Marshal of France (french: Maréchal de France, plural ') is a French military distinction, rather than a

military rank Military ranks are a system of hierarchical relationships, within armed forces, police, intelligence agencies or other institutions organized along military lines. The military rank system defines dominance, authority, and responsibility in a ...

, that is awarded to

generals A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry. In some usages the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel."general, adj. and n.". OED O ...

for exceptional achievements. The title has been awarded since 1185, though briefly abolished (1793–1804) and for a period dormant (1870–1916). It was one of the

Great Officers of the Crown of France The Great Officers of the Crown of France (french: Grands officiers de la couronne de France) were the most important officers of state in the French royal court during the ''Ancien Régime'' and Bourbon Restoration. They were appointed by the K ...

during the and Bourbon Restoration, and one of the Grand Dignitaries of the Empire during the

First French Empire The First French Empire, officially the French Republic, then the French Empire (; Latin: ) after 1809, also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental E ...

(when the title was

Marshal of the Empire Marshal of the Empire (french: Maréchal d'Empire) was a civil dignity during the First French Empire. It was created by '' Sénatus-consulte'' on 18 May 1804 and to a large extent reinstated the formerly abolished title of Marshal of France. Ac ...

, not Marshal of France). A Marshal of France displays seven stars on each shoulder strap. A marshal also receives a baton: a blue cylinder with stars, formerly

fleurs-de-lis The fleur-de-lis, also spelled fleur-de-lys (plural ''fleurs-de-lis'' or ''fleurs-de-lys''), is a lily (in French, and mean 'flower' and 'lily' respectively) that is used as a decorative design or symbol. The fleur-de-lis has been used in the ...

during the monarchy and

eagle Eagle is the common name for many large birds of prey of the family Accipitridae. Eagles belong to several groups of genera, some of which are closely related. Most of the 68 species of eagle are from Eurasia and Africa. Outside this area, j ...

s during the First French Empire. The baton bears the

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

inscription of ', which means "terror in war, ornament in peace". Between the end of the 16th century and the middle of the 19th century, six Marshals of France were given the even more exalted rank of

Marshal General of France Marshal General of France, originally "Marshal General of the King's camps and armies" (french: maréchal général des camps et armées du roi), was a title given to signify that the recipient had authority over all of the French armies, in the da ...

: , , , , , and . The distinction of

Admiral of France Admiral of France (french: Amiral de France) is a French title of honour. It is the naval equivalent of Marshal of France and was one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France. History The title was created in 1270 by Louis IX of France, dur ...

is the equivalent in the

French Navy The French Navy (french: Marine nationale, lit=National Navy), informally , is the maritime arm of the French Armed Forces and one of the five military service branches of France. It is among the largest and most powerful naval forces in t ...

History

The title derived from the office of ''marescallus Franciae'' created by King Philip II Augustus of France for

Albéric Clément Albéric Clément (c. 1165 – 3 July 1191) was the first Marshal of France (''Marescallus Franciae''), a position created for him by Philip Augustus in 1185. He also inherited the ''seigneurie'' of Mez (later Mez-le-Maréchal) in Gâtinais after ...

(). The title was abolished by the

National Convention The National Convention (french: link=no, Convention nationale) was the parliament of the Kingdom of France for one day and the French First Republic for the rest of its existence during the French Revolution, following the two-year Nationa ...

in 1793. It was restored as

during the First French Empire by

Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...

. Under the Bourbon Restoration, the title reverted to Marshal of France, and

Napoleon III Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first President of France (as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte) from 1848 to 1852 and the last monarch of France as Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870. A nephew ...

kept that designation. After the fall of Napoleon III and the

Second French Empire The Second French Empire (; officially the French Empire, ), was the 18-year Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 14 January 1852 to 27 October 1870, between the Second and the Third Republic of France. Historians in the 1930 ...

, the Third Republic did not use the title until the

First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

, when it was recreated as a military distinction and not a rank. Contrarily to ranks, which are awarded by the army, the distinction of Marshal of France is awarded by a special law voted by the French Parliament. For this reason, it is impossible to demote a Marshal. The most famous case is

Philippe Pétain Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), commonly known as Philippe Pétain (, ) or Marshal Pétain (french: Maréchal Pétain), was a French general who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of Worl ...

, who was awarded the distinction of Marshal of France for his generalship in World War I, and who was stripped of other positions and titles after his trial for high treason due to his involvement with collaborationist

Vichy France Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its te ...

: due to the principle of

separation of powers Separation of powers refers to the division of a state's government into branches, each with separate, independent powers and responsibilities, so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with those of the other branches. The typic ...

, the court that judged him did not have the power to cancel the law that had made him a Marshal in the first place. The last living Marshal of France was

Alphonse Juin Alphonse Pierre Juin (16 December 1888 – 27 January 1967) was a senior French Army general who became Marshal of France. A graduate of the École Spéciale Militaire class of 1912, he served in Morocco in 1914 in command of native troops. Upon ...

, promoted in 1952, who died in 1967. The latest Marshal of France was

Marie-Pierre Kœnig Marie Joseph Pierre François Kœnig or Koenig (10 October 1898 – 2 September 1970) was a French general during World War II during which he commanded a Free French Brigade at the Battle of Bir Hakeim in North Africa in 1942. He started a pol ...

, who was made a Marshal posthumously in 1984. Today, the title of Marshal of France can only be granted to a general officer who fought victoriously in war-time.

Direct Capetians

Philip II, 1180–1223

, Lord of Le Mez (died 1191), Marshal of France in 1185 * Matthew II of Montmorency, Lord of Montmorency and Marly, Marshal of France in 1191 * Guillaume de Bournel, (died 1195), Marshal of France in 1192 * Nivelon d'Arras (died 1204), Marshal of France in 1202 * Henry I Clément, called the "Little Marshal", Lord of Le Mez and of Argentan (1170–1214), Marshal of France in 1204 * Jean III Clément, Lord of Le Mez and of Argentan (died 1262), Marshal of France in 1214 * Guillaume de la Tournelle (dates unknown), Marshal of France in 1220

Louis IX, 1226–1270

* Ferry Pasté, Lord of Challeranges (died 1247), Marshal of France in 1240 * Jean Guillaume de Beaumont (died 1257), Marshal of France in 1250 * Henri de Cousances (died 1268), Marshal of France in 1255 * Gauthier III, Lord of Nemours (died 1270), Marshal of France in 1257 * Henri II Clément, Lord of Le Mez and Argentan (died 1265), Marshal of France in 1262 * Héric de Beaujeu (died 1270), Marshal of France in 1265 * Renaud de Précigny (died 1270), Marshal of France in 1265 * Hugh of Mirepoix, Marshal of France in 1266 * Raoul II Sores (died 1282), Marshal of France in 1270 * Lancelot de Saint-Maard (died 1278), Marshal of France in 1270

Philip III, 1270–1285

Ferry de Verneuil A ferry is a ship, watercraft or amphibious vehicle used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. A passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi ...

(died 1283), Marshal of France in 1272 * Guillaume V du Bec Crespin (died 1283), Marshal of France in 1283 * Jean II d'Harcourt, Viscount of Châtellerault, Lord of Harcourt (died 1302), Marshal of France in 1283 * Raoul V Le Flamenc (died 1287), Marshal of France in 1285

Philip IV, 1285–1314

* Jean de Varennes (died 1292), Marshal of France in 1288 * Simon de Melun, Lord of La Loupe and of Marcheville (died 1302), Marshal of France in 1290 * Guy Ier de Clermont de Nesle (died 1302), Marshal of France in 1292 *

Foulques du Merle Foulques or Foucaud du Merle (died 1314) was a Marshal of France, Seigneur of Gacé and Bellou-en-Houlme, and Baron of Le Merlerault, Briouze and Messei. Du Merle was the son of Guillaume VI du Merle and Marie de Nollent. He served Philip III ...

(died 1314), Marshal of France in 1302 * Miles VI de Noyers (died 1350), Marshal of France in 1302 *

Jean de Corbeil Jean de Corbeil (died November 1318), Seigneur of Grez-sur-Loing, was a Marshal of France.Louis de La Roque''Catalog historique des généraux français, connétables, maréchaux de France, lieutenants généraux, maréchaux de camp. Connétables ...

