Lycaeides idas

''Plebejus idas'', the Idas blue or northern blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It belongs to the subfamily of Polyommatinae (Babendreier, 2003).

Subspecies

Subspecies include the following:

* ''Plebejus idas acreon'' (Fabricius, 1787)
* ''Plebejus idas alaskensis'' F. Chermock, 1945
* ''Plebejus idas altarmenus'' (Forster, 1936)
* ''Plebejus idas argulus'' (Frey, 1882)
* ''Plebejus idas aster'' (Edwards, 1882)
* ''Plebejus idas atrapraetextus'' Field, 1939
* ''Plebejus idas bavarica'' (Forster, 1936)
* ''Plebejus idas bellieri'' (Oberthür, 1910)
* ''Plebejus idas empetri'' Freeman, 1938
* ''Plebejus idas longinus'' (Nabokov, 1949)
* ''Plebejus idas lotis'' Lintner, 1879
* ''Plebejus idas magnagraeta'' Verity, 1936
* ''Plebejus idas nabokovi'' (Masters, 1972)
* ''Plebejus idas sareptensis'' Chapman, 1917
* ''Plebejus idas scudderi'' (Edwards, 1861)
* ''Plebejus idas sublivens'' (Nabokov, 1949)
* ''Plebejus idas tshimganus'' (Forster, 1936)

''Plebejus idas lotis'' (syn. ''Lycaeides idas lotis'', ''Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis'', ''Plebejus anna lotis'') - commonly known as ''lotis blue butterfly'' - is a critically endangered subspecies native to Mendocino County, California,"Lotis Blue Butterfly"
Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office with sightings in Sonoma and Marin counties. It has been listed as an endangered species since June 1, 1976,"Lotis Blue Butterfly"
, Xerxes society Profile but is believed to be extinct since it has not been seen in the wild since 1994.

This butterfly is very rare with low population densities. This mainly due to human disturbance effecting and creating changes in vegetation. According to the Nature Conservancy, it is critically endangered. It is ranked as Ti, critically imperiled (Zverev, 2021).
In the summer of 2014, a fire in Vastmanland in South Central Sweden affected an area of 13,100 ha. After the fire the Idas Blues along with other species increased in numbers. This is presumed to be because of an increase in larval host plant abundance.

Distribution

This species can be found in most of Europe (except parts of Spain, southern Italy and the United Kingdom), in the northern regions of the Palearctic (Siberia, mountains of South Siberia and Yakutia) and in the Nearctic realms.

Habitat

It usually inhabits grassy flowery areas, mixed evergreen forests and wet meadows up to alpine levels, at an elevation of above sea level.

Description

''Plebejus idas'' has a wingspan of 17–28 mm.Northern Blue
Butterflies of Canada This species is quite variable in colors and markings. The upperside of male's wings is iridescent blue, while it is brown with orange submarginal spots in the females. The underface of the wings is greyish with black spots and it shows a thin black line and small dots along outer margin. Along these margins are also present a rather large orange band with blue spots.

This species is very similar to the Silver studded blue ('' Plebejus argus'') and to the Reverdin's blue ('' Plebejus argyrognomon''). The forelegs of male of ''Plebejus idas'' lacks a hook which is present in ''Plebejus argus''.

Biology

The species flies in a single brood from June to August depending on location. The larvae feed on ''Calluna vulgaris'', ''Vaccinium uliginosum'', ''Empetrum nigrum'' and various Fabaceae species (mainly '' Cercis siliquastrum'', '' Melilotus albus'', ''Lotus corniculatus'', ''Cytisus'', '' Genista tinctoria'', ''Trifolium pratense'', '' Chrysaspis campestris'', ''Astragalus alpinus'' and '' Anthyllis''). They are usually attended by ants (''Lasius'' and '' Formica'' species). Second-stage of the caterpillars overwinter. Male butterflies will patrol and find plants to host the female butterflies. The female butterflies will lay the eggs on the host plant stems or debris (Bálint, 2020).

In culture

A character of Margaret Atwood's '' MaddAddam'' book trilogy is named after the lotis blue butterfly.

Gallery

File: Lycaeidas idas 01 (HS).jpg, Mating pair
File: Lycaeidas idas 03 (HS).jpg, Female, upperside
File:Plebeius-idas-male-HH.jpg, Mounted specimen. Male, upperside
File:Plebeius-idas-male-u-HH.jpg, Male, underside
Idas blue (Plebejus idas baldur) female Bulgaria.jpg, ''P. i. baldur'', Bulgaria
Idas blue (Plebejus idas baldur) female underside Bulgaria.jpg, ''P. i. baldur'', Bulgaria

References

Babendreier, Kuske, S., & Bigler, F. (2003). Non-target host acceptance and parasitism by Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in the laboratory. Biological Control, 26(2), 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00121-4

Bálint, & Karbalaye, A. (2020). Plebejus alizadehorum sp. n. from Western Iran (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Polyommatinae: Polyommatini). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin, 16(2), 329–334. https://doi.org/10.23885/181433262020162-329334

Zverev, & Kozlov, M. V. (2021). The Fluctuating Asymmetry of the Butterfly Wing Pattern Does Not Change along an Industrial Pollution Gradient. Symmetry (Basel), 13(4), 626–. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040626

External links

Larvae of North-European Lepidoptera

Lepiforum.de

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1093306

Plebejus
Butterflies of Europe
Butterflies described in 1761
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus