Maria, Marchioness of Tortosa

Maria of Portugal (; 6 April 1342, in Évora, Kingdom of Portugal – 1377, in Aveiro, Kingdom of Portugal or Genoa, Republic of Genoa, Liguria, Italy) was a Portuguese ''infanta'' (princess) member of the House of Burgundy and by marriage Marchioness of Tortosa and Lady of Albarracín.

She was the eldest child and daughter of infante Pedro of Portugal (who became King in 1357) and his first wife Constanza Manuel. Her parents' marriage produced four children, but only infanta Maria and her younger brother, the future King Fernando I of Portugal survive adulthood; from her father's relationship (or second marriage) with Inês de Castro and later affair with Teresa Lourenço, she had several half-siblings, including Beatriz, Countess consort of Alburquerque and João of Aviz, who became King of Portugal in 1385 and founder of the House of Aviz, who ruled the Kingdom of Portugal until 1580.

Life

On 3 February 1354, the 11-years-old infanta Maria married her distant cousin infante Fernando of Aragon, Marquis of Tortosa and Lord of Albarracín (son of King Alfonso IV of Aragon and his second wife, Eleanor of Castile). This marriage was arranged by her grandfather, King Afonso IV of Portugal, to strengthen the alliance between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Aragon. About this union, from which there was no offspring, historian Jerónimo Zurita y Castro mentions that "''the King of Aragon showed much discontent and regret''", since it meant that from that moment the Kingdom of Portugal took part in the conflict between Aragon and Castile. King Afonso IV gave his granddaughter as a dowry the villages of Ilhavo, Milho, Arcos, Crastadaes, Quintella, Carvalhaes, Ferreiros, and houses in Espinel, Cea, Ponte de Almeara and Avellãas, with all its terms and rights, and civil and criminal jurisdiction.

During the ''War of the two Pedros'' between King Pedro IV of Aragon and his cousin King Pedro I of Castile (nicknamed ''the Cruel''), infante Fernando, who aspired to the throne of the latter, turned out to be a completely annoying ally for his half-brother Pedro IV, who, remembering his previous participation in the revolt of the Kingdom of Valencia, had him assassinated on 16 July 1363.

The now widowed infanta Maria sees how her brother-in-law seized her deceased husband's domains (Tortosa, Albarracín, Fraga and other places) and forbade her to return to Portugal, as was her intention, until she renounced all the property that belonged to her husband. After an unsuccessful attempt to escape, she was arrested and taken to court, remaining in the custody of two Aragonese ladies of her sister-in-law Queen Eleanor of Sicily, despite the protests of King Charles II of Navarre, who supported her.

The following nine years (1364–1373), infanta Maria's life must not have been easy in Barcelona. Surrounded by relatives of her husband who hated her to the point of wanting to kill her, and suspected her enough to believe that she could use magic and spells against her enemies ( Juan, Duke of Girona even accused her of being the instigator of the death of his intended wife, princess Joanna of France, with the help of the midwife Bonanada), Maria remained deprived of freedom of movement. During her stay in the Aragonese court, she received through Pope Urban V a proposal of marriage of King Frederick III of Sicily, which she rejected.

On 9 October 1365 infanta Maria dictated her first testament and on 6 December 1370 a second one, modified in the Monastery of Poblet the contents of the previous testament. Although she generally maintain the provisions set forth in the first will, are observed a number of changes, especially related to the death of some legatees. In her will, infanta Maria appoints as executors her brother King Fernando I of Portugal, and Martinho Gil de Basto, Bishop of Évora, for all matters related to Portugal. In addition, however, she also appointed Queen Eleanor of Sicily as executor (so that she could ensure the correct execution of the will concerning the Aragonese legacies) along with Romeu Sescomes, Bishop of Lleida, her butler Gil Roderic de Almazán, her ''aia'' Constança d'Arana, Guillem de Comes, provost of Tarragona, her treasurer Joan Sanç de Molina, and Berenguer de Santjust. About the executors for the Aragonese legacies, the infanta probably chose those whom she believes neutral or faithful to her in the conflict she faces with King Pedro IV.

However, despite the mistreatment she suffered with her in-laws, in the context of the First Fernandine War (1370), infanta Maria would have made an effort to establish an alliance between the Kingdoms of Aragon and Portugal:

According to Zurita, under the terms of the alliance treaty between the two kingdoms, would remain as guarantors (hostages) João Afonso Telo, 4th Count of Barcelos, Martim Garcia and Badasal Spinola "crossbowmen of the King of Portugal". In the Kingdom of Aragon, infanta Maria met the aforementioned Badasal Spinola, Genoese who served under her brother King Fernando I. Fernão Lopes, in his ''Crónica de el-rei D. Fernando'' (chapter LIV), wrote about what happened next:

Finally, in Barcelona ​​on 27 May 1373, infanta Maria and King Pedro IV reached an agreement and, on 13 August of that year, she dispensed several mayors from the bond of homage and vassalage to her.

From this point, there's conflicting reports about infanta Maria's last years and even the place of her death. From Fernão Lopes' writings about her (''the long affection'') she certaintly was alive after 1374, a fact confirmed not only by the infanta's pact with King Pedro IV but also by the letter that the Duke of Girona wrote to his father in that year, in which she is mentioned. While historian Ana Rodrigues Oliveira mentioned that she returned to Portugal after 1375 and became a nun, dying in the city of Aveiro and buried in the Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Velha in Coimbra, on the other hand, in a letter dated 8 May 1377, King Pedro IV of Aragon informed his eldest son that "''Cert ardit have haüt que la infanta de Portugal és morte en Jènova''" (We have heard that the Infanta of Portugal died in Genoa) and indicates to him that it is convenient to show mourning.

Ancestry

Notes

References

Bibliography

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Maria, Marchioness Of Tortosa, Infanta
1342 births
14th-century deaths
Portuguese infantas
House of Burgundy-Portugal
14th-century Portuguese people
14th-century Portuguese women
People from Évora
Daughters of kings