List of works by Bede
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Bede Bede ( ; ang, Bǣda , ; 672/326 May 735), also known as Saint Bede, The Venerable Bede, and Bede the Venerable ( la, Beda Venerabilis), was an English monk at the monastery of St Peter and its companion monastery of St Paul in the Kingdom ...
.


Bede's list of his works

At the end of Bede's most famous work, the ''
Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum The ''Ecclesiastical History of the English People'' ( la, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum), written by Bede in about AD 731, is a history of the Christian Churches in England, and of England generally; its main focus is on the conflict b ...
'', Bede lists his works. His list includes several books that have not survived to the present day; it also omits a few works of his which he either omitted or which he wrote after he finished the ''Historia''. His list follows, with an English translation given; the title used to describe the work in this article is also given, for easier reference.The translation is taken from Giles' edition of Bede, with some slight modernization in regard to capitalization. Giles, ''Complete Works'', pp. 314–317.Laistner & King, ''Hand-List'', p. 154. In addition, the following works are listed below but are not mentioned by Bede: * De Locis Sanctis * Letter to Albinus * Letter to Egbert * De die iudicii * A poem in thirteen couplets * ''
Paenitentiale Bedae The ''Paenitentiale Bedae'' (also known as the ''Paenitentiale Pseudo-Bedae'', or more commonly as either Bede's penitential or the Bedan penitential) is an early medieval penitential handbook composed around 730, possibly by the Anglo-Saxon mo ...
''


Works


Biblical commentaries

''Commentary on Acts'' *Description: Completed shortly after 709.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 20. *Latin titles: One of the two books referred to in Bede's list as ''In actus apostolorum libros II'' *Editions: **ed. Laistner ''Retractation'' *Description: Probably completed between 725 and 731. *Latin titles: One of the two books referred to in Bede's list as ''In actus apostolorum libros II'' *Editions: **ed. Laistner ''Commentary on the Apocalypse'' *Description: Completed between 702 and 709.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 25. *Latin titles: ''Explanatio Apocalypsis'' (also ''Expositio Apocalypseos'').Gryson, "Bedae presbyteri Expositio Apocalypseos", CCSL Described in Bede's list as ''In apocalypsin sancti Iohannis libros III'' *Editions: **ed. Roger Gryson. ''Bedae presbyteri Expositio Apocalypseos''. CCSL 121A. Bedae Opera 2:5. Turnhout: Brepols, 2001. ''Commentary on the Catholic Epistles'' *Description: One of these seven commentaries (on
John I John I may refer to: People * John I (bishop of Jerusalem) * John Chrysostom (349 – c. 407), Patriarch of Constantinople * John of Antioch (died 441) * Pope John I, Pope from 523 to 526 * John I (exarch) (died 615), Exarch of Ravenna * John I ...
) is known to have been completed at the same time as the ''Commentary on Acts'', which was completed shortly after 709. It is possible that the commentaries were not all completed at the same time.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 31. *Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as ''In epistolas VII catholicas libros singulos'' *Editions: ''Collectaneum on the Pauline Epistles'' *Description: *Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as ''In apostolum quaecumque in opusculis sancti Augustini exposita inveni, cuncta per ordinem transscribere curavi'' *Editions: In Migne's ''Patrology'', a work by Florus on the Pauline Epistles was printed as by Bede; the error was subsequently recognized but no edition of this work of Bede's has yet been printed.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', pp. 37–38. ''Commentary on Ezra and Nehemiah'' *Description: Composed between 725 and 731.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 39. *Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as ''In Ezram et Neemiam libros II'' *Editions: ''Commentary on Genesis'' This exists in two forms; an early version in two books, and a later, revised version in four books.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 41. The work comments on the first twenty chapters of Genesis and the first ten verses of the twenty-first chapter.Giles, ''Works'', VII, p. x. ''Commentary on the Prayer of Habakkuk'' It is not known when Bede composed this commentary.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 43. Bede dedicated the work to "his dearly beloved sister and virgin of Christ", but gives no further clues to the dedicatee's identity. Bede's commentary draws on the work of
Jerome Jerome (; la, Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was a Christian priest, confessor, theologian, and historian; he is co ...
and on
Augustine Augustine of Hippo ( , ; la, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Afr ...
's ''City of God''.Connolly & Scully, ''Bede: On Tobit and the Canticle of Habakkuk'', pp. 18–21. ''Commentary on Luke'' *Description: Composed between 709 and 716.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 44. *Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as ''In evangelium Lucae libros VI'' *Editions: ''Commentary on Mark'' *Description: Composed after 716.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 50. *Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as ''In evangelium Marci libros IIII'' *Editions: ''Commentary on Proverbs'' *Description: The date of composition of this work cannot be fixed, though it is likely to have been composed at about the same time as the ''Commentary on the Song of Songs''.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 56. *Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as ''In proverbia salomonis libros III''. Also appears in some manuscripts as ''In parabolas Salomonis'', or ''Super parabolas Salomonis''. *Editions: ''Quaestiones XXX'' *Description: The date of composition of this work cannot be fixed; Laistner suggests that it is similar in style to Bede's later biblical commentaries and may have been composed in about 725. The work consists of answers to thirty questions posed by Nothhelm to Bede on passages from I and II Samuel, and I and II Kings.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 62. *Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as ''In regum librum quaestiones XXX''. Also appears in some manuscripts as ''In parabolas Salomonis'', or ''Super parabolas Salomonis''. *Editions: ''Commentary on Samuel'' *Description: The first three books were written by June 716, when Abbot
Ceolfrith Saint Ceolfrid (or Ceolfrith, ; c. 642 – 716) was an Anglo-Saxon Christian abbot and saint. He is best known as the warden of Bede from the age of seven until his death in 716. He was the Abbot of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey, and a major contri ...
departed for Rome; the fourth book was begun after Ceolfrith's successor, Hwaetberht, had been appointed.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 65. *Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as ''In primam partem Samuhelis, id est usque ad mortem Saulis libros IIII''. *Editions: ''Commentary on the Song of Songs'' *Description: This work, one of Bede's longest, consists of an introduction on Divine Grace; five books of commentary on the Song of Songs; and a final section of extracts from the works of
Gregory the Great Pope Gregory I ( la, Gregorius I; – 12 March 604), commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, was the bishop of Rome from 3 September 590 to his death. He is known for instigating the first recorded large-scale mission from Rome, the Gregoria ...
. It is not known when any of these parts were composed.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 66. *Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as ''In cantica canticorum librum VII''. *Editions: ''De tabernaculo'' *Description: The date of composition is uncertain but is likely to have been around 721, or perhaps shortly thereafter.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 70. *Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as ''De tabernaculo et vasis eius ac vestibus sacerdotum, libros III''. *Editions: ''De templo Salomonis'' Composed not long before 731.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 75. This work discusses the passage in 1 Kings 3:1 to 7:51 in which Solomon builds a temple. Bede was here extending a long tradition of commentary on the temple in patristic literature.Connolly, ''On the Temple'', pp. xvii–xviii. ''Commentary on Tobit'' Laistner suggests that this may have been written at about the same time as ''De templo Salmonis'', since in both Bede stresses allegorical interpretation; however, he comments that there is no textual evidence to support this.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 78. There is no other indication of the date of composition. As with the commentary on Habakkuk, Bede draws on the work of
Jerome Jerome (; la, Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was a Christian priest, confessor, theologian, and historian; he is co ...
and on
Augustine Augustine of Hippo ( , ; la, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Afr ...
's ''City of God''.


