The love of Christ is a central element of Christian belief and theology.''Christian theology: the spiritual tradition'' (2002) by John Glyndwr Harris. . Page 193. It refers to the love of

Jesus Christ Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label=Hebrew/Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other names and titles), was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious ...

for humanity, the love of

Christians Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words '' Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρ ...

for Christ, and the love of Christians for others. These aspects are distinct in Christian teachings—the love for Christ is a reflection of his love for all people. The theme of love is the key element of Johannine writings. This is evidenced in one of the most widely quoted scriptures in the Bible: ( John 3:16) ”For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten

Son A son is a male offspring; a boy or a man in relation to his parents. The female counterpart is a daughter. From a biological perspective, a son constitutes a first degree relative. Social issues In pre-industrial societies and some current c ...

, that whosoever believeth on him should not perish, but have eternal life.” In the Gospel of John, the

pericope A pericope (; Greek , "a cutting-out") in rhetoric is a set of verses that forms one coherent unit or thought, suitable for public reading from a text, now usually of sacred scripture. Also can be used as a way to identify certain themes in a cha ...

of the

Good Shepherd The Good Shepherd ( el, ποιμὴν ὁ καλός, ''poimḗn ho kalós'') is an image used in the pericope of , in which Jesus Christ is depicted as the Good Shepherd who lays down his life for his sheep. Similar imagery is used in Psalm 23 ...

( John 10:1-21) symbolizes the sacrifice of Jesus based on his love for people. In that gospel, love for Christ results in the following of his commandments, the Farewell Discourse ( 14:23) stating: "If a man loves me, he will keep my word". In the

First Epistle of John The First Epistle of John is the first of the Johannine epistles of the New Testament, and the fourth of the catholic epistles. There is no scholarly consensus as to the authorship of the Johannine works. The author of the First Epistle is ter ...

( 4:19), the reflexive nature of this love is highlighted: "We love, because he first loved us", expressing the love of Christ as a mirroring of Christ's own love. Towards the end of the

Last Supper Image:The Last Supper - Leonardo Da Vinci - High Resolution 32x16.jpg, 400px, alt=''The Last Supper'' by Leonardo da Vinci - Clickable Image, Depictions of the Last Supper in Christian art have been undertaken by artistic masters for centuries, ...

, Jesus gives his disciples a new commandment: "Love one another, as I have loved you ... By this shall all men know that you are my disciples." The love of Christ is also a motif in the

Letters of Paul The Pauline epistles, also known as Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament attributed to Paul the Apostle, although the authorship of some is in dispute. Among these epistles are some of the earliest ext ...

. The basic theme of the Epistle to the Ephesians is that of God the Father initiating the work of

salvation Salvation (from Latin: ''salvatio'', from ''salva'', 'safe, saved') is the state of being saved or protected from harm or a dire situation. In religion and theology, ''salvation'' generally refers to the deliverance of the soul from sin and its ...

through Christ, who willingly sacrifices himself based on his love and obedience to the Father. Ephesians 5:25 states "Christ also loved the church, and gave himself up for it". Ephesians 3:17-19 relates the love of Christ to the knowledge of Christ and considers loving Christ to be a necessity for knowing him. Many prominent Christian figures have expounded on the love of Christ.

Saint Augustine Augustine of Hippo ( , ; la, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Afr ...

wrote that "the common love of truth unites people, the common love of Christ unites all Christians".

Saint Benedict Benedict of Nursia ( la, Benedictus Nursiae; it, Benedetto da Norcia; 2 March AD 480 – 21 March AD 548) was an Italian Christian monk, writer, and theologian who is venerated in the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Orient ...

instructed his

monk A monk (, from el, μοναχός, ''monachos'', "single, solitary" via Latin ) is a person who practices religious asceticism by monastic living, either alone or with any number of other monks. A monk may be a person who decides to dedica ...

s to "prefer nothing to the love of Christ".''Walled about with God'' (2005) by Jean Prou and David Hayes. Page 113. Saint

Thomas Aquinas Thomas Aquinas, OP (; it, Tommaso d'Aquino, lit=Thomas of Aquino; 1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and priest who was an influential philosopher, theologian and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism; he is known wit ...

