Maipurean languages

Arawakan (''Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan proper''), also known as Maipurean (also ''Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúre''), is a language family that developed among ancient indigenous peoples in South America. Branches migrated to Central America and the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, including what is now the Bahamas. Almost all present-day South American countries are known to have been home to speakers of Arawakan languages, the exceptions being Ecuador, Uruguay, and Chile. Maipurean may be related to other language families in a hypothetical Macro-Arawakan stock.

Name

The name ''Maipure'' was given to the family by Filippo S. Gilij in 1782, after the Maipure language of Venezuela, which he used as a basis of his comparisons. It was renamed after the culturally more important Arawak language a century later. The term ''Arawak'' took over, until its use was extended by North American scholars to the broader Macro-Arawakan proposal. At that time, the name ''Maipurean'' was resurrected for the core family. See Arawakan ''vs'' Maipurean for details.

Dispersal

The ''Arawakan linguistic matrix hypothesis'' (ALMH) suggests that the modern diversity of the Arawakan language family stems from the diversification of a trade language or lingua franca that was spoken throughout much of tropical lowland South America. Proponents of this hypothesis include Santos-Granero (2002) and Eriksen (2014). Eriksen (2014) proposes that the Arawakan family had only broken up after 600 CE, but Michael (2020) considers this to be unlikely, noting that Arawakan internal diversity is greater than that of the Romance languages. On the other hand, Blench (2015) suggests a demographic expansion that had taken place over a few thousand years, similar to the dispersals of the Austronesian and Austroasiatic language families in Southeast Asia.

Language contact

As one of the most geographically widespread language families in all of the Americas, Arawakan linguistic influence can be found in many language families of South America. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawa, Bora-Muinane, Guahibo, Harakmbet-Katukina, Harakmbet, Katukina-Katawixi, Irantxe, Jaqi, Karib, Kawapana, Kayuvava, Kechua, Kwaza, Leko, Macro-Jê, Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru, Mapudungun, Mochika, Mura-Matanawi, Nambikwara, Omurano, Pano-Takana, Pano, Takana, Puinave-Nadahup, Taruma, Tupi, Urarina, Witoto-Okaina, Yaruro, Zaparo, Saliba-Hodi, and Tikuna-Yuri language families due to contact. However, these similarities could be due to inheritance, contact, or chance.

Languages

Classification of Maipurean is difficult because of the large number of Arawakan languages that are extinct and poorly documented. However, apart from transparent relationships that might constitute single languages, several groups of Maipurean languages are generally accepted by scholars. Many classifications agree in dividing Maipurean into northern and southern branches, but perhaps not all languages fit into one or the other. The three classifications below are accepted by all:
* Ta-Maipurean = Caribbean Arawak / Ta-Arawak = Caribbean Maipuran,
* Upper Amazon Maipurean = North Amazonian Arawak = Inland Maipuran,
* Central Maipurean = Pareci–Xingu = Paresí–Waurá = Central Maipuran,
* Piro = Purus,
* Campa = Pre-Andean Maipurean = Pre-Andine Maipuran.

An early contrast between ''Ta-Arawak'' and ''Nu-Arawak'', depending on the prefix for "I", is spurious; ''nu-'' is the ancestral form for the entire family, and ''ta-'' is an innovation of one branch of the family.

Kaufman (1994)

The following (tentative) classification is from Kaufman (1994: 57-60). Details of established branches are given in the linked articles. In addition to the family tree detailed below, there are a few languages that are "Non-Maipurean Arawakan languages or too scantily known to classify" (Kaufman 1994: 58), which include these:

* Shebaye ''(†)''
* Lapachu ''(†)''
* Morique (also known as Morike) ''(†)''

Another language is also mentioned as "Arawakan":
* Salumã (also known as Salumán, Enawené-Nawé)

Including the unclassified languages mentioned above, the Maipurean family has about 64 languages. Out of them, 29 languages are now extinct: Wainumá, Mariaté, Anauyá, Amarizana, Jumana, Pasé, Cawishana, Garú, Marawá, Guinao, Yavitero, Maipure, Manao, Kariaí, Waraikú, Yabaána, Wiriná, Aruán, Taíno, Kalhíphona, Marawán-Karipurá, Saraveca, Custenau, Inapari, Kanamaré, Shebaye, Lapachu, and Morique.