Geography

''De Locis Sanctis'' *Description: Probably composed before 709; the dates of 702–703 have been suggested and seem likely to be correct.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 83. *Latin titles: Not mentioned by Bede in his list of his works. *Editions:


Hagiography

''Life of St. Anastasius'' There are no surviving manuscripts of this work, though one did survive as late as the 15th century.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 87. ''Life of St. Felix'' An adaptation into prose of four poems on St Felix by Paulinus of Nola. ''Life of St. Cuthbert (verse)'' Bede wrote two lives of St Cuthbert; this one is in verse and was probably composed between 705 and 716.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', pp. 88–89. The first printed edition was by Canisius, in his ''Antiquae Lectiones'', which appeared between 1601 and 1604.Giles, Works of Bede, I, p. clxviii. Laistner lists twenty manuscripts, including one fragment; a 20th-century edition that includes a discussion of nineteen of the manuscripts is Werner Jaager, ''Bedas metrische Vita Sancti Cuthberti'' (1935). ''Life of St. Cuthbert (prose)'' Bede wrote two lives of St Cuthbert; this one is in prose and was composed in about 721. It is in part based on an earlier life of St Cuthbert, anonymous but probably written by a monk of
Lindisfarne Lindisfarne, also called Holy Island, is a tidal island off the northeast coast of England, which constitutes the civil parish of Holy Island in Northumberland. Holy Island has a recorded history from the 6th century AD; it was an important ...
.Colgrave, ''Two Lives of St Cuthbert'', p. 14. ''Martyrology'' *Description: Bede probably wrote this between 725 and 731.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', pp. 90–91. *Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as ''Martyrologium de nataliciis sanctorum martyrum diebus; in quo omnes, quos invenire potui, non-solum qua die, verum etiam quo genere certaminis, vel sub quo iudice mundum vicerint, diligenter adnotare studui''. *Editions:


History

''Ecclesiastical History of the English People'' *Description: A history of the founding and growth of the English church, from the mission of
Augustine of Canterbury Augustine of Canterbury (early 6th century – probably 26 May 604) was a monk who became the first Archbishop of Canterbury in the year 597. He is considered the "Apostle to the English" and a founder of the English Church.Delaney ''D ...
to Bede's day. Includes a short introductory section on the history of Britain prior to Augustine's mission. *Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as ''Historiam ecclesiasticam nostrae insulae ac gentis in libris V''.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 93. Generally known as ''Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum''. *Editions: ** ** ''Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Old English version)'' *Description: An Old English version of Bede's ''Ecclesiastical History''. *Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as ''Historiam ecclesiasticam nostrae insulae ac gentis in libris V''.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 111. *Editions: ''History of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow'' *Description: This was definitely composed after 716, and was probably completed between 725 and 731.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 112. *Latin titles: Described in Bede's list as ''Historiam abbatum monasterii huius, in quo supernae pietati deservire gaudeo, Benedicti, Ceolfridi, et Huaetbercti, in libellis duobus''. *Editions:


