List of durian diseases and pests
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Durians are an agricultural product affected by many plant pathogens and
pests PESTS was an anonymous American activist group formed in 1986 to critique racism, tokenism, and exclusion in the art world. PESTS produced newsletters, posters, and other print material highlighting examples of discrimination in gallery represent ...
. Most of the information here concerns ''
Durio zibethinus ''Durio zibethinus'' is the most common tree species in the genus '' Durio'' that are known as durian and have edible fruit also known as durian. As with most other durian species, the edible flesh emits a distinctive odour that is strong and pe ...
'', the major commercial species, but a dozen species in the genus ''
Durio The durian (, ) is the edible fruit of several tree species belonging to the genus ''Durio''. There are 30 recognised ''Durio'' species, at least nine of which produce edible fruit. ''Durio zibethinus'', native to Borneo and Sumatra, is the onl ...
'' are edible durians, and several of those are also grown commercially and these diseases can concern them as well.


Algae

*algal leaf spot, red rust ('' Cephaleuros virescens'')


Animals


Vertebrates

These are animals that eat or destroy durian fruit or trees. Many of these are shot or poisoned by farmers. Some of these species naturally act as seed dispersers, which benefits the plant but does not benefit farmers. *
black hornbill The black hornbill (''Anthracoceros malayanus'') is a species of bird of the hornbill family Bucerotidae. It lives in Asia in Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand. The Black-casqued Hornbill has a selectiveness towards th ...
(''Anthracoceros malayanus'') *squirrel ** grey-bellied squirrel (''Callosciurus caniceps'') **
black-striped squirrel The black-striped squirrel (''Callosciurus nigrovittatus'') is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is found throughout Java, Sumatra, southern Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom ...
(''Callosciurus nigrovittatus'') **
plantain squirrel The plantain squirrel, oriental squirrel or tricoloured squirrel (''Callosciurus notatus'') is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand in a wide range of habitats: forests, mangroves, park ...
(''Callosciurus notatus'') **
Prevost's squirrel Prevost's squirrel or Asian tri-colored squirrel (''Callosciurus prevostii'') is a colourful species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is found in forests in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and nearby smaller islands, with an int ...
(''Callosciurus prevostii'') *
Asian elephant The Asian elephant (''Elephas maximus''), also known as the Asiatic elephant, is the only living species of the genus ''Elephas'' and is distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, from India in the west, Nepal in the no ...
(''Elephas maximus'') *
Sun bear The sun bear (''Helarctos malayanus'') is a species in the family Ursidae (the only species in the genus ''Helarctos'') occurring in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. It is the smallest bear, standing nearly at the shoulder and weighing ...
s (''Helarctos malayanus'') * crab-eating macaque (''Macaca fascicularis'') * Rats **
Malayan field rat The Malayan field rat, Malaysian field rat or Malaysian wood rat, (''Rattus tiomanicus'') is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is nocturnal and mainly arboreal and is found in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines. It is a ...
(''Rattus tiomanicus'') * Bornean orangutan (''Pongo pygmaeus''), *
feral pig The feral pig is a domestic pig which has gone feral, meaning it lives in the wild. They are found mostly in the Americas and Australia. Razorback and wild hog are Americanisms applied to feral pigs or boar-pig hybrids. Definition A feral ...
(''Sus scrofa domesticus'') and
wild boar The wild boar (''Sus scrofa''), also known as the wild swine, common wild pig, Eurasian wild pig, or simply wild pig, is a suid native to much of Eurasia and North Africa, and has been introduced to the Americas and Oceania. The species is ...
(''Sus scrofa'') *viverrids (
Viverridae Viverridae is a family (biology), family of small to medium-sized, feliform mammals. The viverrids () comprise 33 species placed in 14 genera. This family was named and first described by John Edward Gray in 1821. Viverrids occur all over Africa, ...
sp.)


Invertebrates

Most of these are
arthropod Arthropods (, (gen. ποδός)) are invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda. They are distinguished by their jointed limbs and cuticle made of chiti ...
s, but nematodes and
gastropods The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. The ...
are also of concern.