;Northern Maipurean
* ''Upper Amazon branch''
* ''Maritime branch''
** Aruán (Aroã) ''(†)''
** Wapixana (also known as Wapishana): Atorada (also known as Atoraí), Mapidian (also known as Maopidyán), Wapishana
** Ta-Maipurean
** Palikur
*** Palikur (also known as Palikúr)
*** Marawán ''(†)''
;Southern Maipurean
* ''Western branch''
** Amuesha (also known as Amoesha, Yanesha’)
** Chamicuro (also known as Chamikuro)
* '' Central branch''
* ''Southern Outlier branch''
** Terêna (dialects: Kinikinao, Terena, Guaná, Chané)
** Moxos group (also known as Moho)
*** Moxos (Ignaciano & Trinitario)
*** Baure
*** Paunaka (also known as Pauna–Paikone)
** Piro group
* '' Campa branch'' (also known as Pre-Andean)

Kaufman does not report the extinct Magiana of the Moxos group.

Aikhenvald (1999)

Apart from minor decisions on whether a variety is a language or a dialect, changing names, and not addressing several poorly attested languages, Aikhenvald departs from Kaufman in breaking up the ''Southern Outlier'' and ''Western'' branches of Southern Maipurean. She assigns Salumã and Lapachu ('Apolista') to what is left of Southern Outlier ('South Arawak'); breaks up the ''Maritime'' branch of Northern Maipurean, though keeping Aruán and Palikur together; and is agnostic about the sub-grouping of the ''North Amazonian'' branch of Northern Maipurean.

The following breakdown uses Aikhenvald's nomenclature followed by Kaufman's:
;North Arawak = Northern Maipurean
*Rio Branco = Kaufman's Wapishanan (2) Mawayana"_and_Mawakwa_as_a_possible_dialect.html" ;"title="Mawayana_language.html" ;"title="ith Mapidian under the name " Mawayana"_and_Mawakwa_as_a_possible_dialect">Mawayana_language.html"_;"title="ith_Mapidian_under_the_name_"Mawayana_language">Mawayana"_and_Mawakwa_as_a_possible_dialect*Palikur_=_Kaufman's_Palikur_+_ Mawayana"_and_Mawakwa_as_a_possible_dialect">Mawayana_language.html"_;"title="ith_Mapidian_under_the_name_"Mawayana_language">Mawayana"_and_Mawakwa_as_a_possible_dialect*Palikur_=_Kaufman's_Palikur_+_Aroã_language">Aruán_(3)
*Caribbean_Arawakan.html" ;"title="Aroã_language.html" ;"title="Mawayana language">Mawayana" and Mawakwa as a possible dialect">Mawayana_language.html" ;"title="ith Mapidian under the name "Mawayana language">Mawayana" and Mawakwa as a possible dialect*Palikur = Kaufman's Palikur + Aroã language">Aruán (3)
*Caribbean Arawakan">Caribbean = Ta-Maipurean (8) [incl. Shebaye]
*Upper Amazon Arawakan, North Amazonian = Upper Amazon (17 attested)
;South and South-Western Arawak = Southern Maipurean
*South Arawak = Terena + Kaufman's Moxos group + Enawene Nawe language, Salumã + Lapachu Apolista'(11)
* Pareci–Xingu = Central Maipurean (6)
* South-Western Arawak = Piro (5)
* Campa (6)
* Amuesha (1)
* Chamicuro (1)

Aikhenvald classifies Kaufman's unclassified languages apart from Morique. She does not classify 15 extinct languages which Kaufman had placed in various branches of Maipurean.

Aikhenvald (1999:69) classifies Mawayana with Wapishana together under a Rio Branco branch, giving for Mawayana also the names "Mapidian" and "Mawakwa" (with some reservations for the latter).

Ramirez (2001)

Internal classification of Arawakan by Henri Ramirez (2001):Ramirez, Henri (2001).
Línguas arawak da Amazônia Setentrional
'. Manaus: Universidade Federal do Amazonas.
PDF

:2 subgroups, 10 divisions († = extinct)

*unclassified: ''Yanesha, Chamicuro''
*Western
** unclassified: ''† Yumana, † Passé''
** Japurá-Colombia division
*** ''Piapoko, Achagua; Baniwa-Koripako, Tariana; Warekena, Mandawaka; Kabiyari; Yukuna, Wainumá-Mariaté''
*** ''† Kauixana''
*** ''Resígaro''
** Upper Rio Negro division
*** ''† Baré, † Guinau, † Anauyá-Yabahana''
** Upper Orinoco division
*** ''† Pareni, Yavitero''
*** ''† Maipure''
** Negro-Roraima division
*** ''† Arua''
*** ''† Manao, † Wirina, † Bahuana, † Cariaí''
*** ''Wapixana, Atorai''
*** ''† Mawayana''
** Juruá-Jutaí division
*** ''† Marawa''
*** ''† Waraiku''
** Purus-Ucayali division
*** ''Apurinã; Piro, Kuniba, Kanamari, Manxineri ''
*** ''Kampa''
** Bolivia-Mato Grosso division
*** ''Baure, Mojeño''
*** ''Tereno, † Kinikinao''
** Caribe-Venezuela division
*** ''Lokono; Iñeri, Garífuna; † Taino; † Caquetio''
*** ''Guajiro, † Paraujano''
*Eastern
** Amapá division
*** ''Palikur, † Marawá''
** Xingu-Tapajós division
*** ''Waurá, Mehinaku; Yawalapiti''
*** ''Pareci, † Sarave''

Walker & Ribeiro (2011)

Walker & Ribeiro (2011), using Bayesian computational phylogenetics, classify the Arawakan languages as follows.

The internal structures of each branch is given below. Note that the strictly binary splits are a result of the Bayesian computational methods used.

*Northeast
** Marawan, Palikúr
*South
** Kinikinau, Terena
**(''branch'')
*** Baure
*** Moxos: Trinitario, Ignaciano
*Western Amazonia
**(''branch'')
*** Apurinã
***(''branch'')
****Iñapari
**** Piro, Manxineri
**(''branch'')
*** Caquinte
***(''branch'')
**** Asheninka
****(''branch'')
***** Machiguenga, Nomatsiguenga
* Amuesha, Chamicuro
*Circum-Caribbean
** Waraicu, Marawa
**(''Core branch'')
***(''Island branch'')
****Taíno
****Island Carib, Garífuna
***Lokono
*** Paraujano, Guajiro
*Central Brazil
**(''branch'')
*** Saraveka
*** Enawene Mawe, Paresí
**(''branch'')
*** Yawalapití
*** Waurá, Mehináku
*Central Amazonia
**(''branch'')
*** Anauyá
*** Guinau, Baré
**(''branch'')
*** Bahuana, Manao
***(''branch'')
**** Arua
****(''branch'')
***** Cabiai
***** Mawayana, Wapixana
*Northwest Amazonia
**(''branch'')
*** Maipure
***(''branch'')
**** Yavitero
**** Baniva, Warekena
**(''branch'')
*** Pasé, Yumana
***(''branch'')
**** Resígaro
****(''branch'')
**** Cabiyari
*****(''branch'')
***** Kauixana
******(''branch'')
******Yukuna
****** Mariaté, Wainumá
***(''branch'')
**** Achagua, Piapoco
****(''branch'')
***** Mandawaka, Guarekena
*****(''branch'')
****** Tariana
******(''branch'')
******* Kurripako
******* Baniwa, Karutana

Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery. 2016.
Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
'. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.