Homilies

''Homilies'' Bede's list of his works refers to two books of homilies, and these are preserved. In addition, innumerable homilies exist that have been attributed to him; in most cases the attribution is spurious but there may be additional homilies of Bede beyond those in the main two books that survive.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', pp. 114–116. It is unclear whether the homilies were ever actually preached, or were instead intended for devotional reading. They are organized around particular dates in the church calendar, with forty of them dealing with either Christmas or Easter. The remaining ten are concerned with the feast days of saints. The homilies are thought to be among Bede's later works, dating perhaps to the late 720s. Thirty-four of them were included in a widely disseminated anthology of readings put together in
Charlemagne Charlemagne ( , ) or Charles the Great ( la, Carolus Magnus; german: Karl der Große; 2 April 747 – 28 January 814), a member of the Carolingian dynasty, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and the first E ...
's reign by
Paul the Deacon Paul the Deacon ( 720s 13 April in 796, 797, 798, or 799 AD), also known as ''Paulus Diaconus'', ''Warnefridus'', ''Barnefridus'', or ''Winfridus'', and sometimes suffixed ''Cassinensis'' (''i.e.'' "of Monte Cassino"), was a Benedictine monk, ...
. It is possible that Bede composed these homilies to complement the work of
Gregory the Great Pope Gregory I ( la, Gregorius I; – 12 March 604), commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, was the bishop of Rome from 3 September 590 to his death. He is known for instigating the first recorded large-scale mission from Rome, the Gregoria ...
, who had assembled his own collection of homilies: the two sets of homilies only have one reading in common, and that reading is one which Gregory had indicated needed further attention.Martin & Hurst, ''Homilies on the Gospels'', pp. vi–xxii.


Letters

Bede lists five letters in the list he gives of his works in the ''Historia Ecclesiastica'', as follows: "Item librum epistolarum ad diversos: quarum de sex aetatibus saeculi una est; de mansionibus filiorum Israhel una; una de eo quod ait Isaias; 'et claudentur ibi in carcerem et post dies multos visitabantur'; de ratione bisexti una; de aequnioctio iuxta Anatolium una". Two additional letters are known: the letter to Albinus he wrote to accompany a copy of the ''Historia Ecclesiastica'', and the ''Epistle to Egbert''.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 119. The first five letters below are the ones Bede mentioned; they are given in the same order that Bede describes them. ''Letter to Plegwin'' One of Bede's works on chronology, ''De temporibus'', led to him being accused of heresy in front of Wilfred, the bishop of York; Bede was not present but heard of the charge from a monk named Plegwin. This letter is Bede's response to Plegwin; he justifies his work and asks Plegwin to deliver the letter to a monk named David so that it could be read to Wilfred. The letter was first published in Dublin in 1664 by Sir James Ware.Giles, ''Works'', I, p. clxxiv. Five manuscripts survive. ''Letter to Acca: "de eo quod ait Isaias"'' This letter was first published in 1843 by J. A. Giles, in his edition of the complete works of Bede. Giles used the only known manuscript, Paris B.N. 2840.Giles, ''Works'', I, clxxvi ''Letter to Acca: "de mansionibus filiorum Israhel"'' As with the previous letter to Acca, the first publication was in J.A. Giles' 1843 edition of Bede's works. There are two manuscripts of this letter; it appears in Paris B.N. 2840, and also in a manuscript now in Zurich. ''Letter to Helmwald'' Bede's letter to Helwmald was published in 1980 in the CCSL series, edited by C.W. Jones. An English translation by Faith Wallis appeared in 1999. ''Letter to Wicthede'' Bede's letter to Wicthede was first printed in Hervagius's 1563 folio editions of Bede's works, but the manuscript Hervagius used included a reference to the year 776. It was argued on this basis that the letter was not by Bede, but subsequently a comparison with other manuscripts determined that the passage was a spurious interpolation, and the letter is now accepted as genuine.Giles, ''Works'', I, p. clxxv. Many manuscripts are now known; Laistner lists over thirty.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 121. ''Letter to Albinus'' Bede wrote this short letter to Albinus, the abbot of the monastery of St Peter and St Paul in Canterbury, to thank him for providing documents to Bede to assist him in writing the ''Ecclesiastical History''. With the letter Bede sent a copy of his ''De templo Salomonis'', and also a copy of the ''History''; the date of the letter is therefore after 731, when the ''History'' was completed. The letter was sent to Albinus in the hands of Nothhelm, a London priest who subsequently became Archbishop of Canterbury.Giles, ''Works'', I, pp. clxxii–clxxiii.Keynes, "Nothhelm", pp. 335 336. The text was first published by Jean Mabillon in his ''Vetera Analecta'', which began publication in 1675. Mabillon used a manuscript from the monastery of St Vincent in
Metz Metz ( , , lat, Divodurum Mediomatricorum, then ) is a city in northeast France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers. Metz is the prefecture of the Moselle department and the seat of the parliament of the Grand ...
which has since been lost. The text survives in two twelfth-century manuscripts from Austria: London, British Library, Add. 18329 (from St. Georgenberg-Fiecht), and Göttweig, Stiftsbibliothek, 37 (rot). ''Letter to Egbert'' This letter is not included in Bede's list of his own writings. Bede completed the letter on 5 November 734, not long before his death on 26 May 735; in it he explains that he is unable to visit Egbert, as he had the previous year, and so is writing to him instead.Farmer, ''Bede'', pp. 335–337. The letter contains Bede's complaints about what he saw as the errors of the ecclesiastics of his day, including monasteries that were religious in name only, ignorant and careless clergy, and a lack of monastic discipline.Plummer, ''Bedae Opera Historica'', pp. xxxiv–xxxv. Egbert was Bishop of York at the time Bede wrote to him; he was raised to the archbishopric later that year, and Bede was probably aware of his impending elevation. The letter was first published in Dublin in 1664 by Sir James Ware, using Harley 4688, a manuscript now in the British Museum.Plummer, ''Bedae Opera Historica'', I, p. cxlii.