stated that although both Christ and God the Father had the power to restrain those who killed Christ on Calvary, neither did, due to the perfection of the love of Christ. Aquinas also opined that, given that "perfect love" casts out fear, Christ had no fear when he was crucified, for his love was all-perfect. Saint

Teresa of Avila Teresa (also Theresa, Therese; french: Thérèse) is a feminine given name. It originates in the Iberian Peninsula in late antiquity. Its derivation is uncertain, it may be derived from Greek θερίζω (''therízō'') "to harvest or rea ...

considered perfect love to be an imitation of the love of Christ.''Teresa of Avila'' (2004) by Rowan Williams. . Page 108.

Love of Christ for his followers

Sées (61) Cathédrale Notre-Dame Salvator mundi

The love of Christ for his disciples and for humanity as a whole is a theme that repeats both in Johannine writings and in several of the Pauline Epistles. John 13:1, which begins the narrative of the

, describes the love of Christ for his disciples: "having loved his own that were in the world, he loved them unto the end." This use of "to the end" in

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

(in which the gospel was written) may also be translated as "to the utmost".''1-3 John, Volume 5'' (2007) by John MacArthur. . Page 230. In the

( 4:19) the reflexive nature of this love is highlighted: "We love, because he first loved us", expressing the origin of the love as a mirroring of Christ's love. The theology of the

intercession of Christ Intercession of Christ is the Christian belief in the continued intercession of Jesus and his advocacy on behalf of humanity, even after he left the earth.''Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 13'' by James Hastings and John A. Selbie 2003 ...

from Heaven after he left the earth, draws upon his continued love for his followers and his ongoing desire to bring them to salvation as in 1 John 2:1-2 and Romans 8:34.''Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 13'' (2003) by James Hastings and John A. Selbie. . Page 384. In many Christological models, the love of Christ for his followers is not mediated by any other means but is direct. It resembles the love of the shepherd for his sheep, and the nourishment that

the Vine The True Vine ( ''hē ampelos hē alēthinē'') is an allegory or parable given by Jesus in the New Testament. Found in John , it describes Jesus' disciples as branches of himself, who is described as the "true vine", and God the Father the " ...

(cf. John 15:1-17) provides for the branches.''Who do you say that I am? Essays on Christology'' (1999) by Jack Dean Kingsbury, Mark Allan Powell and David R. Bauer. . Pages 255–256. In other models, the love is partially delegated to the apostles who formed the early church, and through them, it is passed to their successors. The

of the

appears about midway through the Gospel of John ( 10:1-21), and in John 1-11 Jesus states that as the good shepherd he will lay down his life for his sheep.''Commentary on John'' (1993) by Thomas Whitelaw. . Page 229. This concept is then basis of Jesus' commands to

Apostle Peter An apostle (), in its literal sense, is an emissary, from Ancient Greek ἀπόστολος (''apóstolos''), literally "one who is sent off", from the verb ἀποστέλλειν (''apostéllein''), "to send off". The purpose of such sending ...

after his resurrection and before his Ascension to Heaven. In John 21:15-17, a resurrected Jesus asks Peter three times, "Do you love me?" And as a response, Jesus commands Peter three times to "feed my lambs", "tend my sheep" and "feed my sheep", implying that love for Christ should translate to loving actions and care for his followers.''Thematic Guide to Biblical Literature'' (2007) by Nancy M. Tischler. . Pages 65–67. The basic theme of the Epistle to the Ephesians is that of God the Father initiating the work of salvation through Christ, who is not merely a passive instrument in this scenario but takes an active role in the work of salvation. In Ephesians 5:1-2, Paul calls upon the Ephesians to be imitators of God: :Be ye therefore imitators of God, as beloved children; and walk in love, even as Christ also loved you, and gave himself up for us, an offering and a sacrifice to God. Paul continues this idea in Ephesians 5:25 and states that: "Christ also loved the church, and gave himself up for it".''New Testament Christology'' (1999) by Frank J. Matera. . Pages 155–156. The discussion of the love expressed by Christ throughout the New Testament is part of the overall theme of the outpouring of love from a merciful God and Christ's participation in it. In John 14:31, Jesus explains that his sacrificial act was performed so "that the world may know that I love the Father, and as the Father gave me commandment, even so I do." This verse includes the only direct statement by Jesus in the New Testament about his love for the Father.''Preaching the Gospel of John: proclaiming the living Word'' (2004) by Lamar Williamson. . Page 192. In the

Book of Revelation The Book of Revelation is the final book of the New Testament (and consequently the final book of the Christian Bible). Its title is derived from the first word of the Koine Greek text: , meaning "unveiling" or "revelation". The Book of ...