, Lord of Grez (died 1318), Marshal of France in 1308

Louis X, 1314–1316

* Jean IV de Beaumont (died 1318), Marshal of France in 1315

Philip V, 1316–1322

* Mathieu de Trie (died 1344), Marshal of France in 1318 * Jean des Barres (dates unknown), Marshal of France in 1318 * Bernard VI de Moreuil, Lord of Moreuil (died 1350), Marshal of France in 1322

Charles IV, 1322–1328

* Robert-Jean Bertran de Briquebec, Baron of Briquebec, Viscount of Roncheville (1285–1348), Marshal of France in 1325

Valois

Philip VI, 1328–1350

* Anseau de Joinville (1265–1343), Marshal of France in 1339 * Charles I de Montmorency, Lord of Montmorency (1325–1381), Marshal of France in 1344 *

Robert de Waurin The name Robert is an ancient Germanic given name, from Proto-Germanic "fame" and "bright" (''Hrōþiberhtaz''). Compare Old Dutch ''Robrecht'' and Old High German ''Hrodebert'' (a compound of '' Hruod'' ( non, Hróðr) "fame, glory, honou ...

, Lord of Saint-Venant (died 1360), Marshal of France in 1344 *

Guy II de Nesle Guy II de Nesle (died August 14, 1352), Lord of Mello, was a Marshal of France (1348) who was killed in the Battle of Mauron. Guy was the son of Jean I de Nesle (died 1352), Lord of Offemont and a grandson of Guy I of Clermont, who was killed in ...

, Lord of Offémont and of Mello (died 1352), Marshal of France in 1345 *

Édouard I de Beaujeu {{Infobox noble, type , name = Édouard I de Beaujeu , title = Marshal of France , image = File:Blason Edouard Ier de Beaujeu (selon Gelre).svg , caption = Arms of Édouard I de Beaujeu: ''Or, a li ...

, Lord of Châteauneuf (1316–1351), Marshal of France in 1347

John II 1350–1364

* Arnoul d'Audrehem, Lord of Audrehem (died 1370), Marshal of France in 1351 * Rogues de Hangest, Lord of Avesnecourt (died 1352), Marshal of France in 1352 * Jean de Clermont, Lord of Chantilly and of Beaumont (died 1356), Marshal of France in 1352 * Jean I Le Maingre (1310–1367), Marshal of France in 1356

Charles V, 1364–1380

* Jean IV de Mauquenchy, Lord of Blainville (died 1391), Marshal of France in 1368 * Louis de Sancerre, Count of Sancerre (1342–1402), Marshal of France in 1369

Charles VI, 1380–1422

* Jean II Le Meingre (1364–1421), Marshal of France in 1391 *

Jean II de Rieux Jean II de Rieux (1342 - 1417) Breton Lord of Rieux, Rochefort and Ancenis, initially in the service of Brittany, but also eventuall a Marshal of France in the service of King Charles VI. He was the great-grandfather of Jean IV de Rieux. Career ...

, Lord of Rochefort and of Rieux (1342–1417), Marshal of France in 1397 * Pierre de Rieux, Lord of Rochefort and of Rieux (1389–1439), Marshal of France in 1417 *Claude de Beauvoir, Lord of Chastellux and Viscount of Avallon (1385–1453), Marshal of France in 1418 * Jean de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam (1384–1437), Marshal of France in 1418 * Jacques de Montberon, Lord of Engoumois (died 1422), Marshal of France in 1418 * Gilbert Motier de La Fayette (1396–1464), Marshal of France in 1421 * Antoine de Vergy (died 1439), Marshal of France in 1422 *

Jean de La Baume Jean de La Baume (dead after 25 January 1435 ) was a Marshal of France from 1422 until his death. Functions He was:Généalogie de la famille de CarnéJean de La Baume, maréchal de France/ref> * Esquire and ordinary cup-bearer of John the Fea ...

, Count of Montrevel-en-Bresse (died 1435), Marshal of France in 1422

Charles VII, 1422–1461

* Amaury de Séverac, Lord of Beaucaire and of Chaude-Aigues (died 1427), Marshal of France in 1424 *

Jean de Brosse Jean de Brosse (1375–1433), Lord of Boussac, Sainte-Sévère and Huriel, was a councillor and chamberlain to Charles VII of France; he was made a Marshal of France in 1426. Early life Jean de Brosse was born in 1375 in his father’s castle at ...

, Baron of Boussac and of Sainte-Sévère (1375–1433), Marshal of France in 1426 *

Gilles de Rais Gilles de Rais (c. 1405 – 26 October 1440), Baron de Rais (), was a knight and lord from Brittany, Anjou and Poitou, a leader in the French army, and a companion-in-arms of Joan of Arc. He is best known for his reputation and later conv ...

, Lord of Ingrande and of Champtocé (1404–1440), Marshal of France in 1429 * André de Laval-Montmorency, Lord of Lohéac and of Retz (1408–1486), Marshal of France in 1439 * Philippe de Culant, Lord of Jaloignes, of La Croisette, of Saint-Armand and of Chalais (died 1454), Marshal of France in 1441 *

Jean Poton de Xaintrailles Jean Poton de Xaintrailles (, 1390? – 7 October 1461), a minor noble of Gascon origin, was one of the chief lieutenants of Joan of Arc. He served as master of the royal stables, as royal bailiff in Berry and as seneschal of Limousin. In ...

, Seneschal de Limousin (1390–1461), Marshal of France in 1454

Louis XI, 1461–1483

* Joachim Rouhault de Gamaches, Lord of Boismenard (died 1478), Marshal of France in 1461 *

Jean de Lescun Jean de Lescun d'Armagnac (died 1473?), known as "the bastard of Armagnac", was an ally of king Louis XI of France from before the latter's accession to the throne. He was the illegitimate son of Arnaud Guillaume of Lescun, Bishop of Aire, and An ...

, Count of Comminges (died 1473), Marshal of France in 1461 * Wolfart VI Van Borselleen, Lord of

Veere Veere (; zea, label= Zeelandic, Ter Veere) is a municipality with a population of 22,000 and a town with a population of 1,500 in the southwestern Netherlands, in the region of Walcheren in the province of Zeeland. History The name ''Veere ...

Zeeland , nl, Ik worstel en kom boven("I struggle and emerge") , anthem = "Zeeuws volkslied"("Zeelandic Anthem") , image_map = Zeeland in the Netherlands.svg , map_alt = , m ...

and Earl of Buchan in Scotland (died 1487), Marshal of France in 1464 *

Pierre de Rohan de Gié Pierre is a masculine given name. It is a French form of the name Peter. Pierre originally meant "rock" or "stone" in French (derived from the Greek word πέτρος (''petros'') meaning "stone, rock", via Latin "petra"). It is a translation ...

, Lord of Rohan (1450–1514), Marshal of France in 1476

Charles VIII, 1483–1498

* Philippe de Crèvecœur d'Esquerdes (1418–1494), Marshal of France in 1486 * Jean de Baudricourt, Lord of Choiseul and Bailiff of Chaumont (died 1499), Marshal of France in 1486

Valois-Orléans

Louis XII, 1498–1515

* Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, Marquis of Vigevano (1448–1518), Marshal of France in 1499 *

Charles II d'Amboise Charles d'Amboise, Seigneur de Chaumont (1473 – 11 February 1511) was a French nobleman, who acted as French governor of Milan (1503–1511) during the reign of Louis XII and as a French commander during the War of the League of Cambrai. Bio ...

, Lord of Chaumont, of Meillan and of Charenton (1473–1511), Marshal of France in 1506 *

Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec (1485 – 15 August 1528) was a French military leader. As Marshal of France, he commanded the campaign to conquer Naples, but died from the bubonic plague in 1528. Biography Odet was the son of Jean de Foix ...