Arthropods

*''
Acrocercops ''Acrocercops'' is a genus of moths in the family Gracillariidae. Species *'' Acrocercops acanthidias'' Meyrick, 1934 *'' Acrocercops achnodes'' Meyrick, 1915 *'' Acrocercops aeglophanes'' (Turner, 1913) *'' Acrocercops aellomacha'' (Meyrick, 18 ...
'' sp. *'' Adoretus'' sp. *'' Allocaridara malayensis'' *durian psyllid ('' Allocarsidara malayensis'' Syn. '' Tenaphalara malayensis'') *leaf roller ('' Adoxophyes privatana'') *durian leaf hopper ('' Amrasca durianae'') *shining leaf chafer ('' Anomala'' sp.) *cotton aphid ('' Aphis gossypii'') *'' Apogonia'' sp. *leaf eating beetle ('' Aprosterna pallida'') *leaf roller ('' Archips machlopis'' syn. ''Cacoecia machlopis'') *leaf eating ('' Arctornis cygna'') *leaf eating ('' Arthisma scissuralis'') *coconut scale ('' Aspidiotus destructor'') *leaf scale ('' Asterolecanium'' sp.) **'' Asterolecaniam ungulata'' (probably '' Asterolecanium ungulatum'') *flower webber '' Autoba versicolor'' (Syn. ''Eublemma versicolora'') *stem borer ('' Batocera gultata'') *borer ('' Canopia'' sp.) *sap beetle ('' Carpophilus'' sp.) **sap beetle ('' Carpophilus floveicollis'') *'' Cephonodes ?higlas'' *
longhorn beetle The longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae), also known as long-horned or longicorns, are a large family of beetles, with over 35,000 species described. Most species are characterized by extremely long antennae, which are often as long as or longer than ...
larvae (Cerambycidae) *'' Chalcoscelis albiguttata'' -pest of leaves *leaf eating, gelatine grub ('' Chalcocelis albiguttatus'') * scale insect (Coccoidea) *scale insect, soft scale (''
Coccus A coccus (plural cocci) is any bacterium or archaeon that has a spherical, ovoid, or generally round shape. Bacteria are categorized based on their shapes into three classes: cocci (spherical-shaped), bacillus (rod-shaped) and spiral ( of whi ...
'' sp.) *durian fruit borer, durian husk borer, yellow peach moth, Queensland bollworm ('' Conogethes punctiferalis'' syn. ''Monogatus puntiferalis'' and ''Dichocrocis punctiferalis'') *trunk borer ('' Conopia'' sp.), secondary infection after '' Phytophthora palmivora'' *leaf eating bagworm ('' Pteroma pendula'') *litchi fruit moth, macadamia nut borer ('' Cryptophlebia ombrodelta'') *Indo-Malaysian drywood termite ('' Cryptotermes cynocephalus'') *leaf mining grub ('' Dactylispa leonardi'') *durian hawkmoth ('' Daphnusa ocellaris'') *leaf eating tussock moth ('' Dasychira inclusa'') *tussock moth ('' Dasychira mendosa'') *tussock moth ('' Dasychira osseata'') *'' Drosophila punctpennis'' *leaf eating caterpillar ('' Erizada lichenaria'') *African red mite, citrus brown mite ('' Eutetranychus africanus'') *oriental red mite (''
Eutetranychus orientalis ''Eutetranychus'' is a genus of mites belonging to the family Tetranychidae. The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution. Species: *'' Eutetranychus acaciae'' *'' Eutetranychus africanus'' *'' Eutetranychus anitae'' *'' Eutetranychus ...
'' Klein misidentification) *cotton leaf roller ('' Haritalodes derogata'' (syn. ''Sylepta derogata'') *cotton boll worm ('' Helicoverpa armigera'' formerly ''Heliothis armigera'') *horned treehopper ('' Hemicentrus attenuatus'' ('' Sarritor attenuatus'') *leaf roller moth ('' Homona coffearia'') *leaf roller moth ('' Homono difficilis'') *leaf roller moth ('' Homona eductana'') *flower eating moth ('' Horaga onyx onyx'') *leaf eating weevil ('' Hypomeces squamosus'') *durian fruit borer ('' Hypoperigea leprosticta'' syn. '' Plagideicta leprosticta'') *Stem scale insect ('' Icerya'' sp.) *'' Idiophantis chiridota'' *
termite Termites are small insects that live in colonies and have distinct castes (eusocial) and feed on wood or other dead plant matter. Termites comprise the infraorder Isoptera, or alternatively the epifamily Termitoidae, within the order Blatto ...
(Isoptera), specifically lumber of '' Durio carinatus'' *'' Lacifer javanus'' *powderpost beetle (''