(† = extinct)

*Arawak
**'' Yanesha''
**Western
***'' Aguachile'' †
***'' Chamikuro''
*** Mamoré- Paraguai
**** Mamoré- Guaporé (Portuguese article)
*****Mojo-Paunaka
******Mojo: '' Ignaciano''; '' Trinitario''
******'' Paunaka''
*****Baure-Paikoneka
******Baure: '' Baure''; '' Joaquiniano''; '' Muxojeone'' †
******'' Paikoneka'' †
****Terena: '' Chane'' †; '' Guana'' †; '' Kinikinau''; ''Terena''
***Negro- Putumayo
****Jumana-Pase: '' Jumana'' †; ''Pase'' †
****'' Kaishana'' †
****Nawiki
*****'' Kabiyari''
*****Karu-Tariana
******Karu: '' Baniwa''; '' Kuripako''
******'' Tariana''
*****'' Mepuri'' †
*****Piapoko-Achagua: '' Achagua''; '' Piapoko''
*****'' Wainambu'' †
*****Warekena-Mandawaka: '' Warekena''; '' Mandawaka'' †
*****Yukuna-Wainuma: '' Mariate'' †; '' Wainuma'' †; ''Yukuna''
****'' Resigaro''
****'' Wirina'' †
*** Orinoco
****Yavitero-Baniva: '' Baniva''; '' Yavitero'' †
****'' Maipure'' †
*** Pre-Andine
****Ashaninka-Nomatsigenga
*****'' Nomatsigenga''
*****'' Machiguenga''-'' Nanti''
*****Ashaninka-Kakinte
******'' Kakinte''
******Ashaninka-Asheninka
*******Ashaninka: '' Ashaninka''
*******Asheninka: '' Asheninka Pajonal''; '' Asheninka Perene''; '' Asheninka Pichis''; '' Asheninka Ucayali''; '' Ashininka''
*** Purus
****'' Apurinã''
****''Iñapari''
****Piro-Manchineri: '' Kanamare'' †; '' Kuniba'' †; '' Manchineri''; '' Mashko Piro''; '' Yine''
**Eastern
***Lower Amazon
****Atlantic: '' Marawan'' †; ''Palikur''
**** Guaporé-Tapajós
*****'' Saraveka'' †
*****Tapajós: '' Enawene-Nawe''; '' Paresi''
**** Xingu
*****'' Kustenau'' †
*****Waura-Mehinako: '' Mehinaku''; '' Waura''
*****''Yawalapiti''
****Waraiku: '' Waraiku'' †
*** Solimões-Caribbean: '' Marawan'' †; ''Palikur''
****'' Marawa'' †
**** Caribbean
*****'' Kaketio'' †
*****Wayuu-Añun
******'' Añun''
******''Wayuu''
*****Lokono-Iñeri
******Iñeri: ''Garifuna''; '' Kalhiphona'' †
******''Lokono''
*****'' Shebayo'' †
*****'' Taino'' †
****Negro-Branco
*****'' Arua'' †
*****'' Mainatari'' †
*****Negro
******Bare-Guinao: '' Bare''; '' Guinao'' †
******Bawana-Kariai-Manao: ''Bawana'' †; '' Kariai'' †; '' Manao'' †
******'' Yabaana'' †
***** Branco
******'' Mawayana''
******Wapishana-Parawana: '' Aroaki'' †; '' Atorada''; '' Parawana'' †; ''Wapishana''

Nikulin & Carvalho (2019)

Internal classification by Nikulin & Carvalho (2019: 270):Nikulin, Andrey; Fernando O. de Carvalho. 2019
Estudos diacrônicos de línguas indígenas brasileiras: um panorama
''Macabéa – Revista Eletrônica do Netlli'', v. 8, n. 2 (2019), p. 255-305.
PDF