Hymns and poems

In Bede's list of his works, he describes a book of hymns: "Librum hymnorum diverso metro sive rhythmo" and a book of poems: "Librum epigrammatum heroico metro sive elegiaco". Although manuscripts by these names survived to the 15th century, none are extant today. However, some of Bede's verse was transmitted through other manuscripts.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', pp. 122–123. In addition, Bede included poems in several of his prose works, and these have occasionally been copied separately and thus transmitted independently of their parent work. ''Hymns'' Only one hymn is definitely by Bede; his ''Hymn on Queen Etheldryd'', which is part of his ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' but which appears independently in some manuscripts. An additional fifteen hymns are thought to be of Bede's composition. Thirteen of these now survive only in a 16th-century printed edition; two further hymns, on psalms XLI and CXXII, have survived in manuscript form. ''De die iudicii'' The poem ''De die iudicii'' is assigned to Bede by most scholars.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', pp. 124–127. ''Liber epigrammatum'' Bede refers to a book of epigrams; the work is not entirely lost but has survived only in fragments. In the early 16th century, the
antiquary An antiquarian or antiquary () is an aficionado or student of antiquities or things of the past. More specifically, the term is used for those who study history with particular attention to ancient artifacts, archaeological and historic si ...
John Leland transcribed a selection of epigrams from a now-lost manuscript; his selection includes several epigrams attributed to Bede which are likely to have come from the book Bede refers to. Leland's source was originally owned by
Milred Milred (died 774) (also recorded as Mildred and Hildred) was an Anglo-Saxon prelate who served as Bishop of Worcester from until his death in 774. Life Milred was consecrated between 743 and 745. He attended the major council of Clofesho in 7 ...
, bishop of
Worcester Worcester may refer to: Places United Kingdom * Worcester, England, a city and the county town of Worcestershire in England ** Worcester (UK Parliament constituency), an area represented by a Member of Parliament * Worcester Park, London, Engla ...
from 745 to 775. Historian Michael Lapidge suggests that Milred's collection of epigrams was assembled early in Milred's tenure as bishop, perhaps in about 750.Lapidge, ''Anglo-Latin Literature, 600–899'', pp. 357–358. ''Bede's Death Song'' Cuthbert's letter on Bede's death, the ''Epistola Cuthberti de obitu Bedae'', is understood to indicate that Bede also composed a five line vernacular poem known to modern scholars as Bede's Death Song ''Other poems'' The only other surviving poem of Bede's that is not part of one of Bede's prose works is a prayer in thirteen elegiac couplets which survives in a tenth-century manuscript in garbled form; it was first printed correctly in 1912.Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', pp. 129–130.