Lyctus Lyctus or Lyttos ( Greek: or ), was one of the most considerable cities in ancient Crete, which appears in the Homeric catalogue. Lyttos is now a village in the municipality of Minoa Pediada. Lyctus in mythology According to Hesiod, ''Theogon ...
'' sp.) *leaf eating caterpillar ('' Lymantria marginata'') *coconut case worm ('' Mahasena corbetti'') *thrip ('' Megalurothrips'' sp.) *'' Microtermes pallidus'' *hairy powderpost beetle ('' Minthea rugicollis''), recorded on '' Durio lowianus'' and '' Durio oxleyanus'' *'' Monolepta bifasciata'' *durian seed borer ('' Mudaria luteileprosa'') *durian seed borer ('' Mudaria magniplaga'') *'' Nodostoma'' sp. *mite (''
Oligonychus biharensis ''Oligonychus'' is a genus of mites in the family Tetranychidae, the spider mites. Many members of this genus are familiar pests of plants. There are about 200 described species.Walter, D. E''Oligonychus''.Invasive Mite Identification: Tools for ...
'') *'' Orthaga semialba'' *cocoa tussock moth (''
Orgyia postica ''Orgyia postica'', the cocoa tussock moth or hevea tussock moth, is a species of moth of the subfamily Lymantriinae of family Erebidae found from the Oriental tropics of India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Borneo, Java, New Guinea and Taiwan. It was descr ...
'') *tussock moth ('' Orygia turbata'') *longan leaf-eating looper ('' Oxyodes scrobiculata'') *leaf eating caterpillar ('' Paracrama dulcissima'') *'' Paralecanium expansum'' *'' Paralecanium vacuum'' *'' Phenacaspis hedyoticlis'' *'' Phostria nicoalis'' *'' Phostria xipharesalis'' *durian seed and fruit borer ('' Plagideicta magniplaga'' (syn. '' Mudaria magniplaga'') *coffee mealybug ('' Planococcus lilacinus'') *mealybug ('' Planococcus minor'') *
ambrosia beetle Ambrosia beetles are beetles of the weevil subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae ( Coleoptera, Curculionidae), which live in nutritional symbiosis with ambrosia fungi. The beetles excavate tunnels in dead, stressed, and healthy trees in wh ...
( Platypodinae or Scolytinae) *'' Platypus cupulatus'' *weevil ('' Platytrachelus psittacinus'') *red coffee borer, red branch borer ('' Polyphagozerra coffeae'' syn. ''Zeuzera coffeae'') *up-country tea termite ('' Postelectrotermes militaris'') *mealybug ('' Pseudococcus'' sp.) description matches '' Planococcus minor'') *flower eating moth ('' Rapala dieneces dieneces'') *fruit eating moth ('' Remelana jangala ravata'') *'' Rhadinomerus'' sp. *stem borer ('' Rhytidodera simulans'') *scale insect, soft scale insect ('' Saissetia'' sp.) *'' Scheloribates'' sp. *chilli thrips (''
Scirtothrips dorsalis The chilli thripsThis is the more common international spelling of "chilli" outside of the United States. This spelling has been preserved in the common name for the insect by entomologists in the United States in deference to the body of literat ...
'') *'' Seira jacobsoni'' *leaf eating caterpillar ('' Setora fletcheri'') *leaf eating ('' Spilosoma'' sp.) *bark feeder ('' Squamura'' sp.) **'' Squamura maculata'' (syn. ''Indarbela flavina'') *leaf eating ('' Suana concolor'') *'' Sylepta bipunctalis'' *'' Synanthedon'' sp. *'' Tenaphalara malayensis'' *mite ('' Tetranychus fijiensis'')' *thrips ('' Thrips coloratus'') *thrips ('' Thrips hawaiiensis'') *oil palm bunch moth ('' Tirathaba mundella'') *fruit boring caterpillar ('' Tirathaba ruptilinea'') *leaf eating caterpillar ('' Tiruvaca subcostalis'') *durian rind borer, fruit borer ('' Tonica terasella'') *citrus aphid ('' Toxoptera aurantii'') *mould mite ('' Tyrophagus putrescentiae'') *'' Xyleborus cordatus'' *'' Xyleborus declivigranulatus'' *typical bark beetle (''
Xyleborus ferrugineus ''Xyleborus ferrugineus'' is a species of typical bark beetle in the family Curculionidae The Curculionidae are a family of weevils, commonly called snout beetles or true weevils. They are one of the largest animal families, with 6,800 genera ...
'') *tea shot hole borer ('' Xyleborus fornicatus'') *'' Xyleborus formicatus'' *'' Xyleborus similis'' *'' Xyleborus testsceus'' (syn. '' Xyleborus perforans'') *borer ('' Zeuzera'' sp.)