*'' Yanesha’''
*'' Chamicuro''
*''Palikur''
*Maritime
**''Island Carib''; ''Garífuna''
**''Lokono''; '' Wayuunaiki'', '' Añun''
* Rio Branco
**'' Wapixana''
**'' Mawayana''
*Japurá-Colômbia
**''Piapoco''
**'' Achagua''
**''Yucuna''
**'' Resígaro''
**'' Tariana''
**'' Baniwa-Koripako''
**'' Warekena Antigo''
*Orinoco
**'' Baré''
**'' Yavitero''
**'' Baniva of Guainia''
**'' Maipure''
**'' Warekena of Xié''
*Central
**'' Paresí''
**'' Enawenê-Nawê''
**Xingu
***'' Yawalapití''
***'' Waurá''; '' Mehináku''
*Purus
**'' Apurinã''
**''Iñapari''; '' Yine/Manxinéru''
*Campa
**'' Nomatsiguenga''
**'' Matsiguenga''
**'' Nanti''
**'' Caquinte''
**'' Asháninka''
**'' Ashéninka''
*Bolívia-Paraná
**'' Baure''; '' Carmelito''; '' Joaquiniano''
**''Terena''; '' Paunaka''; '' Mojeño (Trinitário, Ignaciano, Loretano, Javeriano)''

Phonological innovations characterizing some of the branches:
*''Maritime'': loss of medial Proto-Arawakan *-n-.
**''Lokono-Wayuu'': first person singular prefix *ta- replacing *nu-. Carvalho also reconstructs the suffix *-ja (possibly a deictic) and *kabɨnɨ ‘three’ as characteristic of this subgroup.
*''Campa'': lexical innovations such as *iNʧato ‘tree’, *-taki ‘bark’, *-toNki ‘bone’, etc. There are also typological innovations due to contact with Andean languages such as Quechua.

Ramirez (2020)

The internal classification of Arawakan by Henri Ramirez (2020) is as follows. This classification differs quite substantially from his previous classification (Ramirez 2001), but is very similar to the one proposed by Jolkesky (2016).

:12 subgroups consisting of 56 languages (29 living and 27 extinct) († = extinct)

* Japurá-Colombia (Portuguese article)
**† '' Mepuri''
**† '' Yumana'', † ''Passé''
**† '' Kauixana''
**Peripheral
***† '' Mandawaka'', '' Warekena (do San Miguel)''; '' Baniwa- Koripako''
***''Piapoco'', '' Achagua''; '' Kabiyari''
***† '' Resígaro''
***† '' Wainumá-Mariaté''
***''Yukuna''
*Upper Orinoco
**'' Baniva de Maroa''
**† '' Pareni-Yavitero''
**† '' Maipure''
*Central-Amazon-Antilles ? (probable branch)
**Amazon-Antilles
***'' Guajiro'', † '' Paraujano''
***† '' Taino'', '' Iñeri'', '' Loko'', † '' Marawá''
***? † '' Waraiku''
***? † '' Wirina''
**Middle Rio Negro
***† '' Baré''
***† '' Guinau''
***† '' Anauyá''; † '' Mainatari'', † '' Yabahana''
**Central
***† '' Bahuana''; † '' Manao'', † '' Cariaí''
***† '' Aruã''
*** Pidjanan
****† '' Mawayana''
****'' Wapixana'', † '' Parawana'', † '' Aroaqui''
***? † '' Shebayo''
* Mato Grosso-Palikur ? (probable branch)
** Amapá
***''Palikur''
** Mato Grosso
*** Xingu
****'' Waurá''
****''Yawalapiti''
*** Xaray
****'' Salumã''
****'' Pareci''
****† '' Sarave''
*Bolivia-Purus-Kampa-(Amuesha) ? (probable branch)
**Bolivia
***'' Baure''
***'' Pauna''; '' Mojeño'', '' Tereno''
** Purus
***† ''Iñapari''
***'' Piro''
***'' Apurinã''
***† '' Cararí''
**Pre-Andine
***'' Kampa''
**Pozuzo
***'' Amuesha''
*Lower Ucayali
**† '' Chamicuro''
**? † '' Moríque''

Varieties

Below is a full list of Arawakan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.