School treatises

Bede describes two of his school treatises in his list of works as "Item librum de metrica arte et huic adiectum alium de schematibus sive tropis libellum, hoc est de figuris modisque locutionum, quibus scriptura sancta contexta est".Laistner & King, ''Hand-list'', p. 131–132. The first is "a book on the art of poetry", and the second is a "little book of tropes and figures; that is, of the figures and manners of speaking in which the Holy Scriptures are written".Giles, ''Complete Works'', p. 317. The majority of extant manuscripts of these treatises contain both of them. ''De arte metrica'' *Description: This first part is a treatise on Latin metre and prosody, consisting of verse examples with commentary.Campbell, "Bede", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' Having stressed the distinction between letters (''litterae'', which he leaves for discussion in the second part ''De schematibus et tropis'') and syllables (''syllabae''), Bede explains the rules of syllabic quantity and the way these apply to metrical patterns. Bede's treatise can be compared with ''De metris'' and ''De pedum regulis'' by
Aldhelm Aldhelm ( ang, Ealdhelm, la, Aldhelmus Malmesberiensis) (c. 63925 May 709), Abbot of Malmesbury Abbey, Bishop of Sherborne, and a writer and scholar of Latin poetry, was born before the middle of the 7th century. He is said to have been the ...
, whose educational approach is more theoretical and mathematical than Bede's and less focused on actual practice. In the event, it was Bede's treatise rather than those of Aldhelm which became the popular textbook until the Renaissance period. *Latin titles: ''De Arte Metrica''; also known, more rarely, as ''De Metrica Ratione''.Jones, "Bedae opera didascalica", CCSL *Editions: **ed. C.W. Jones. ''Bedae opera didascalica''. CCSL 123A. 3 vols. Turnhout: Brepols, 1975. 59–141. ''De schematibus et tropis'' *Description: This second part is a shorter treatise, including an alphabetic overview of letters (''litterae'') and their importance to
scansion Scansion ( , rhymes with ''mansion''; verb: ''to scan''), or a system of scansion, is the method or practice of determining and (usually) graphically representing the metrical pattern of a line of verse. In classical poetry, these patterns are ...
. *Latin titles: *Editions: Kendall (ed.), CCSL 123A (1975): 81–171; Kendall (ed. and tr.), ''Libri II De arte metrica et De schematibus et tropis: The Art of Poetry and Rhetoric'' (1991). Recently, the fragment of a pre-Conquest English copy has been noted in the 11th-century manuscript Worcester Cathedral MS Q.5, which was not used by Kendall in his edition of the work. ''De orthographia'' *Description: *Latin titles: *Editions:


Scientific treatises

''De natura rerum'' Bede completed ''De natura rerum'' shortly after ''De temporibus'', which was written in 703.Wallis, ''Reckoning of Time'', p. lxiv. The work is modelled on the ''De natura rerum'' of
Isidore of Seville Isidore of Seville ( la, Isidorus Hispalensis; c. 560 – 4 April 636) was a Spanish scholar, theologian, and archbishop of Seville. He is widely regarded, in the words of 19th-century historian Montalembert, as "the last scholar of ...
. ''De temporibus'' This work was completed in 703. It contains a short chronicle which was sometimes copied separately, known as the ''Chronica minora''. There are also manuscripts of ''De temporibus'' which omit the chronicle.Laistner & King, "Hand-List", pp. 144–145. It is a treatise covering the basics of the ''
computus As a moveable feast, the date of Easter is determined in each year through a calculation known as (). Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Paschal full moon, which is the first full moon on or after 21 March (a fixed approx ...
'', the medieval study of calculating the correct dates for the Christian calendar.Wallis, ''Reckoning of Time'', p. lxv. Bede used much material from Isidore of Seville's ''Etymologies'' for this work.Wallis, ''Reckoning of Time'', p. lxxx. ''De temporum ratione'' This work was completed in 725. It contains a chronicle which was often copied separately, known as the ''Chronica maiora''. There are also manuscripts of ''De temporum ratione'' which omit the chronicle. The work was known to medieval readers as ''De temporibus'', but since that was also the title of an earlier work by Bede it was also referred to as ''De temporibus liiber secundus''.Wallis, ''Reckoning of Time'', p. xvi. Like ''De temporibus'' it deals with ''
computus As a moveable feast, the date of Easter is determined in each year through a calculation known as (). Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Paschal full moon, which is the first full moon on or after 21 March (a fixed approx ...
'', but at much greater length. Bede's treatment of the topic was widely and rapidly disseminated during the Middle Ages; over one hundred manuscripts have survived to the present day, almost half of which were copied within a century of the work's composition.Wallis, ''Reckoning of Time'', p. lxxxvii. This may be because Charlemagne instituted educational reforms that included making ''computus'' part of the curriculum.Wallis, ''Reckoning of Time'', pp. lxxxviii–lxxxix.