, Viscount of Lautrec (1485–1528), Marshal of France in 1511 * Robert Stewart, Lord of Aubigny, Count of Lennox (1470–1544), Marshal of France in 1514

Valois-Angoulême

Francis I 1515–1547

* Jacques II de Chabannes, Lord of La Palice (died 1525), Marshal of France in 1515 * Gaspard I de Coligny, Lord of Châtillon-sur-Loing (died 1522), Marshal of France in 1516 * Thomas de Foix-Lescun (died 1525), Marshal of France in 1518 * Anne I de Montmorency, Duke of Montmorency and of Damville, Count of Beaumont-sur-Oise and of Dammartin, Viscount of Melun, first Baron of France and Grand Master,

Constable of France The Constable of France (french: Connétable de France, from Latin for 'count of the stables') was lieutenant to the King of France, the first of the original five Great Officers of the Crown (along with seneschal, chamberlain, butler, and ...

etc. (1492–1567), Marshal of France in 1522 * Théodor Trivulce (1458–1531), Marshal of France in 1526 * Robert III de La Marck, Duke of Bouillon, Lord of Sedan (1491–1537), Marshal of France in 1526 *

Claude d'Annebaut Claude d'Annebault (1495 – 2 November 1552) was a French military officer; Marshal of France (1538–52); Admiral of France (1543–1552); and Governor of Piedmont in 1541. He led the French invasion of the Isle of Wight in 1545. Annebault was ...

(1500–1552), Marshal of France in 1538 *

René de Montjean René (''born again'' or ''reborn'' in French) is a common first name in French-speaking, Spanish-speaking, and German-speaking countries. It derives from the Latin name Renatus. René is the masculine form of the name ( Renée being the feminin ...

(died 1538), Lord of Montjean, Marshal of France in 1538 * Oudard du Biez, Seigneur of Le Biez (died 1553), Marshal of France in 1542 * Antoine de Lettes-Desprez, Lord of Montpezat (1490–1544), Marshal of France in 1544 * Jean Caraccioli, Prince of Melphes (1480–1550), Marshal of France in 1544

Henry II 1547–1559

* Jacques d'Albon de Saint-André, Marquis of Fronsac (died 1562), Marshal of France 1547 * Robert IV de La Marck, Duke of Bouillon and Prince of Sedan (1520–1556), Marshal of France in 1547 *

Charles de Cossé, Count of Brissac Charles de Cossé, comte de Brissac (1505 ( O.S.)/06 – 1563), was a French courtier and soldier, named ''beau Brissac'' at court and remembered as the ''Maréchal Brissac''. A member of the nobility of Anjou, he was appointed in 1540 to his fath ...

(1505–1563), Marshal of France in 1550 * Pietro Strozzi (1500–1558), Marshal of France in 1554 * Paul de La Barthe, Lord of Thermes (1482–1562), Marshal of France in 1558

Francis II 1559–1560

François de Montmorency François de Montmorency, Duc de Montmorency (17 July 1530 – 6 May 1579) was a French soldier, diplomat and peer who served as governor of Paris. He was Duke of Montmorency, Count of Dammartin, Baron of Châteaubriant and Lord of L'Isle-Ada ...

, Duke of Montmorency (1520–1579), Marshal of France in 1559

Charles IX, 1560–1574

* François de Scépeaux, Lord of Vieilleville (1509–1571), Marshal of France in 1562 * Imbert de La Plâtière, Lord of Bourdillon (1524–1567), Marshal of France in 1562 *

Henri I de Montmorency Henri I de Montmorency (15 June 1534 in Chantilly, Oise – 2 April 1614), Marshal of France, and Constable of France, seigneur of Damville, served as Governor of Languedoc from 1563 to 1614. Biography Born on 15 June 1534, Henri was the son ...

, Lord of Damville, Duke of Montmorency, Count of Dammartin and Alais, Baron of Chateaubriant, Lord of Chantilly and Ecouen (1534–1614), Marshal of France in 1566 *

Artus de Cossé-Brissac Artus de Cossé-Brissac (1512–1582), lord of Gonnor and Comte de Secondigny, was a Marshal of France, an office he was elevated to in 1567. He served to administer the armies finances during the first of the French Wars of Religion and would l ...

, Lord of Gonnor and Count of Secondigny (1512-1582), Marshal of France in 1567 *

Gaspard de Saulx Gaspard de Saulx, sieur de Tavannes (March 1509–June 1573) was a French Roman Catholic military leader during the Italian Wars and the French Wars of Religion. He served under four kings during his career, participating in the Siege of Calais (1 ...

, Lord of Tavannes (1509–1575), Marshal of France in 1570 * Honorat II de Savoye, Marquis of Villars (1511-1580), Marshal of France in 1571 * Albert de Gondi, Duke of Retz (1522–1602), Marshal of France in 1573

Henry III 1574–1589

* Roger I de Saint Larry, Lord of Bellegarde (died 1579), Marshal of France in 1574 *

Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, Seigneur de Montluc Blaise de Monluc, also known as Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, seigneur de Monluc, (24 July 1577) was a professional soldier whose career began in 1521 and reached the rank of marshal of France in 1574. Written between 1570 and 1576, an account o ...

(1500–1577), Marshal of France in 1574 * Louis Prévost de Sansac, Baron de Sansac (1496–1576), Marshal of France *

Armand de Gontaut, Baron de Biron Armand de Gontaut, baron de Biron (, 152426 July 1592) was a soldier, diplomat and Marshal of France. Beginning his service during the Italian Wars, Biron served in Italy under Marshal Brissac and Guise in 1557 before rising to command his own ca ...

(1524–1592), Marshal of France in 1577 * Jacques II de Goyon, Lord of Matignon and of Lesparre, Count of Thorigny, Prince of Mortagne sur Gironde (1525–1597), Marshal of France in 1579 *

Jean VI d'Aumont Jean VI d'Aumont (1522-1595) was a soldier and Marshal of France. He served as Marshal under Henri III, campaigning against the Protestants in 1585. He would not however conduct the campaign with much enthusiasm, and after clamour at court he would ...

, Baron of Estrabonne, Count of Châteauroux (1522-1595), Marshal of France * Guillaume de Joyeuse, Viscount of Joyeuse, Lord of Saint-Didier, of Laudun, of Puyvert and of Arques (1520–1592), Marshal of France in 1582

Bourbons

Henry IV 1589–1610

* Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, Duc de Bouillon (1555–1623), Marshal of France in 1592 *

Charles de Gontaut, Duc de Biron Charles de Gontaut, duc de Biron (, 156231 July 1602) was a French soldier whose military achievements were accompanied by plotting to dismember France and setting himself up as ruler of an independent Burgundy. Biography He was born in Saint-Blan ...

(1562–1602), Marshal of France in 1594 * Claude de La Chatre, Baron de la Maisonfort (1536–1614), Marshal of France in 1594 * Jean de Montluc de Balagny (1560–1603), Marshal of France in 1594 * Charles II de Cossé, Duke of Brissac (1562–1621), Marshal of France in 1594 * Jean III de Baumanoir, Marquis of Lavardin and Count of Nègrepelisse (1551–1614), Marshal of France in 1595 * Henri, Duke of Joyeuse (1567–1608), Marshal of France in 1595 * Urbain de Montmorency-Laval, Marquis of Sablé (1557–1629), Marshal of France in 1595 * Alphonse d'Ornano (1548–1610), Marshal of France in 1597 * Guillaume de Hautemer, Count of Grancey (1537–1613), Marshal of France in 1597 *

François de Bonne, Duke of Lesdiguières François de Bonne, duc de Lesdiguières (, 1 April 1543 – 21 September 1626) was a French soldier of the French Wars of Religion and Constable of France, and one of only six Marshals to have been promoted Marshal General of France. Early ...

(1543–1626), Marshal of France in 1608

Louis XIII, 1610–1643

Concino Concini Concino Concini, 1st Marquis d'Ancre (23 November 1569 – 24 April 1617), was an Italian politician, best known for being a minister of Louis XIII of France, as the favourite of Louis's mother, Marie de Medici, Queen of France. In 1617 he was ki ...