;Island languages
*Taino / Nitaino - once spoken in the Conquest days on the Greater Antilles Islands of Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico and Jamaica. Dialects are:
**Taino of Haiti and Quisqueya - extinct language of the island were Dominican Republic and The Republic of Haiti.
**Taino of Cuba - once spoken on the island of Cuba; in the nineteenth century only in the villages of Jiguaní, Bayano, and Quivicán; now the last descendants speak only Spanish.
**Borinquen - once spoken on the island of Puerto Rico.
**Yamaye - once spoken on the island of Jamaica.
**Lucaya - once spoken on the Bahamas Islands.
*Eyed / Allouage - once spoken in the Lesser Antilles.
* - spoken on the eastern part of the island of Trinidad.
*Naparina - once spoken on the island of Trinidad. (Unattested.)
*Caliponau - language spoken by the women of the Carib tribes in the Lesser Antilles.

;Guiana language
*Arawak / Aruaqui / Luccumi / Locono - spoken in the Guianas. Dialects are:
**Western - spoken in Guyana.
**Eastern - spoken in French Guiana on the Curipi River and Oyapoque River.

;Central group
*Wapishana / Matisana / Wapityan / Uapixana - spoken on the Tacutu River, Mahú River, and Surumú River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil, and in the adjoining region in Guyana.
*Amariba - once spoken at the sources of the Tacutu River and Rupununi River, Guyana. (Unattested.)
*Atorai / Attaraye / Daurí - spoken between the Rupununi River and Kuyuwini River, Guyana.

;Mapidian group
*Mapidian / Maotityan - spoken at the sources of the Apiniwau River, Guyana, now perhaps extinct.
*Mawakwa - once spoken on the Mavaca River, Venezuela.

;Goajira group
*Goajira / Uáira - language spoken on the Goajira Peninsula in Colombia and Venezuela with two dialects, Guimpejegual and Gopujegual.
*Paraujano / Parancan / Parawogwan / Pará - spoken by a tribe of lake dwellers on Lake Maracaibo, Zulia state, Venezuela.
*Alile - once spoken on the Guasape River, state of Zulia, Venezuela. (Unattested.)
*Onota - once spoken between Lake Maracaibo and the Palmar River in the same region, Zulia state, Venezuela. (Unattested.)
*Guanebucán - extinct language once spoken on the Hacha River, department of Magdalena, Colombia. (Unattested.)
*Cosina / Coquibacoa - extinct language of a little known tribe of the Serranía Cosina, Goajira Peninsula, Colombia. (Unattested.)

;Caquetío group
*Caquetío - extinct language once spoken on the islands of Curaçao and Aruba near the Venezuelan coast, on the Yaracuy River, Portuguesa River, and Apure River, Venezuela. (only several words)
*Ajagua - once spoken on the Tocuyo River near Carera, state of Lara, Venezuela. (only two words and patronyms.)
*Quinó - once spoken in the village of Lagunillas, state of Mérida, Venezuela. (Nothing.)
*Tororó / Auyama - once spoken in the village of San Cristóbal, state of Táchira. (Febres Cordero 1921, pp. 116–160 passim, only six words.)
*Aviamo - once spoken on the Uribante River, state of Táchira. (Unattested.)
*Tecua - once spoken on the Lengupa River and in the village of Teguas, department of Boyacá, Colombia. (Unattested.)
*Yaguai - once spoken on the Arichuna River, state of Apure, Venezuela. (Unattested.)
*Cocaima - once spoken between the Setenta River and Matiyure River, state of Apure, Venezuela. (Unattested.)
*Chacanta - once spoken on the Mucuchachi River, state of Mérida. (Unattested.)
*Caparo - once spoken on the Caparo River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.)
*Támud - once spoken northeast of the Sagamoso River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.)
*Burgua - once spoken near San Camilo on the Burgua River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.)
*Cuite - once spoken on the Cuite River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.)
*Queniquea - once spoken in the same hill region in Colombia on the Pereno River. (Unattested.)
*Chucuna - once spoken between the Manacacías River and Vichada River, territories of Meta and Vichada, Colombia. (Unattested.)
*Guayupe - spoken on the Güejar River and Ariari River, Meta territory.
*Sae - once spoken by the neighbors of the Guayupe tribe in the same region. (Unattested.)
*Sutagao - spoken once on the Pasca River and Sumapaz River, Meta territory. (Unattested.)
*Chocue / Choque - once spoken on the Herorú River and Guayabero River, Meta territory. (Unattested.)
*Eperigua - once spoken at the sources of the Güejar River and near San Juan de los Llanos, Meta territory. (Unattested.)
*Aricagua - once spoken in the state of Mérida, Venezuela. (Unattested.)
*Achagua - spoken on the Apure River and Arauca River in the department of Boyacá and territory of Meta, Colombia.
*Piapoco / Mitua / Dzáse - spoken on the Guaviare River, territory of Vaupés, Colombia.
*Cabere / Cabre - once spoken on the Teviare River and Zama River, Vichada territory.
*Maniba / Camaniba - spoken by a little known tribe that lived on the middle course of the Guaviare River, Vaupés territory, Colombia. (Unattested.)
*Amarizana - extinct language once spoken on the Vera River and Aguas Blancas River, territory of Meta.

