Manado Malay, or simply the Manado language, is a

creole language A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable natural language that develops from the simplifying and mixing of different languages into a new one within a fairly brief period of time: often, a pidgin evolved into a full-fledged language. ...

spoken in

Manado Manado () is the capital city of the Indonesian province of North Sulawesi. It is the second largest city in Sulawesi after Makassar, with the 2020 Census giving a population of 451,916 distributed over a land area of 162.53 km2.Badan Pusa ...

, the capital of

North Sulawesi North Sulawesi ( id, Sulawesi Utara) is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the Minahasa Peninsula of Sulawesi, south of the Philippines and southeast of Sabah, Malaysia. It borders the Philippine province of Davao Occidental and Socc ...

province in

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Gui ...

, and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is , and the name Minahasa Malay is also used, after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used primarily for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography. Manado Malay differs from standard Malay in having numerous Portuguese and

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

loan words as a result of colonisation and having traits such as its use of as a first person singular pronoun, rather than as a first person inclusive plural pronoun. It is derived from

North Moluccan Malay North Moluccan Malay (also known as Ternate Malay) is a Malay-based creole language spoken on Ternate, Tidore, Halmahera, and Sula Islands, North Maluku for intergroup communications. The local name of the language is ''Bahasa Pasar'', and the ...

(Ternate Malay), which can be evidenced by the number of

Ternate Ternate is a city in the Indonesian province of North Maluku and an island in the Maluku Islands. It was the ''de facto'' provincial capital of North Maluku before Sofifi on the nearby coast of Halmahera became the capital in 2010. It is off the ...

loanwords in its lexicon. For example, the pronouns ('you', singular) and ('you', plural) are of Ternate–Tidore origin.

Phonology

Vowels

The vowel system of Manado Malay consists of five vowel phonemes.

Consonants

Manado Malay has nineteen consonants and two semivowels.

Stress

Most words in Manado Malay have stress on the pre-final syllable: However, there are also many words with final stress:

Grammar

Pronouns

Personal

Possessives

Possessives are built by adding to the personal pronoun or name or noun, then followed by the 'possessed' noun. Thus has the function similar to English "'s" as in "the doctor's uniform".

Interrogative words

The following are the

interrogative word An interrogative word or question word is a function word used to ask a question, such as ''what, which'', ''when'', ''where'', '' who, whom, whose'', ''why'', ''whether'' and ''how''. They are sometimes called wh-words, because in English most ...

s or "w-words" in Manado Malay:

Grammatical aspect

('to be') can be used in Manado Malay to indicate the

perfective aspect The perfective aspect ( abbreviated ), sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect that describes an action viewed as a simple whole; i.e., a unit without interior composition. The perfective aspect is distinguished from the ...

, e.g.: * = 'They already went down to Wenang' * = 'We ate already' or 'We have eaten already' * = 'me', 'myself', 'I' or 'we', 'us' * = 'we', 'us'.

Nasal final

The final nasals and in Indonesian are replaced by the "-ng" group in Manado Malay, similar with

Terengganu Terengganu (; Terengganu Malay: ''Tranung'', Jawi: ), formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu, is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia. The state is also known by its Arabic honorific, ''Dāru l- Īmān'' ("Abode of Faith") ...

dialect of

Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federal constitutional monarchy consists of thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions: Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo's East Mal ...

, e.g.: * (Indonesian ) = 'to eat', * (Indonesian ) = 'to walk', * (Indonesian ) = 'to shower', etc.

Prefix

"ba-" prefix

The ber- prefix in Indonesian, which serves a function similar to the English ''-ing'', is modified into ba- in Manado Malay. E.g.: (, 'walking'), (, 'swimming'), (, 'laying eggs')

"ma(°)-" prefix

° = ng, n, or m depending on phonological context. The me(°)- prefix in standard Indonesian, which also serves a function to make a verb active, is modified into ma(°)- in Manado Malay. E.g.: (, 'hooking fish'), (, 'dancing'), (, 'searching'), (, 'cooking'), (, 'crying').

Influences

Loanwords

Due to the past colonisation by the

and the Portuguese in Sulawesi, several Manado Malay words originate from their languages.

Indonesian loanwords from Manado Malay

Several words in Manado Malay are loaned to standard Indonesian: * (which indicates reciprocality) e.g.: ('to punch each other'), ('to hit each other'), ('to debate one another'), ('to laugh oneselves off'), and ('to meet each other').

References

Works cited

* * * *

External links

Alkitab Bahasa Manado
the first Bible translation into Manado Malay (2017).
Manado Malay-English-Indonesian Dictionary
Webonary. {{DEFAULTSORT:Malay, Manado, Language Agglutinative languages Malay-based pidgins and creoles Languages of Sulawesi