Liu Yizheng

Liu Yizheng (; 1880–1956) was a Chinese historian, calligrapher, librarian, cultural scholar, educator, and academic leader. He is known for his personal charisma, spirit and eruditeness. In modern Chinese academic field, it is said that the number of famous experts in various fields including in literature, history, geography, philosophy and even natural science he educated and enlighted was the most. Liu Yizheng and Wang Bohang were honorifically called Nanyong Double Pillars (Two pillars of Nanjing University) during early period of Republic of China.

Biography

Early life under the Qing dynasty

Born and educated under the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), Liu passed the first level of the imperial civil service examination a few years before its abolition in 1905.Tze-ki Hon, "Educating the Citizens: Visions of China in Late Qing Historical Textbooks," in ''The Politics of Historical Production in Late Qing and Republican China'', edited by Tze-ki Hon and Robert J. Culp (Leiden: Brill, 2007), p. 85. In the early 1900s his mentor the philologist Miao Quansun (繆荃蓀; 1844–1919) put him in charge of writing a textbook on Chinese national history that had been commissioned by the reformist high official Zhang Zhidong (1837–1909). Liu's ''Brief Account of the Past'' (''Lidai shilue'' 歷代史略), an adaptation of Japanese historian Naka Michiyo's (那珂通世; 1851–1908) ''General History of China'' (''Shina tsūshi'' 支那通史), was published in Nanjing by a government press in 1902. After a two-month visit to Meiji Japan in 1902 during which he was impressed by the new Japanese education system, Liu used his new textbook to teach history in schools that had been created as part of the late Qing "New Policies" (''Xinzheng'' 新政, 1901–1911). In 1905 the new Ministry of Education (''Xuebu'' 學部) officially designated Liu's ''Brief Account'' as a national textbook.

Republican times

After the Qing fell and was replaced by a Republican government, Liu opposed Hu Shih's call for a "literary revolution" that consisted in replacing classical Chinese with more vernacular forms of writing, a kind of reform advocated by the intellectuals of the New Culture Movement. Refusing to ascribe China's recent difficulties to Confucianism or traditional Chinese culture, Liu attributed them to the Manchurian domination, the Opium War, corrupt government, warlords, and all kinds of social problems which, he argued, is not the consequence of practice but the absence of practice of Confucianism.

In the 1920s Liu wrote several historical articles for the ''Critical Review'' (''Hsuehheng'' 學衡), a journal that was founded in 1922 at National Southeastern University (later renamed National Central University and Nanjing University) .Q. Edward Wang, "Toward a Humanist Interpretation of Tradition: The Hermeneutics of the 'Critical Review Group'," in ''Interpretation and Intellectual Change: Chinese Hermeneutics in Historical Perspective'', edited by Ching-I Tu (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2005), p. 270. In some of these articles he defended the value of traditional historical scholarship, disagreeing with Gu Jiegang and other advocates of the Doubting Antiquity School, who doubted the reliability of ancient Chinese historical records. Liu's ''History of Chinese Culture'' (''Zhongguo wenhua shi'' 中國文化史), a cultural history of China from times immemorial to the 1920s, was first serialized in the ''Critical Review'' from 1925 to 1929 before being published as a book in 1932. Though Liu's scholarship is usually viewed as conservative, his book laid the foundation for a discussion of China as a cultural entity rather than a racial one as was common at the time.Tze-ki Hon, "Cultural Identity and Local Self-Government: A Study of Liu Yizheng's ''History of Chinese Culture''," ''Modern China'' 30.4 (October 2004): 508.

In 1927, Liu Yizheng served as the curator of National Study Library (Chinese Study Library) which later merged with National Central Library and formed the new Nanjing Library. In the library he founded Live and Read System, providing long-term devoted readers vacant rooms to live. Many such readers later call the library Alma Mater.

Works

Liu Yizheng wrote several books on Chinese history, including on the history of education, commerce, and culture. His books also include Business Ethics, An Introduction to Edition, etc. ''History of Chinese Culture'' () and ''Essentials of National History'' () are his most important works.

Notes

{{DEFAULTSORT:Liu, Yizheng
1880 births
1956 deaths
Members of Academia Sinica
Writers from Zhenjiang
People's Republic of China historians
Republic of China historians
National Central University faculty
Nanjing University faculty
Northeastern University (China) faculty
Beijing Normal University faculty
Zhejiang University faculty
20th-century Chinese historians
Educators from Zhenjiang
Historians from Jiangsu