, Marquis of Ancre (1575–1617), Marshal of France in 1613 * Gilles de Courtenvaux, Marquis of Souvré (1540–1626), Marshal of France in 1614 * Antoine, Baron de Roquelaure (1560–1625), Marshal of France in 1614 * Louis de La Châtre, Baron de Maisonfort (died 1630), Marshal of France in 1616 * Pons de Lauzières-Thémines-Cardaillac, Marquis of Thémines (1553–1627), Marshal of France in 1616 * François de La Grange d'Arquien, Lord of Montigny and of Séry in Bérry (1554–1617), Marshal of France in 1616 *

Nicolas de L'Hôpital Nicolas de L'Hôpital (or Hospital), marquis and later duc de Vitry, ''seigneur de Nandy et de Coubert'', often referred to as Maréchal (or ''Marshal'') de Vitry (1581-1644 in Nandy) was a French noble, military leader, friend of Louis XIII an ...

, Duke of Vitry (1581–1644), Marshal of France in 1617 * Charles de Choiseul-Praslin, Marquis of Praslin (1563–1626), Marshal of France in 1619 * Jean François de La Guiche, Count of La Palice (1569–1632), Marshal of France in 1619 * Honoré d'Albert d'Ailly, Duke of Chaulnes (1581–1649), Marshal of France in 1620 * François d'Esparbes de Lussan, Viscount of Aubeterre (died 1628), Marshal of France in 1620 * Charles de Créquy, Prince of Poix, Duke of Lesdiguières (1580–1638), Marshal of France in 1621 * Jacques Nompar de Caumont, Duke of La Force(1558–1652), Marshal of France in 1621 * François, Marquis of Bassompierre (1579–1646), Marshal of France in 1622 * Gaspard de Coligny, Duke of Châtillon (1584–1646), Marshal of France in 1622 *

Henri de Schomberg Henri de Schomberg, Comte de Nanteuil (1575 – 17 November 1632), was a Marshal of France during the reign of Louis XIII. Biography Schomberg was born at Paris. Superintendent of Finances from 1619 to 1623. He became Marshal of France in 162 ...

(1574–1632), Marshal of France in 1625 * Jean-Baptiste d'Ornano (1581–1626), Marshal of France in 1626 * François Annibal, Duc d'Estrées (1573–1670), Marshal of France in 1626 * Timoléon d'Epinay de Saint-Luc (1580–1644), Marshal of France in 1627 * Louis de Marillac, Count of Beaumont-le-Roger (1572–1632), Marshal of France in 1629 * Henri II, Duke of Montmorency and of Damville, also

(1595–1632), Marshal of France in 1630 * Jean Caylar d'Anduze de Saint-Bonnet, Marquis of Toiras (1585–1636), Marshal of France in 1630 * Antoine Coëffier de Ruzé d'Effiat (1581–1632), Marshal of France in 1631 * Urbain de Maillé, Marquis of Brézé (1597–1650), Marshal of France in 1633 *

Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully Maximilien de Béthune, 1st Duke of Sully, Marquis of Rosny and Nogent, Count of Muret and Villebon, Viscount of Meaux (13 December 156022 December 1641) was a nobleman, soldier, statesman, and counselor of King Henry IV of France. Historians emp ...

(1560–1641), Marshal of France in 1634 * Charles de Schomberg, Duke of Halluin (1601–1656), Marshal of France in 1637 * Charles de La Porte, Marquis of Meilleraye (1602–1664), Marshal of France in 1639 * Antoine III, Duke of Gramont (1604–1678), Marshal of France in 1641 * Jean-Baptiste Budes, Count of Guébriant (1602–1643), Marshal of France in 1642 * Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt, Duke of Cardona (1605–1657), Marshal of France in 1642 * François de L'Hôpital, Count of Rosnay (1583–1660), Marshal of France in 1643 *

Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne (11 September 161127 July 1675), commonly known as Turenne , was a French general and one of only six Marshals to have been promoted Marshal General of France. The most illustrious member of th ...

(1611–1675), Marshal of France in 1643,

in 1660 * Jean, Count of Gassion, (1609–1647), Marshal of France in 1643

Louis XIV, 1643–1715

* César, Duke of Choiseul (1598–1675), Marshal of France in 1645 * Josias, Count of Rantzau (1609–1650), Marshal of France in 1645 * Nicolas de Neufville, Duke of Villeroi (1597–1685), Marshal of France in 1646 * Antoine d'Aumont de Rochebaron, Duc d'Aumont (1601–1669), Marshal of France in 1651 * Jacques d'Étampes, Marquis of la Ferté-Imbert (1590–1663), Marshal of France in 1651 * Henri, Duke of la Ferté-Senneterre (1600–1681), Marshal of France in 1651 * Charles de Mouchy, Marquis d'Hocquincourt (1599–1658), Marshal of France in 1651 * Jacques Rouxel, Count of Grancey (1603–1680), Marshal of France in 1651 * Armand Nompar de Caumont, Duke of La Force (1582–1672), Marshal of France in 1652 * Philippe de Clérambault, Count of la Palluau (1606–1665), Marshal of France in 1652 * César Phoebus d'Albret, Count of Miossens (1614–1676), Marshal of France in 1653 * Louis de Foucault de Saint-Germain Beaupré Count of Le Daugnon (1616–1659), Marshal of France in 1653 * Jean de Schulemberg, Count of Montejeu (1597–1671), Marshal of France in 1658 * Abraham de Fabert, Marquis of Esternay (1599–1662), Marshal of France in 1658 * Jacques de Mauvisière, Marquis of Castelnau (1620–1658), Marshal of France in 1658 * Bernardin Gigault, Marquis of Bellefonds (1630–1694), Marshal of France in 1668 *

François de Créquy François de Blanchefort de Créquy, later Marquis de Marines, 2 October 1629 to 3 February 1687, was a 17th-century French noble and soldier, who served in the wars of Louis XIV of France. He came from a powerful and well-connected family, hi ...

, Marquis of Marines (1620–1687), Marshal of France in 1668 * Louis de Crevant, Duke of Humières (1628–1694), Marshal of France in 1668 * Godefroy d'Estrades, Count of Estrades (1607–1686), Marshal of France in 1675 * Philippe de Montaut-Bénac, Duke of Navailles (1619–1684), Marshal of France in 1675 * Frédéric Armand, Duke of Schomberg (1616–1690), Marshal of France in 1675 * Jacques Henri de Durfort, Duke of Duras (1626–1704), Marshal of France in 1675 * François d'Aubusson, Duke of la Feuillade (1625–1691), Marshal of France in 1675 * Louis Victor de Rochechouart, Duke of Mortemart ''le Maréchal de Vivonne'' (1636–1688), Marshal of France in 1675 *

François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg François Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, Duke of Piney-Luxembourg, commonly known as Luxembourg (8 January 1628 – 4 January 1695), and nicknamed "The Upholsterer of Notre-Dame" (''Le Tapissier de Notre-Dame''), was a French general and Marsh ...

(1628–1695), Marshal of France in 1675 * Henri Louis d'Aloigny, Marquis of Rochefort (1636–1676), Marshal of France in 1675 * Guy de Durfort, Duke of Lorges (1630–1702), Marshal of France in 1676 * Jean II, Count of Estrées 1624–1707), Marshal of France in 1681 * Claude de Choiseul, Marquis of Francières (1632–1711), Marshal of France in 1693 * Jean Armand de Joyeuse, Marquis of Grandpré (1632–1710), Marshal of France in 1693 * François de Neufville, Duke of Villeroi (1644–1730), Marshal of France in 1693 * Louis François, duc de Boufflers, comte de Cagny (1644–1711), Marshal of France in 1693 * Anne-Hilarion de Costentin, Count of Tourville (1642–1701), Marshal of France in 1693 *

Anne-Jules, 2nd duc de Noailles Anne Jules de Noailles, 2nd Duke of Noailles (5 February 16502 October 1708) was one of the chief generals of France towards the end of the reign of Louis XIV, and, after raising the regiment of Noailles in 1689, he commanded in Spain during both ...

(1650–1708), Marshal of France in 1693 *

Nicolas Catinat Nicolas Catinat (, 1 September 1637 – 22 February 1712) was a French military commander and Marshal of France under Louis XIV. The son of a magistrate, Catinat was born in Paris on 1 September 1637. He entered the Gardes Françaises at an ...