;Maypure group
*Maypure - extinct language once spoken in the village of Maipures, Vichada territory, Colombia. Inhabitants now speak only Spanish.
*Avani / Abane - once spoken on the Auvana River and Tipapa River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela. (Gilij 1780-1784, vol. 3, p. 383, only six words.)

;Guinau group
*Baníva - language spoken on the Orinoco River, especially in the village of San Fernando de Atabapo, Amazonas territory, Venezuela.
*Yavitero / Pareni / Yavitano - spoken on the Atabapo River in the village of Yavita.

;Guinau group
*Guinau / Inao / Guniare / Temomeyéme / Quinhau - once spoken at the sources of the Caura River and Merevari River, state of Bolívar, Venezuela, now perhaps extinct.

;Baré group
*Baré / Ihini / Arihini - spoken on the Casiquiare River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela, and on the upper course of the Negro River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.
*Uarequena - spoken on the Guainía River, Vaupés territory, Colombia.
*Adzáneni / Adyána / Izaneni - spoken at the sources of the Caiarí River and on the Apui River, frontier of Colombia and Brazil.
*Carútana / Corecarú / Yauareté-tapuya - spoken on the frontier between Colombia and Brazil on the Içana River.
*Katapolítani / Acayaca / Cadaupuritani - spoken on the Içana River in the village of Tunuhy, Brazil.
*Siusí / Ualíperi-dákeni / Uereperidákeni - spoken on the lower course of the Caiarí River and Içana River and on the middle course of the Aiari River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.
*Moriwene / Sucuriyú-tapuya - spoken on the Içana River in the village of Seringa Upita, state of Amazonas, Brazil.
*Mapanai / Ira-tapuya - spoken on the Içana River near Cachoeira Yandú, state of Amazonas.
*Hohodene / Huhúteni - spoken on the Cubate River, state of Amazonas.
*Maulieni / Káua-tapuya - spoken on the Aiari River, state of Amazonas.

;Ipéca group
*Ipéca / Kumada-mínanei / Baniva de rio Içana - spoken on the Içana River near the village of San Pedro, frontier region of Brazil and Colombia.
*Payualiene / Payoariene / Pacu-tapuya - spoken in the same frontier region on the Arara-paraná River.
*Curipaco - spoken on the Guainía River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela.
*Kárro - spoken in the territory of Amazonas on the Puitana River.
*Kapité-Mínanei / Coatí-tapuya - spoken at the sources of the Içana River, Vaupés territory, Colombia.

