathi Crocodile Rock inscription (1356) - date to the 1300s, and the epigraphic record of Arakanese inscriptions is unevenly distributed between the 1400s to 1800s. In the early 1400s, Arakanese inscriptions began to transition from the square letters associated with stone inscriptions (''kyauksa''), to rounder letters that is now standard for the Burmese script. This coincided with developments in Arakanese literature, which was stimulated by the rise of Mrauk Oo during the 1400s.

Modern-day Rakhine State is home to Sanskrit inscriptions that date from the first millenium to the 1000s, and were written in Northern Brahmic scripts (namely Siddham or Gaudi), which are ancestral to the Bengali script. These inscriptions are not ancestral to Arakanese epigraphy, which uses a Southern Brahmi script much like Burmese and Mon. While some Arakanese have coined the term Rakkhawanna () to reference a script that predates the usage of written Burmese, there is no contemporary lithic evidence to support the existence of such a script.

References

Bibliography

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External links

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Burmish languages
Languages of Myanmar
Languages of Bangladesh
Languages of India