Other invertebrates

*spiral nematode ''
Helicotylenchus ''Helicotylenchus'' is a genus of nematodes in the family Hoplolaimidae. They are known generally as spiral nematodes.O'Bannon, J. H. and R. N. Inserra''Helicotylenchus'' species as crop damaging parasitic nematodes.Nematology Circular 165. Flori ...
'' sp. *giant African snail (''
Lissachatina fulica ''Lissachatina fulica'' is a species of large land snail that belongs in the subfamily Achatininae of the family Achatinidae. It is also known as the Giant African land snail. *'' Macroposthonia'' sp. *
root-knot nematode Root-knot nematodes are plant-parasitic nematodes from the genus ''Meloidogyne''. They exist in soil in areas with hot climates or short winters. About 2000 plants worldwide are susceptible to infection by root-knot nematodes and they cause appr ...
''Meloidogyne'' sp. *lesion nematode ''
Pratylenchus ''Pratylenchus'' is a genus of nematodes known commonly as lesion nematodes.Crow, W. TAmaryllis lesion nematode, ''Pratylenchus hippeastri''.EENY-546. University of Florida IFAS. 2012. They are parasitic on plants and are responsible for root le ...
'' sp. **hypocotyl rot (''
Pratylenchus coffeae Pratylenchus coffeae is a plant-pathogenic nematode infecting several hosts including potato, banana, sweet potato, strawberry, Persian violet, peanut and citrus ''Citrus'' is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, Rut ...
'') *'' Radopholus'' sp. *reniform nematode ''
Rotylenchulus reniformis ''Rotylenchulus reniformis'', the reniform nematode, is a species of parasitism, parasitic nematode of plants with a worldwide distribution in the tropics, tropical and subtropics, subtropical regions.Ferris, H''Rotylenchulus reniformis''.Nemapl ...
'' *stunt nematode '' Tylenchorhynchus'' sp. *dagger nematode ''
Xiphinema ''Xiphinema'' is a genus of ectoparasitic root nematodes commonly known as dagger nematodes.Whitehead, A.G. 1998. Plant Nematode Control The genus is of economic importance on grape, strawberry, hops and a few other crops. Major species include ' ...
'' sp.


Bacteria

*stem canker (''
Enterobacter ''Enterobacter'' is a genus of common Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is the type genus of the order Enterobacterales. Several strains of these bacteria are ...
'' sp.) *postharvest fruit rot (''
Erwinia ''Erwinia'' is a genus of Enterobacterales bacteria containing mostly plant pathogenic species which was named for the famous plant pathologist, Erwin Frink Smith. It contains Gram-negative bacteria related to ''Escherichia coli'', ''Shigella'', ...
'' sp.) *stem canker (''
Flavobacterium ''Flavobacterium'' is a genus of Gram-negative, nonmotile and motile, rod-shaped bacteria that consists of 130 recognized species. Flavobacteria are found in soil and fresh water in a variety of environments. Several species are known to cause ...
'' sp.) *stem canker (''
Pseudomonas ''Pseudomonas'' is a genus of Gram-negative, Gammaproteobacteria, belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae and containing 191 described species. The members of the genus demonstrate a great deal of metabolic diversity and consequently are able t ...
'' sp.)