;Tariana group
*Tariana / Yavi - spoken in the villages of Ipanoré and Yauareté on the Caiarí River, Vaupés Territory, Colombia.
*Iyäine / Kumandene / Yurupary-tapuya - spoken in the same region north of the Tariana tribe. Now only Tucano is spoken. (Unattested.)
*Cauyari / Acaroa / Cabuyarí - once spoken on the Cananari River and on the middle course of the Apaporis River, territory of Amazonas, Colombia. Now perhaps extinct.

;Mandauáca group
*Mandauáca / Maldavaca - spoken on the Baria River, Capabury River, and Pasimoni River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela.
*Cunipúsana - once spoken in Amazonas territory on the Siapa River. (Unattested.)

;Manáo group
*Manáo / Oremanao / Manoa - extinct language once spoken around the modern city of Manaus on the Negro River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.
*Arina - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Marauiá River, Amazonas state. (Unattested.)
*Cariay / Carihiahy - extinct language once spoken between the Negro River, Araçá River, and Padauari River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil.
*Bahuana - spoken between the Padauari River and Araçá River. (Unattested.)
*Uaranacoacena - extinct language once spoken between the Branco River, Negro River, and Araçá River, Amazonas. (Unattested.)
*Arauaqui - extinct language once spoken between the Negro River and Uatuma River. A few descendants now speak only Lingua Geral or Portuguese. (Unattested.)
*Dapatarú - once spoken between the Uatuma River and Urubu River and on the island of Saracá, Amazonas. (Unattested.)
*Aniba - once spoken on the Aniba River and around Saracá lagoon. (Unattested.)
*Caboquena - once spoken on the Urubu River, Amazonas. (Unattested.)
*Caburichena - once spoken on the right bank of the Negro River. (Unattested.)
*Seden - once spoken between the Uatuma River and Negro River. (Unattested.)

;Uirina group
*Uirina - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Marari River, territory of Rio Branco.
*Yabaána / Jabâ-ana / Hobacana - language of a tribe in the territory of Rio Branco, on the Marauiá River and Cauaburi River.
*Anauyá - spoken by a little known tribe on the Castaño River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela.

;Chiriána group
*Chiriána / Barauána - spoken between the Marari River and Demini River, territory of Rio Branco.

;Yukúna group
*Yukúna - spoken on the Miritíparaná River, Amazonas territory, Colombia.
*Matapí - spoken in the same region, Amazonas territory, near Campoamor. (Unattested.)
*Guarú / Garú - spoken on the Mamurá River, Cuama River, and Meta River, territory of Caquetá, Colombia.

;Resigaro group
*Resigaro / Rrah~nihin / Rosigaro - spoken by a few families on the Igaraparaná River near Casa Arana.

;Araicú group
*Marawa / Maragua - spoken in the nineteenth century between the Juruá River and Jutai River, now in a single village at the mouth of the Juruá River, Amazonas.

;Araicú group
*Araicú / Waraikú - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Jandiatuba River and on the right bank of the Jutai River, Amazonas.

;Uainumá group
*Uainumá / Ajuano / Wainumá / Inabishana / Uainamby-tapuya / Uaypi - extinct language once spoken on the Upi River, a tributary of the Içá River, Amazonas.
*Mariaté / Muriaté - extinct language once spoken at the mouth of the Içá River.

;Jumana group
*Jumana / Shomana - extinct language once spoken on the Puruê River and Juami River, Amazonas state.
*Passé / Pazé - extinct language once spoken between the Negro River, Japurá River, and Içá River. The few descendants now speak only Portuguese.

;Cauishana group
*Cauishana / Kayuishana / Noll-hína - now spoken by a few families on the Tocantins River and on Lake Mapari, Amazonas.
*Pariana - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Marauiá River. (Unattested.)

;Pre-Andine group
*Campa / Anti / Atzíri / Thampa / Kuruparia - spoken on the Urubamba River and Ucayali River, department of Cuzco, Peru.
*Machiganga / Ugunichire / Mashigango - spoken in the department of Cuzco on the Mantaro River, Apurimac River, Urubamba River, and Paucartambo River

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