(1637–1712), Marshal of France in 1693 *

Louis Joseph de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme Louis may refer to: * Louis (coin) * Louis (given name), origin and several individuals with this name * Louis (surname) * Louis (singer), Serbian singer * HMS ''Louis'', two ships of the Royal Navy See also Derived or associated terms * Lewis ( ...

(1654–1712), Marshal of France in 1695 * Claude Louis Hector, Duke of Villars (1653–1734), Marshal of France in 1702,

in 1733 * Noël Bouton, Marquis of Chamilly (1636–1715), Marshal of France in 1703 * Victor Marie, Duc d'Estrées (1660–1737), Marshal of France in 1703 * François Louis Rousselet, Marquis of Château-Renault (1637–1716), Marshal of France in 1703 * Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis of Vauban (1633–1707), Marshal of France in 1703 * Conrad, Marquis of Rosen (1628–1715), Marshal of France in 1703 * Nicolas Chalon du Blé, Marquis of Huxelles (1652–1730), Marshal of France in 1703 * René de Froulay, Count of Tessé (1651–1725), Marshal of France in 1703 *

Camille d'Hostun, duc de Tallard Camille d'Hostun de la Baume, duc de Tallard (14 February 1652 – 20 March 1728) was a French noble, diplomat and military commander, who became Marshal of France. Military career Tallard was granted a commission in the French army at the age of ...

(1652–1728), Marshal of France in 1703 * Nicolas Auguste de La Baume, Marquis of Montrevel (1636–1716), Marshal of France in 1703 * Henry, duc d'Harcourt (1654–1718), Marshal of France in 1703 * Ferdinand, Count of Marsin (1656–1706), Marshal of France in 1703 *

James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, 1st Duke of Liria and Jérica, 1st Duke of Fitz-James (21 August 1670 – 12 June 1734) was an Anglo-French military leader, illegitimate son of King James II of England by Arabella Churchill, sister o ...

(1670–1734), Marshal of France in 1706 * Charles Auguste Goyon, Count of Matignon (1647–1729), Marshal of France in 1708 * Jacques de Bazin, Marquis of Bezons (1645–1733), Marshal of France in 1709 * Pierre de Montesquiou, Count of Artagnan (1645–1725), Marshal of France in 1709 ''N.B. : not the famous

D'Artagnan Charles de Batz de Castelmore (), also known as d'Artagnan and later Count d'Artagnan ( 1611 – 25 June 1673), was a French Musketeer who served Louis XIV as captain of the Musketeers of the Guard. He died at the siege of Maastricht in the ...

, but a relative'' * Alberico III Cybo-Malaspina, Duke of Massa (1674–1715), Marshal of France in 1703.

Louis XV, 1715–1774

Victor-Maurice, comte de Broglie Victor-Maurice, comte de Broglie (12 March 16474 August 1727) was a French soldier and general. Victor-Maurice de Broglie was born in the De Broglie house, a noble family originally from Piedmont. He was the son of François-Marie, comte de ...

(1646–1727), Marshal of France in 1724 * Antoine Gaston Jean Baptiste, Duke of Roquelaure (1656–1738), Marshal of France in 1724 * Jacques Rouxel, Count of Grancey and of Médavy (1655–1725), Marshal of France in 1724 * Éléonor du Maine, Count of Le Bourg (1655–1739), Marshal of France in 1724 * Yves, marquis d'Alègre (1653–1733), Marshal of France in 1724 * Louis d'Aubusson, Duke of la Feuillade (1673–1725), Marshal of France in 1724 * Antoine V, Duke of Gramont (1671–1725), Marshal of France in 1724 * Alain Emmanuel, Marquis of Coëtlogon (1646–1730), Marshal of France in 1730 * Charles de Gontaut, Duke of Biron (1663–1756), Marshal of France in 1734 * Jacques de Chastenet, Marquis of Puységur (1665–1743), Marshal of France in 1734 * Claude Bidal, Marquis of Asfeld (1665–1743), Marshal of France in 1734 * Adrien-Maurice, 3rd duc de Noailles (1678–1766), Marshal of France in 1734 * Christian Louis de Montmorency-Luxembourg, Prince de Tingry (1713–1787), Marshal of France in 1734 * François Marie II, Duke of Broglie (1671–1745), Marshal of France in 1734 * François de Franquetot, Duke of Coigny (1670–1759), Marshal of France in 1734 * Charles, Duke of Lévis-Charlus (1669–1734), Marshal of France in 1734 * Louis de Brancas de Forcalquier, Marquis of Céreste (1671–1750), Marshal of France in 1740 * Louis Auguste d'Albert d'Ailly, Duke of Chaulnes (1676–1744), Marshal of France in 1741 * Louis Armand de Brichanteau, Duke of Nangis (1682–1742), Marshal of France in 1741 * Louis de Gand de Mérode de Montmorency, prince d'Isenghien (1678–1762), Marshal of France in 1741 * Jean-Baptiste de Durfort, Duke of Duras (1684–1778), Marshal of France in 1741 * Jean-Baptiste Desmarets, Marquis of Maillebois (1682–1762), Marshal of France in 1741 * Charles Fouquet, Duke of Belle-Isle, called ''the Marshal of Belle-Isle'' (1684–1762), Marshal of France in 1741 *

Maurice, comte de Saxe Maurice, Count of Saxony (german: Hermann Moritz von Sachsen, french: Maurice de Saxe; 28 October 1696 – 20 November 1750) was a notable soldier, officer and a famed military commander of the 18th century. The illegitimate son of Augustus I ...

(1696–1750), Marshal of France in 1741,

in 1747 * Jean-Baptiste Andrault, Marquis of Maulévrier (1677–1754), Marshal of France in 1745 * Claude Testu, Marquis of Balincourt (1680–1770), Marshal of France in 1746 * Philippe Charles, Marquis of la Fare (1687–1752), Marshal of France in 1746 * François, duc d'Harcourt (1689–1750), Marshal of France in 1746 * Guy, Count of Montmorency-Laval (1677–1751), Marshal of France in 1747 * Gaspard, Duke of Clermont-Tonnerre 1688–1781, Marshal of France in 1747 * Louis Claude, Marquis of La Mothe-Houdancourt (1687–1755), Marshal of France in 1747 * Ulrich, Count of Löwendahl (1700–1755), Marshal of France in 1747 *

Louis François Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu Louis François Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de Richelieu (; 13 March 1696 – 8 August 1788), was a French soldier, diplomat and politician, statesman. He joined the army and participated in three major wars. He eventually rose to the ra ...

(1696–1788), Marshal of France in 1748 * Jean de Fay, Marquis of la Tour-Maubourg (1684–1764), Marshal of France in 1757 *

Louis Antoine de Gontaut Louis Antoine de Gontaut-Biron, duc de Biron (1700–1788) was Duke of Biron and a French military leader who served with distinction under Louis XV, and was made a Marshal of France in 1757. He was the fourth son of Charles-Armand de Gontaut, du ...

(1701–1788), Count (afterwards Duke) of Biron, Marshal of France in 1757 * Daniel François de Gélas de Voisons d'Ambres, Viscount of Lautrec (1686–1762), Marshal of France in 1757 * Charles François Frédéric de Montmorency, Duke of Piney-Luxembourg (1702–1764), Marshal of France in 1757 * Louis Le Tellier, Duc d'Estrées (1695–1771), Marshal of France in 1757 * Jean Charles de la Ferté, Marquis of La Ferté Senneterre (1685–1770), Marshal of France in 1757 * Charles O'Brien de Thomond, Count of Thomond and of Clare (1699–1761), Marshal of France in 1757 *

Gaston Pierre de Lévis Gaston-Pierre-Charles de Lévis-Lomagne, duc de Mirepoix (1699–1757), maréchal de France (1757) and Ambassador of Louis XV, was a French aristocrat. His family was established in Languedoc as Seigneurs of Mirepoix, Ariège since the 11th cen ...