Doubtful works

''De octo quaestionibus'' According to Eric Knibbs, the treatise entitled the ''De octo quaestionibus'' is a 12th-century creation that cannot be ascribed to Bede, though the eight individual texts gathered under this title are much older. A subset of four (called, in some manuscripts, the ''Solutiones'') are almost certainly Bede's; the authorship of the other four is uncertain. ''
Patrologia Latina The ''Patrologia Latina'' (Latin for ''The Latin Patrology'') is an enormous collection of the writings of the Church Fathers and other ecclesiastical writers published by Jacques-Paul Migne between 1841 and 1855, with indices published between ...
'' vol. 94 includes a number of ''homiliae subdititiae'' "spurious homilies" attributed to Bede. The so-called ''
Paenitentiale Bedae The ''Paenitentiale Bedae'' (also known as the ''Paenitentiale Pseudo-Bedae'', or more commonly as either Bede's penitential or the Bedan penitential) is an early medieval penitential handbook composed around 730, possibly by the Anglo-Saxon mo ...
'', a disciplinary work composed between c. 700 and 800, may have been authored by Bede. The idea that Bede wrote a penitential has been accepted as uncontroversial by both medieval and modern scholars, including Hermann Wasserschleben, Bruno Albers and J.T. McNeill. Others, however, including Charles Plummer and M.L.W. Laistner, have challenged the attribution of this work to Bede on the grounds that Bede (they say) was too high-minded and too talented a Latinist to have composed a work of such stylistic simplicity treating such vulgar subjects as drinking, physical violence and sexual deviance. A.J. Frantzen has adopted an agnostic attitude, acknowledging several arguments for and against Bedan authorship that taken together seem to leave the matter presently unanswerable. The most recent and detailed study of the text was carried out by Reinhold Haggenmüller, who pronounced definitively against Bedan authorship; however, Haggenmüller's argument against Bedan authorship is hardly persuasive (it amounts merely to noticing that the oldest manuscript dates to about 60 years after Bede's death). In fact no scholar has yet been able to adduce concrete evidence that either confirms or denies Bedan authorship of the ''
Paenitentiale Bedae The ''Paenitentiale Bedae'' (also known as the ''Paenitentiale Pseudo-Bedae'', or more commonly as either Bede's penitential or the Bedan penitential) is an early medieval penitential handbook composed around 730, possibly by the Anglo-Saxon mo ...
''. McNeill and Gamer's summary of the problem is still perhaps the most fair and concise:
The fact that no penitential is included by Bede among the works he lists at the end of his ''Ecclesiastical History'' ... as of the years 702–31 can hardly be admitted as a conclusive argument against his having written one, in view of the omission from this list of a number of his other known works. The strongest objection to his authorship of this book is the lack of distinction and originality in the work itself. But the author may have intended a revision, which he did not live to make. Probably too, we should not expect to find the marks of genius in a penitential. The nature of these handbooks excludes sublimity.


Editions of the Latin text and translations into English

The following table gives the first publication of each of Bede's works listed above, and also lists a modern edition of the text and a modern translation where available. The table states "None" only where it is definitely known that no printed edition or translation exists. Higham, ''(Re)-Reading Bede'', pp. 255–258.