( 19:7-9), the imagery of the wedding feast of the Lamb represents the celebration of the culmination of this cycle of love and mercy of God, which begins in the first chapter of the

Book of Genesis The Book of Genesis (from Greek ; Hebrew: בְּרֵאשִׁית ''Bəreʾšīt'', "In hebeginning") is the first book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament. Its Hebrew name is the same as its first word, ( "In the beginning" ...

, and ends in salvation.

Love of Christians for Christ

In the New Testament

The theme of love is the key element of Johannine writings: "God loves Christ, Christ loves God, God loves humanity, and Christians love God through their love for Christ". Christians are bound together through their mutual love, which is a reflection of their love for Christ.''The Gospel of John: The New Daily Study Bible, Vol 2'' (2001) by William Barclay. . Page 197. The word "love" appears 57 times in the

Gospel of John The Gospel of John ( grc, Εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ Ἰωάννην, translit=Euangélion katà Iōánnēn) is the fourth of the four canonical gospels. It contains a highly schematic account of the ministry of Jesus, with seven "sig ...

, more often than in the other three gospels combined.''That You Might Believe - Study on the Gospel of John'' (2001) by Jonathan Gainsbrugh. ISBN Page 628. Additionally, it appears 46 times in the

. In the Gospel of John, love for Christ results in the following of his commandments. In John 14:15, Jesus states, "If you love me, you will keep my commandments." and John 14:23 reconfirms that: "If a man love me, he will keep my word".''The People's New Testament Commentary'' (2005) by M. Eugene Boring and Fred B. Craddock. ISBN Pages 338–340. The dual aspect to the above is Jesus' commandment to his followers to love one another.''The Gospel of John'' (1998) by Francis J. Moloney and Daniel J. Harrington. . Page 425.''The Gospel of John'' (1994) by Frederick Bruce. . Page 294. In John 13:34-35, during the

, after the departure of

Judas Judas Iscariot (; grc-x-biblical, Ἰούδας Ἰσκαριώτης; syc, ܝܗܘܕܐ ܣܟܪܝܘܛܐ; died AD) was a disciple and one of the original Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ. According to all four canonical gospels, Judas betr ...

, and just before the start of the Farewell Discourse, Jesus gives a new commandment to his eleven remaining disciples: "Love one another; as I have loved you" and states that: "By this shall all men know that you are my disciples." Outside of

Johannine literature Johannine literature is the collection of New Testament works that are traditionally attributed to John the Apostle, John the Evangelist, or to the Johannine community. They are usually dated to the period , with a minority of scholars such as Joh ...

, the earliest New Testament reference to the love for Christ is 1 Corinthians 16:22—"If any man loveth not the Lord, let him be anathema". In 2 Corinthians 5:14-15, Paul discusses how the love of Christ is a guiding force and establishes a link between Christ's sacrifice and the activities of Christians: : For the love of Christ controls us; for we are convinced that one died for all, therefore all died; and he died for all, that they who live should no longer live unto themselves, but unto him who for their sakes died and rose again. However, Paul assures the Corinthians that he is not trying to commend himself to them. The love of Christ controls his ministry because of his conviction in the saving power of the sacrifice of Christ.''New Testament Christology'' (1999) by Frank J. Matera. . Page 100. This dovetails into Paul's Second Adam Christology in

1 Corinthians 15 1 Corinthians 15 is the fifteenth chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus. The first eleven verses contain the earliest account o ...

in which the birth, death and

Resurrection of Jesus The resurrection of Jesus ( grc-x-biblical, ἀνάστασις τοῦ Ἰησοῦ) is the Christian belief that God raised Jesus on the third day after his crucifixion, starting – or restoring – his exalted life as Christ and Lo ...