, Duke of Mirepoix (1699–1758), Marshal of France in 1757 *

Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny ( hu, Bercsényi László) (August 3, 1689 in Eperjes, Sáros County, Kingdom of Hungary (today Prešov, Slovakia) – January 9, 1778 in Luzancy, Kingdom of France (today France) was a Hungarian-born soldier who bec ...

(1689–1778), Marshal of France in 1758 * Hubert de Brienne, Count of Conflans (1690–1777), Marshal of France in 1758 * Louis Georges, Marquis of Contades (1704–1793), Marshal of France in 1758 * Charles de Rohan, Prince of Soubise (1715–1787), Marshal of France in 1758 * Victor François, Duke de Broglie (1718–1804), Marshal of France in 1759 * Guy Michel de Durfort de Lorge, Duke of Randan (1704–1773), Marshal of France in 1768 * Louis de Brienne de Conflans, Marquis of Armentières (1711–1774), Marshal of France in 1768 * Jean de Cossé, Duke of Brissac (1698–1780), Marshal of France in 1768

Louis XVI, 1774–1792

* Anne Pierre, Duke of Harcourt (1701–1783), Marshal of France in 1775 *

Louis, 4th duc de Noailles Louis de Noailles, 4th Duke of Noailles (21 April 1713 in Versailles22 August 1793 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye) was a French peer and Marshal of France. He was the son of Françoise Charlotte d'Aubigné, niece of Madame de Maintenon, and a nephew ...

(1713–1793), Marshal of France in 1775 * Antoine, Count of Nicolaï (1712–1787), Marshal of France in 1775 * Charles, Duke of Fitz-James (1712–1787), Marshal of France in 1775 * Philippe, Duke of Mouchy (1715–1794), Marshal of France in 1775 * Emmanuel de Durfort, Duke of Duras (1715–1789), Marshal of France in 1775 * Louis Nicolas, Duc du Muy (1702–1775), Marshal of France in 1775 * Claude, Count of Saint-Germain (1707–1778), Marshal of France in 1775 * Guy de Montmorency, Duke of Laval (1723–1798), Marshal of France in 1783 * Augustin, Count of Mailly (1708–1794), Marshal of France in 1783 * Henri Bouchard de Lussan, Marquis of Aubeterre (1714–1788), Marshal of France in 1783 * Charles de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau-Craon (1720–1793), Marshal of France in 1783 * Noël Jourda, Count of Vaux (1705–1788), Marshal of France in 1783 * Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur (1724–1801), Marshal of France in 1783 * Jacques de Choiseul-Stainville, Count of Choiseul (1727–1789), Marshal of France in 1783 * Charles de La Croix, Marquis of Castries (1727–1801), Marshal of France in 1783 * Emmanuel de Croÿ-Solre, Duke of Croÿ (1718–1784), Marshal of France in 1783 *

François Gaston de Lévis, Duc de Lévis François () is a French masculine given name and surname, equivalent to the English name Francis. People with the given name * Francis I of France, King of France (), known as "the Father and Restorer of Letters" * Francis II of France, Kin ...

(1719–1787), Marshal of France in 1783 *

Nicolas Luckner Nicolas, Count Luckner (german: Johann Nikolaus, Graf Luckner; 12 January 1722, Cham in der Oberpfalz – 4 January 1794, Paris) was a German officer in French service who rose to become a Marshal of France. Luckner grew up in Cham, in eastern ...

, Comte Luckner (1722–1794), Marshal of France since in 1791 *

Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau Marshal Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, 1 July 1725 – 10 May 1807, was a French nobleman and general whose army played the decisive role in helping the United States defeat the British army at Yorktown in 1781 during the ...

(1725–1807), Marshal of France in 1791

First Empire

Napoleon I, 1804–1814, 1815

Throughout his reign, Napoleon created a total of twenty-six Marshals of the Empire:R.P. Dunn-Pattison ''Napoleon's Marshals'' Methuen 1909 - Reprinted Empiricus Books 2001. Marechal Ney

Louis-Alexandre Berthier Louis-Alexandre Berthier (20 November 1753 – 1 June 1815), Prince of Neuchâtel and Valangin, Prince of Wagram, was a French Marshal of the Empire who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was twice Minis ...

, Prince of Neuchâtel and of Wagram, Duke of Valangin (1753–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

Joachim Murat Joachim Murat ( , also , ; it, Gioacchino Murati; 25 March 1767 – 13 October 1815) was a French military commander and statesman who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars. Under the French Empire he received the ...

, Prince d'Empire, Grand Duke of Berg,

King of Naples The following is a list of rulers of the Kingdom of Naples, from its first separation from the Kingdom of Sicily to its merger with the same into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Kingdom of Naples (1282–1501) House of Anjou In 1382, the Kin ...

(1767–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 * Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey, Duke of Conégliano (1754–1842), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

Jean-Baptiste Jourdan Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, 1st Count Jourdan (29 April 1762 – 23 November 1833), was a French military commander who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was made a Marshal of the Empire by Emperor Napoleon I in ...

, Count of the Empire (1762–1833), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

André Masséna André Masséna, Prince of Essling, Duke of Rivoli (born Andrea Massena; 6 May 1758 – 4 April 1817) was a French military commander during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.Donald D. Horward, ed., trans, annotated, The Fre ...

, Duke of Rivoli, Prince of Essling (1758–1817), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

Pierre Augereau Charles Pierre François Augereau, 1st Duke of Castiglione (21 October 1757 – 12 June 1816) was a French military commander and a Marshal of the Empire who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. After serving in ...

, Duke of Castiglione (1757–1816), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 * Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte (1763–1844), Prince of Pontecorvo, King of Sweden and Norway under the name

Charles XIV John Charles XIV John ( sv, Karl XIV Johan; born Jean Bernadotte; 26 January 1763 – 8 March 1844) was King of Sweden and Norway from 1818 until his death in 1844. Before his reign he was a Marshal of France during the Napoleonic Wars and participat ...

(1818–1844), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune, 1st Count Brune (, 13 March 1764 – 2 August 1815) was a French military commander, Marshal of the Empire, and political figure who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. Early life Bru ...

, Count of the Empire (1763–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

Jean-de-Dieu Soult Marshal General Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duke of Dalmatia, (; 29 March 1769 – 26 November 1851) was a French general and statesman, named Marshal of the Empire in 1804 and often called Marshal Soult. Soult was one of only six officers in Frenc ...

, Duke of Dalmatie (1769–1851), Marshal of the Empire in 1804,

in 1847 *

Jean Lannes Jean Lannes, 1st Duke of Montebello, Prince of Siewierz (10 April 1769 – 31 May 1809), was a French military commander and a Marshal of the Empire who served during both the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He was one of Napoleon's ...

, Duke of Montebello (1769–1809), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise Adolphe Édouard Casimir Joseph Mortier, 1st Duke of Trévise (13 February 176828 July 1835) was a French military commander and Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon I, who served during both the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars ...

(1768–1835), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

Michel Ney Michel Ney, 1st Duke of Elchingen, 1st Prince of the Moskva (; 10 January 1769 – 7 December 1815), was a French military commander and Marshal of the Empire who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was one o ...

, Duke of Elchingen, Prince of the Moskva (1769–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

Louis-Nicolas Davout Louis-Nicolas d'Avout (10 May 1770 – 1 June 1823), better known as Davout, 1st Duke of Auerstaedt, 1st Prince of Eckmühl, was a French military commander and Marshal of the Empire who served during both the French Revolutionary Wars and th ...

, Duke of Auerstädt, Prince of Eckmühl (1770–1823), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

Jean-Baptiste Bessières Jean-Baptiste Bessières (; 6 August 1768 – 1 May 1813), 1st Duke of Istria (''Duc d'Istrie''), was a French military commander and Marshal of the Empire who served during both the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. His younge ...

, Duke of Istria (1768–1813), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

François Christophe de Kellermann François-Étienne-Christophe Kellermann or de Kellermann, 1st Duke of Valmy (german: Franz Stephan Christoph Edler von Kellermann; 28 May 1735 – 23 September 1820) was a French military commander, later the Général d'Armée, a Marshal of t ...