Complete works

Opera Bedae Venerabilis Presbyteri Anglosaxonis (Hervagius, Basel 1563). * ''Opera Bedae Venerabilis Presbyteri, Anglosaxonis: Viri in Diuinis atque Humanis Literis Exercitatissimi: omnia in octo tomos distincta'' (Basileae: Joannes Hervagius 1563). * ''Venerabilis Bedae Anglo-Saxonis Presbyteri in Omni Disciplinarum Genere Sua Aetate Doctissimi Operum Tomi VIII'' (Colonia Agrippina: Antonius Hieratus & Ioannes Gymnicus 1612). * ''Venerabilis Bedae Presbyteri Anglo-Saxonis, Doctoris Ecclesiae Vere Illuminati, Opera... in Tomos VIII'' (Coloniae Agrippinae: apud Ioannem Wilhelmum Friessem juniorem 1688). The first attempt to print a complete set of Bede's works was made in 1563 by Johannes Hervagius (Johann Herwagen the younger, died 1564), a printer of
Basle , french: link=no, Bâlois(e), it, Basilese , neighboring_municipalities= Allschwil (BL), Hégenheim (FR-68), Binningen (BL), Birsfelden (BL), Bottmingen (BL), Huningue (FR-68), Münchenstein (BL), Muttenz (BL), Reinach (BL), Riehen (BS), ...
, completing a project begun by his father (died 1557). This, which is taken as the ''
Editio princeps In classical scholarship, the ''editio princeps'' (plural: ''editiones principes'') of a work is the first printed edition of the work, that previously had existed only in manuscripts, which could be circulated only after being copied by hand. For ...
'', followed upon the first extended edition of Bede's Commentaries, edited by Franciscus Jametius, printed at Paris in three volumes in 1544, other works being available in separate editions. The royal privilege of the first edition was granted by King
Henry II of France Henry II (french: Henri II; 31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was King of France from 31 March 1547 until his death in 1559. The second son of Francis I and Duchess Claude of Brittany, he became Dauphin of France upon the death of his elder bro ...
to Bernard Brand, partner of Hervagius, in 1558, and re-granted to Hervagius the younger by Charles IX in 1561. (The latter was during the regency of
Catherine de' Medici Catherine de' Medici ( it, Caterina de' Medici, ; french: Catherine de Médicis, ; 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589) was an Florentine noblewoman born into the Medici family. She was Queen of France from 1547 to 1559 by marriage to King ...
in the months preceding the
Colloquy of Poissy The Colloquy at Poissy was a religious conference which took place in Poissy, France, in 1561. Its object was to effect a reconciliation between the Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots) of France. The conference was opened on 9 September in the ...
.) In his Preface ''Ad Lectorem'' Hervagius credits
Jacobus Pamelius Jacobus Pamelius (Jacob van Pamele) (13 May 1536 – 19 September 1587) was a Flemish theologian who was named bishop of Saint-Omer. Life Pamelius was born at Bruges, in the County of Flanders, the son of Adolphe de Joigny de Pamele, lord of ...
with the assembly of texts and a significant role in their editing. The entire edition was dedicated to Marquard, Freiherr von Hattstein, Prince-Bishop of Speyer (1560-1581) and provost of the collegiate church of Weissenburg, Alsace. The ''Epistola Nuncupatoria'' remarks that Hervagius had met the cost of the edition more for religious reasons than from expectations of financial return: the pure and uncorrupt doctrines of Bede offered the most useful and weighty answers to the explanation of controversies flourishing in their own times. Hervagius's edition, in eight folio volumes, was incomplete in some respects and included works that were later determined to be spuriously assigned to Bede. For example, the folio edition (following Jametius) includes a commentary on St Paul that is not by Bede (attributed by
Mabillon Dom Jean Mabillon, O.S.B., (; 23 November 1632 – 27 December 1707) was a French Benedictine monk and scholar of the Congregation of Saint Maur. He is considered the founder of the disciplines of palaeography and diplomatics. Early life Ma ...
to
Florus of Lyon Florus of Lyon ( la, Florus Lugdunensis), a deacon in Lyon, was an ecclesiastical writer in the first half of the ninth century. A theologian, canonist, liturgist, and poet, he ran the scriptorium at Lyons. He was considered one of the foremost auth ...
), and omits the commentary that Bede wrote.Giles, ''Works'', I, p. cxvi.Giles, ''Works'', I, p. cxxxii. A full contents listing appears in the prefatory material to Volume 1. A newly re-set edition was printed at
Cologne Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and 3.6 millio ...
in 1612, also in eight volumes, following the same order of texts. A further revised edition was printed at Cologne in 1688.
Casimir Oudin Remi-Casimir Oudin (14 February 1638 – September 1717) was a French Premonstratensian monk and bibliographer, who later in life was a Protestant convert, and a librarian in Leyden. He engaged in controversy with Anselmo Banduri. His major work ...