liberate Christians from the transgressions of Adam. In the First Epistle to the Corinthians ( 13:8-13), Paul views love of Christ as the key element that makes a personal communion with God possible, based on the three activities of "faith in Christ", "hope in Christ" and "love for Christ".''Christ, the sacrament of the encounter with God'' (1987) by Edward Schillebeeckx. . Page 182. In 1 Corinthians 13:13, he states: "Abide in faith, hope and love, these three; and the greatest of these is love." The love of Christ is an important theme in the Epistle to the Romans.''Reading Romans: a literary and theological commentary'' (2008) by Luke Timothy Johnson. . Page 87. In Romans 8:35 Paul asks, "What can separate us from the love of Christ?" And he answers:''A commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians'' (2001) by John Muddiman. . Pages 172–173. "Shall tribulation, or anguish, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword? ... Nay, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him that loved us." The use of "love of Christ" in Romans 8:35 and the "love of God" in 8:39 reflects Paul's focus on joining Christ and God in the experience of the believer without asserting their equality.''The Epistle to the Romans'' (1996) by Douglas J. Moo. . Page 547. In the Epistle to the Ephesians ( 3:17-19) Paul relates the love of Christ to the knowledge of Christ, and considers the love of Christ as a necessity for knowing him:''The letters to the Galatians and Ephesians'' (2002) by William Barclay. . Pages 152–153. :"... to know the love of Christ which is beyond all knowledge, that you may be filled until you reach the fullness of God himself." Paul views the knowledge of Christ obtained through the "immeasurable love of Christ" (as in Ephesians 3:17-19) as surpassing other forms of spiritual knowledge, as in 1 Corinthians 2:12 which considers "spiritual knowledge" as divine knowledge acting within the human mind.

Later Christian writers

referred to Ephesians 3:14 and suggested that the bowing of the knees to the Father is the best way to come to know the love of Christ. Then building on the concept that "the common love of truth unites people, the common love of Christ unites all Christians," Augustine taught that faith in Christ implies community in the Church, and that the goal of Christians should be the unity of mankind.

emphasized the importance of the love of Christ to his monks, and in keeping with the rest of his Christology, focused on the non-earthly aspects.''Benedict's Rule: A Translation and Commentary'' (1996) by Terrence G. Kardong. . Pages 596–597. Benedict wanted his monks to love Christ as "he had loved us", and again stated the reflexive nature of the love: "prefer nothing to Christ, for he preferred nothing to us". The Rule of Benedict also reminds the monks of the presence of Christ in the most humble and the least powerful of men, who can nonetheless experience and manifest a deep love of Christ. Saint

viewed the perfect love of Christ for humanity as a key element of his willing sacrifice as the Lamb of God and stated that although both Christ and God the Father had the power to restrain those who killed Christ on Calvary, neither did, due to the perfection of the love of Christ.''Aquinas on Doctrine'' (2004) by Thomas Weinandy, John Yocum and Daniel Keating. . Pages 123–124. Referring to 1 John and

Ephesians The Epistle to the Ephesians is the tenth book of the New Testament. Its authorship has traditionally been attributed to Paul the Apostle but starting in 1792, this has been challenged as Deutero-Pauline, that is, pseudepigrapha written in Pau ...

, Aquinas stated that given that "perfect love" casts out fear, Christ had no fear, for the love of Christ was all-perfect.''Summa Theologiae: Volume 49, The Grace of Christ'' (2006) by Thomas Aquinas and Liam G. Walsh. . Pages 21–23. Aquinas also emphasized the importance of avoiding distractions that would separate those in religious life from their love of Christ.''Reading John With St. Thomas Aquinas'' (2005) by Michael Dauphinais and Matthew Levering. . Page 98. Saint

considered perfect love to be an imitation of the love of Christ. For her, the path to perfect love included a constant awareness of the love received from God, and the acknowledgement that nothing in the human soul has a claim to the outpouring of God's unconditional love.

Love of Christ for his followers

Love of Christians for Christ

In the New Testament

Later Christian writers

See also

References

Further reading