, Duke of Valmy (1737–1820), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary) *

François Joseph Lefebvre François Joseph Lefebvre ( , ; 25 October 1755 – 14 September 1820), Duc de Dantzig, was a French military commander during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and one of the original eighteen Marshals of the Empire created by Napoleon. Ea ...

, Duke of Danzig (1755–1820), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary) * Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon, Marquis of Grenade (1754–1818), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary) *

Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier, 1st Count Sérurier (, 8 December 1742 – 21 December 1819) led a division in the War of the First Coalition and became a Marshal of the Empire under Emperor Napoleon. He was born into the minor nobility and in ...

, Count of the Empire (1742–1819), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary) * Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno (1764–1841), Marshal of the Empire in 1807 *

Jacques MacDonald Ancient and noble French family names, Jacques, Jacq, or James are believed to originate from the Middle Ages in the historic northwest Brittany region in France, and have since spread around the world over the centuries. To date, there are over ...

, Duke of Tarento (1765–1840), Marshal of the Empire in 1809 * Nicolas Oudinot, Duke of Reggio (1767–1847), Marshal of the Empire in 1809 *

Auguste de Marmont Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont (20 July 1774 – 22 March 1852) was a French general and nobleman who rose to the rank of Marshal of the Empire and was awarded the title (french: duc de Raguse). In the Peninsular War Marmont succeede ...

, Duke of Ragusa (1774–1852), Marshal of the Empire in 1809 * Louis-Gabriel Suchet, Duke of Albufera (1770–1826), Marshal of the Empire in 1811 *

Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, 1st Marquis of Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (; 13 April 1764 – 17 March 1830) was a French military commander in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars who rose to the rank of Marshal of the Empire. He is regarde ...

, Marquis of Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (1764–1830), Marshal of the Empire in 1812 *

Józef Poniatowski Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski (; 7 May 1763 – 19 October 1813) was a Polish general, minister of war and army chief, who became a Marshal of the French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. A nephew of king Stanislaus Augustus of Poland (), ...

, Prince Poniatowski (1763–1813), Marshal of the Empire in 1813 *

Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy Emmanuel de Grouchy, 2nd Marquis of Grouchy (; 23 October 176629 May 1847) was a French general and Marshal of the Empire. Biography Grouchy was born in Condécourt (Val d'Oise), Château de Villette, the son of François-Jacques de Grouchy, 1 ...

(1766–1847), Marshal of the Empire in 1815 The names of nineteen of these have been given to successive stretches of boulevards encircling

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), ma ...

, which has thus been nicknamed the ''Boulevards des Maréchaux'' (

Boulevards of the Marshals The Boulevards of the Marshals (french: link=no, Boulevards des Maréchaux) are a collection of thoroughfares that encircle the city of Paris, France, just inside its city limits. Most bear the name of a Marshal of the Empire, marshal of the Firs ...

). Another three Marshals have been honored with a street elsewhere in the city. The four Marshals banned from memory are: Bernadotte and Marmont, considered as traitors; Pérignon, stricken off the list by Napoleon in 1815; and Grouchy, regarded as responsible for the defeat at Waterloo.

Restoration

Louis XVIII, 1815–1824

Jacques Alexandre Law de Lauriston (Godefroid)

* Georges Cadoudal (1771–1804), Marshal of France in 1814 (''posthumous'') * Jean Victor Marie Moreau (1763–1813), Marshal of France in 1814 (''posthumous'') * François-Henri de Franquetot de Coigny, Duke of Coigny (1737–1821), Marshal of France in 1816 *

Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke Henri-Jacques-Guillaume Clarke, 1st Count of Hunebourg, 1st Duke of Feltre (17 October 1765 – 28 October 1818), born to Irish parents from Lisdowney, County Kilkenny, in Landrecies, was a politician and Marshal of France. Clarke was one of the ...

, Duke of Feltre (1765–1818), Marshal of France in 1816 * Pierre Riel de Beurnonville, Marquis of Beurnonville (1752–1821), Marshal of France in 1816 * Charles Joseph Hyacinthe du Houx de Viomesnil, Marquis of Viomesnil (1734–1827), Marshal of France in 1816 * Jacques Alexandre Law, Marquis of Lauriston (1768–1828), Marshal of France in 1823 * Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor, Count Molitor (1770–1849), Marshal of France in 1823

Charles X, 1824–1830

Louis Aloy de Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein Louis Aloysius, Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein (german: Ludwig Aloysius Prinz zu Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein; 18 August 1765 – 30 May 1829) was a Fürst, German prince and Marshal of France. He commanded a division of Austrian ...

, Prince of Hohnlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein (1765–1829), Marshal of France in 1827 * Nicolas Joseph Maison, Marquis Maison (1771–1840), Marshal of France in 1829 *

Louis Auguste Victor de Ghaisne de Bourmont Louis-Auguste-Victor, Count de Ghaisnes de Bourmont (2 September 1773 – 27 October 1846) was a French general, diplomat and statesman who was named Marshal of France in 1830. A lifelong royalist, he emigrated from France soon after the outbreak ...

, Count of Bourmont (1773–1846), Marshal of France in 1830

July Monarchy

Louis-Philippe 1830–1848

Court - Sylvain Charles Valée (1773-1846) - MV 1176

Étienne Maurice Gérard Étienne Maurice Gérard, 1st Comte Gérard (4 April 177317 April 1852) was a French general, statesman and Marshal of France. He served under a succession of French governments including the ''ancien regime'' monarchy, the Revolutionary govern ...

, Count Gérard (1773–1852), Marshal of France in 1830 *

Bertrand Clauzel Bertrand, comte Clauzel (12 December 177221 April 1842) was a Marshal of France. When asked on Saint Helena which of his Generals was the most skillful Napoleon named Clauzel along with Louis-Gabriel Suchet and Étienne Maurice GérardOjala, Jea ...

, Count Clauzel (1772–1842), Marshal of France in 1831 *

Emmanuel de Grouchy Emmanuel de Grouchy, 2nd Marquis of Grouchy (; 23 October 176629 May 1847) was a French general and Marshal of the Empire. Biography Grouchy was born in Condécourt (Val d'Oise), Château de Villette, the son of François-Jacques de Grouchy, 1 ...

, Marquis of Grouchy (1766–1847), Marshal of France in 1831 *

Georges Mouton Georges Mouton, comte de Lobau (21 February 1770 – 27 November 1838) was a French soldier and political figure who rose to the rank of Marshal of France. Biography Born in Phalsbourg, Lorraine, he enlisted in the French Revolutionary Army ...

, Count Lobau (1770–1838), Marshal of France in 1831 * Sylvain Charles Valée, Count Valée (1773–1846), Marshal of France in 1837 * Horace Sébastiani, Count Sébastiani (1772–1851), Marshal of France in 1840 * Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Count d'Erlon (1765–1844), Marshal of France in 1843 *

Thomas Robert Bugeaud Thomas Robert Bugeaud, marquis de la Piconnerie, duc d'Isly (15 October 178410 June 1849) was a Marshal of France and Governor-General of Algeria. Early life He was born at Limoges, a member of a noble family of Périgord (Occitania), the y ...

, Duke of Isly, (1784–1849), Marshal of France in 1843 * Honoré Charles Reille, Count Reille (1775–1860), Marshal of France in 1847 * Guillaume Dode de la Brunerie, Viscount de la Brunerie (1775–1851), Marshal of France in 1847

Second Republic

Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, 1848–1852

* Jérôme Bonaparte, former King of Westphalia (1784–1860), Marshal of France in 1850 *

Rémi Joseph Isidore Exelmans The Remi were an ancient Belgic tribe. Remi may also refer to: People * Georges Prosper Remi (1907–1983), a Belgian comic book writer and artist, best known for his comic ''The Adventures of Tintin'', better known as "Hergé" * Jose Vega San ...

, Count Exelmans (1775–1852), Marshal of France in 1851 * Jean Isidore Harispe, Count Harispe (1768–1855), Marshal of France in 1851 *

Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant, 1st Comte Vaillant (6 December 1790 – 4 June 1872), born in Dijon, was a Marshal of France. Vaillant entered the French army in 1809 in the corps of engineers. He served in the French invasion of Russia (18 ...

, Count Vaillant (1790–1872), Marshal of France in 1851 *

Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud Armand-Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud (20 August 1798 – 29 September 1854) was a French soldier and Marshal of France. He served as French Minister of War until the Crimean War when he became Commander-in-chief of the army of the East. Biog ...

(1798–1854), Marshal of France in 1852 * Bernard Pierre Magnan (1791–1865), Marshal of France in 1852 *

Boniface de Castellane Esprit Victor Elisabeth Boniface de Castellane, ''comte de Castellane'' (21 March 178816 September 1862), was a French military officer and ultimately a Marshal of France. Early life He was a son of Boniface Louis André de Castellane (1758–18 ...

, Marquis of Castellane (1788–1862), Marshal of France in 1852

Second Empire

Napoleon III, 1852–1870

Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers Louis-Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers (6 September 1795 – 6 June 1878), 1st Comte Baraguey d'Hilliers, was a Marshal of France and politician. Baraguey d'Hilliers was born in Paris, the son of the French revolutionary general Louis Baraguey d'H ...

, Count Baraguey d'Hilliers (1795–1878), Marshal of France in 1854 *

Aimable Pélissier Aimable-Jean-Jacques Pélissier, 1st Duc de Malakoff (6 November 179422 May 1864), was a Marshal of France. He served in Algeria and elsewhere, and as a general commanded the French forces in the Crimean War. Biography Pélissier was born at Ma ...

, Duke of Malakoff (1794–1864), Marshal of France in 1855 *

Jacques Louis Randon Jacques Louis César Alexandre Randon, 1st Count Randon (25 March 1795 – 16 January 1871) was a French military and political leader, also Marshal of France and governor of Algeria. Early life He was born at Grenoble in Dauphiné, of a Protesta ...

, Count Randon (1795–1871), Marshal of France in 1856 *

François Certain de Canrobert ) is most senior serving (oldest or responsible) and leading figure in a particular function of society (religious, education, diplomatical, governmental). In this case, the Dean is referring to de Canrobert, at the époque, as the most senior fi ...

(1809–1895), Marshal of France in 1856 *

Pierre Bosquet Pierre François Joseph Bosquet (8 November 18105 February 1861) was a French Army general. He served during the French conquest of Algeria and in the Crimean War of 1853-1856; returning from Crimea he was made a Marshal of France and a Senator ...

(1810–1861), Marshal of France in 1856 *

Patrice de MacMahon Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de MacMahon, marquis de MacMahon, duc de Magenta (; 13 June 1808 – 17 October 1893) was a French general and politician, with the distinction of Marshal of France. He served as Chief of State of France from 1873 to 1 ...

, Duke of Magenta (1809–1893), Marshal of France in 1859 * Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély (1794–1870), Marshal of France in 1859 *

Adolphe Niel Adolphe Niel (4 October 180213 August 1869) was a French Army general and statesman. He was born at Muret, Haute-Garonne and entered the École Polytechnique in 1821. Niel entered the engineer school at Metz, became lieutenant in the Engineer ...

(1802–1869), Marshal of France in 1859 *

Philippe Antoine d'Ornano Philippe Antoine d'Ornano, 1st Comte d'Ornano (January 17, 1784 – October 13, 1863) was a French soldier and political figure who rose to the rank of Marshal of France. He was made ''Count d'Ornano of the French Empire'' in 1808. He was born a ...

, Count of Ornano (1784–1863), Marshal of France in 1861 *

Élie Frédéric Forey Élie Frédéric Forey (10 January 180420 June 1872) was a Marshal of France. Biography Elie Frédéric Forey was born in Paris. He studied at the French military academy Saint-Cyr and was commissioned a lieutenant in the 2nd Light Infantry Regi ...

(1804–1872), Marshal of France in 1863 *

François Achille Bazaine François Achille Bazaine (13 February 181123 September 1888) was an officer of the French army. Rising from the ranks, during four decades of distinguished service (including 35 years on campaign) under Louis-Philippe I, Louis-Philippe and then ...

(1811–1888), Marshal of France in 1864 *

Edmond Le Bœuf Edmond Leboeuf (5 December 1809 – 7 June 1888) was a marshal of France. He joined the French army as an artillery officer. He fought in Algeria, the Crimean War (1853–1856) and the Italian War of 1859. In 1869 he became minister of war and in ...

(1809–1888), Marshal of France in 1870

Third Republic

Raymond Poincaré, 1913–1920

Joseph Joffre Joseph Jacques Césaire Joffre (12 January 1852 – 3 January 1931) was a French general who served as Commander-in-Chief of French forces on the Western Front from the start of World War I until the end of 1916. He is best known for regroupi ...

(1852–1931), Marshal of France in 1916 *

Ferdinand Foch Ferdinand Foch ( , ; 2 October 1851 – 20 March 1929) was a French general and military theorist who served as the Supreme Allied Commander during the First World War. An aggressive, even reckless commander at the First Marne, Flanders and Ar ...

(1851–1929), Marshal of France in 1918 *

(1856–1951), Marshal of France in 1918

Alexandre Millerand, 1920–1924

Joseph Gallieni Joseph Simon Gallieni (24 April 1849 – 27 May 1916) was a French soldier, active for most of his career as a military commander and administrator in the French colonies. Gallieni is infamous in Madagascar as the French military leader who e ...

(1849–1916), Marshal of France in 1921 (''posthumous'') *

Hubert Lyautey Louis Hubert Gonzalve Lyautey (17 November 1854 – 27 July 1934) was a French Army general and colonial administrator. After serving in Indochina and Madagascar, he became the first French Resident-General in Morocco from 1912 to 1925. Early in ...

(1854–1934), Marshal of France in 1921 *

Louis Franchet d'Espèrey Louis Félix Marie François Franchet d'Espèrey (25 May 1856 – 8 July 1942) was a French general during World War I. As commander of the large Allied army based at Salonika, he conducted the successful Macedonian campaign, which caused t ...

(1856–1942), Marshal of France in 1921 *

Marie Émile Fayolle Marie may refer to: People Name * Marie (given name) * Marie (Japanese given name) * Marie (murder victim), girl who was killed in Florida after being pushed in front of a moving vehicle in 1973 * Marie (died 1759), an enslaved Cree person in Tr ...

(1852–1928), Marshal of France in 1921 *

Michel-Joseph Maunoury Michel-Joseph Maunoury (17 December 1847 – 28 March 1923) was a commander of French forces in the early days of World War I who was posthumously elevated to the dignity of Marshal of France. Initially commanding in Lorraine, as the succe ...

(1847–1923), Marshal of France in 1923 (''posthumous'')

Fourth Republic

Vincent Auriol, 1947–1954

* Jean de Lattre de Tassigny (1889–1952), Marshal of France in 1952 (''posthumous'') *

Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque Philippe François Marie Leclerc de Hauteclocque (22 November 1902 – 28 November 1947) was a Free-French general during the Second World War. He became Marshal of France posthumously in 1952, and is known in France simply as le maréchal ...

(1902–1947), Marshal of France in 1952 (''posthumous'') *

(1888–1967), Marshal of France in 1952

Fifth Republic

François Mitterrand, 1981–1995

(1898–1970), Marshal of France in 1984 (''posthumous'')

Refused

This distinction was refused by : * Eugène Cavaignac (1802–1857), head of the Government of the Third Republic, in 1848 *

Louis-Jules Trochu Louis-Jules Trochu (; 12 March 18157 October 1896) was a French military leader and politician. He served as President of the Government of National Defense—France's ''de facto'' head of state—from 4 September 1870 until his resignation on 2 ...

(1815–1896), head of the

Government of National Defense The Government of National Defense (french: Gouvernement de la Défense nationale) was the first government of the Third Republic of France from 4 September 1870 to 13 February 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War. It was formed after the proclam ...

, in 1871 * Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970), president of the Provisional Government of the French Republic, in 1946

Notes

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marshals of France

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...

Lists of French military personnel Military ranks of France