's commentary on the authenticity of the textual attributions to Bede in these editions was published in 1722, and was reproduced by Migne. Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina. The following volumes of this series contain works by Bede: *Vol. 118A (1967): ''Opera Exegetica''. Ed. C.W. Jones. Contains ''Libri quatuor in principium Genesis usque ad nativitatem Isaac et eiectionem Ismahelis adnotationum''. *Vol. 119A (1969): ''Opera Exegetica''. Ed.D. Hurst. Contains ''De tabernaculo'', ''De templo'' and ''In Ezram et Neemiam''. *Vol. 119B (1983): ''Opera Exegetica''. Ed.D. Hurst, J.E. Hudson. Contains '' In Tobiam'', ''In Proverbia'', ''In Cantica canticorum'', and ''In Habacuc''. *Vol. 120 (1960): ''Opera Exegetica''. Ed.D. Hurst. ''In Lucae evangelium expositio'', and ''In Marci evangelium expositio. ''. *Vol. 121 (1983): ''Opera Exegetica''. Ed. M.L.W. Laistner, D. Hurst. Contains ''Expositio Actuum apostolorum'', ''Retractatio in Actus apostolorum'', ''Nomina regionum atque locorum de Actibus apostolorum'', and ''In epistulas VII catholicas''. *Vol. 121A (2001): ''Opera Exegetica''. Ed. R. Gryson. Contains ''Expositio Apocalypseos''. *Vol. 123A (1975): ''Opera Didascalica''. Eds. C.W. Jones, C.B. Kendall, M.H. King, C.W. Jones. Contains ''De orthographia'', ''De arte metrica et de schematibus et tropis'', and ''De natura rerum''. *Vol. 123B (1977): ''Opera Didascalica''. Ed. C.W. Jones. Contains ''De temporum ratione''. *Vol. 123C (1980): ''Opera Didascalica''. Ed. C.W. Jones, C.W. Jones. Contains ''Magnus circulus seu tabula paschalis'', ''Kalendarium sive Martyrologium'', ''De temporibus liber'', and ''Epistolae (ad Pleguinam, ad Helmwaldum, ad Wicthedum)''. *Vol. 175 (1965): ''Itineraria et alia geographica''. Eds. P. Geyer, O. Cuntz, A.. Francheschini, R. Weber, L. Bieler, J. Fraipont, F.. Glorie. Contains ''De locis sanctis'', éd. J. Fraipont
Patrologia Latina The ''Patrologia Latina'' (Latin for ''The Latin Patrology'') is an enormous collection of the writings of the Church Fathers and other ecclesiastical writers published by Jacques-Paul Migne between 1841 and 1855, with indices published between ...
. Volumes 90–94 of this series contain works by Bede, as follows. * J.-P. Migne (ed.), ''Venerabilis Bedae Anglosaxonis Presbyteri Opera Omnia ex tribus praecipuis editionibus inter se collatis'', 5 volumes (Patrologia Latina Vols 90–94), (Migne, Paris 1850).Volume 12345
(Google)
*Vol. 90 (Bede 1): ''Opera didascalica'', containing **''De ortographia liber'' **''De arte metrica'' **''De schematis et tropis sacrae scripturae'' **''De natura rerum'' **''De temporibus'' **''De ratione temporum'' **''De ratione computi'' **''De celebratione Paschae'' **''De ordinatione feriarum Paschalium'' **''De Tonitruis'' *Vol. 91 (Bede 2): ''Opera exegetica'' (Inceptio) **''Hexaemeron, sive libri quatuor in principium Genesis usque ad nativitatem Isaac et electionem Ismaelis'' **''Commentarii in Pentateuchum'' **''De Tabernaculo et Vasis ejus, ac Vestibus Sacerdotum libri tres'' **''Expositionis allegoricae in Samuelem prophetam libri quatuor'' **''In Libros Regum quaestiones XXX'' **''Liber de Templo Salomonis'' **''In Esdram et Nehemiam allegoricae Expositionis libri tres'' **''Interpretatio in librum Tobiae'' **''Expositio in Parabolas Salomonis'' **''Libellus de Muliere forti'' **''In Proverbia Salomonis interpretationis fragmenta'' **''Expositionis in Cantica canticorum libri septem'' **''Expositio in Canticum Habacuc'' *Vol. 92 (Bede 3): ''Opera exegetica genuina'' (Continuatio) **''Expositio in Evangelium S. Matthaei'' **''Expositio in Evangelium S. Marci'' **''Expositio in Evangelium S. Lucae'' **''Expositio in Evangelium S. Joannis'' **''Expositio in Actus Apostolorum'' **''De nominibus Locorum vel Civitatum quae leguntur in libro Actuum'' *Vol. 93 (Bede 4): **''Pars Secunda'' ***''Sectio 1 – Opera exegetica genuina'' (Conclusio) ****''Expositio super Epistolas catholicas'' ****''Explanatio Apocalypsis'' ***''Sectio 2 – Dubia et Spuria'' *Vol. 94 (Bede 5): **''Pars Tertia: Opera Paraenetica'' ***''Sectio I: Homiliae'' ****''Homiliae genuinae'' ****''Homiliae subdititiae'' ***''Sectio II: Ascetica'' ****''
Libellus precum A ''libellus precum'' (literally "booklet of prayings, booklet of petitions", plural: ''libelli precum'') is a medieval collection of prayers, a prayerbook, in the manuscript form, although the term is applied by scholars to texts of some other ...
'' ****''De Officiis Libellus ex quorumdam Patrum dictis excerptus'' ****''Excerptiones Patrum, Collectanea, Flores ex diversis, Quaestiones et Parabolae'' ****''De Meditatione Passionis Christi per septem diei horas'' ****''De Remediis peccatorum'' ***''Sectio III: Carmina'' ****''Vita metrica S. Cuthberti Lindisfarnensis episcopi'' ****''Passio S. Justini Martyris'' ****''Martyrologium poeticum'' ****''Hymni tredecim'' **''Pars Quarta: Opera Historica'' ***''Sectio 1: Hagiographica'' ****''Vita SS. Abbatum monasterii in Wiramutha et Gircum Benedicti, Ceolfridi, Easteruini, Sigfridi et Hwaetbercti'' ****''Vita prosaica S. Cuthberti Lindisfarnensis episcopi'' ****''Vita B. Felicis confessoris'' ***''Sectio 2: Martyrologia'' ****''Martyrologia juxta exemplaria Coloniense et Bollandianum'' ****''Appendices quatuor ad Martyrologia'' ***''I. Kalendarium Anglicanum, sive libellus annalis Ven. Bedae'' ***''II. Necrologium insertum Ven. Bedae Martyrologio'' ***''III. Chronicon breve a mundi exordio usque ad annum Christi DCCCX, ex vetusto codice ms. Bedae de Ratione temporum, qui fuit ecclesiae seu monasterii Sancti Dionysium Francia.'' **''De Locis Sanctis Libellus, quem de opusculus majorum abbreviando Beda composuit''


Notes


References

*Bede, ''
Ecclesiastical History of the English People The ''Ecclesiastical History of the English People'' ( la, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum), written by Bede in about AD 731, is a history of the Christian Churches in England, and of England generally; its main focus is on the conflict b ...
.'' Translated by Leo Sherley-Price, revised
R.E. Latham Ronald Edward Latham (1907–1992) was an English classicist best known for his translation of '' On the Nature of the Universe'' by Lucretius. He also translated ''The Travels of Marco Polo'' and Bede's 'Ecclesiastical History of the English Peo ...
, ed. D.H. Farmer. London: Penguin, 1990. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *


External links

*
Patrologia Latina
', Documenta Catholica Omnia. * {{DEFAULTSORT:Bede Latin texts of Anglo-Saxon England Bibliographies by writer Bibliographies of British writers Christian bibliographies