Fungi

Fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...
affect both the tree before harvest and the fruit after harvest. Some listed species may only cause cosmetic damage, or the association is unknown. *stem rot (''
Albonectria rigidiuscula ''Albonectria rigidiuscula'' is a fungal plant pathogen. The anamorph of ''A. rigidiuscula'' the fungus ''Fusarium decemcellulare'' is associated with inflorescence wilt and vascular necrosis in fruit tree crops such as Mango (''Mangifera indic ...
'' syn. ''Calonectria rigidiuscula'', ''Fusarium decemcellulare'') *''Sclerotium'' fruit rot ('' Athelia rolfsii'' syn. ''Sclerotium rolfsii'', ''Corticium rolfsii'') *leaf fungus ('' Aschersonia'') *secondary/opportunistic fruit rot (''
Aspergillus niger ''Aspergillus niger'' is a mold classified within the ''Nigri'' section of the ''Aspergillus'' genus. The ''Aspergillus'' genus consists of common molds found throughout the environment within soil and water, on vegetation, in fecal matter, on de ...
'' and other ''
Aspergillus ' () is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide. ''Aspergillus'' was first catalogued in 1729 by the Italian priest and biologist Pier Antonio Micheli. Viewing the fungi under a microscope, Mic ...
'' spp.) *stem rot ('' Bionectria ochroleuca'' syn. ''Nectria ochroleuca'') *''
Calonectria kyotensis ''Calonectria kyotensis'' is a fungal plant pathogen. It is known to affect harvested durians, including from ''Durio graveolens ''Durio graveolens,'' sometimes called the red-fleshed durian, orange-fleshed durian, or yellow durian, is ...
'' *secondary/opportunistic fruit rot ('' Candida'' sp.) *
sooty mold Sooty mold (also spelled sooty mould) is a collective term for different Ascomycete fungi, which includes many genera, commonly ''Cladosporium'' and ''Alternaria''. It grows on plants and their fruit, but also environmental objects, like fences, ...
('' Capnodium moniliforme'') *leaf spot (''
Cercospora ''Cercospora'' is a genus of ascomycete fungi. Most species have no known sexual stage, and when the sexual stage is identified, it is in the genus ''Mycosphaerella''. Most species of this genus cause plant diseases, and form leaf spots. It is a ...
'' sp.) *seedling dieback ('' Chaetomium trilaterale'') *leaf
anthracnose A plant canker is a small area of dead tissue, which grows slowly, often over years. Some cankers are of only minor consequence, but others are ultimately lethal and therefore can have major economic implications for agriculture and horticultur ...
, root rot (''
Colletotrichum ''Colletotrichum'' (sexual stage: ''Glomerella'') is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes (living within the plant) or phytopathogens. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens, but some species may have a mutu ...
'' sp., syn. ''Glomerella'') **'' Colletotrichum durionis'' **'' Colletotrichum zibethinum'' *'' Coriolus vesicolor'' *leaf spot and dieback (''Corticium solani'') *leaf blotch (''Corynespora cassiicola'') *''Curvularia'' sp. *leaf spot (''Curvularia affinis'') *scion dieback (''Diplodia'' sp.) **die back (''Diplodia durionis'') *root disease (''Fusarium'' sp.) **''Fusarium'' fruit rot, stem rot (''Fusarium solani'' syn. ''Nectria haematococca'', ''Haematonectria haematococca'') **''Fusarium oxysporum'' *twig blight (''Fusicoccum'' sp.) *''Ganoderma pseudoferreus'' *''Geotrichum candidum'' *secondary/opportunistic fruit rot (''Gibberella intricans'') *''Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium'' *leaf spot (''Gloeosporium'' sp.) **anthracnose (''Gloeosporimn zibethinum'') *leaf anthracnose and leaf spot (''Glomerella cingulata'' syn. ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'')?Lim, Tong Kwee (1980) Anthracnose and related problems in some local fruit trees. National Fruit Seminar, Serdang, Malaysia, November 5–7, 1980, Preprint No. 15. *black and brown leaf spot (''Homostegia durionis'') *''Lasiodiplodia'' sp. *''Diplodia'' fruit rot (''Lasiodiplodia theobromae'' syn. ''Botryodiplodia theobromae'') - can also cause dieback and leaf scorch *''Lentinus subnudus'' *sooty mold (''Leptoxyphium'' sp.)Lim, Tong Kwee (1989) Studies of some lesser known mycoflora of durian: sooty mould and black mildew. Pertanika 12, 159–166. *''Macrophomina phaseolina'' (syn. ''Macrophomina phaseoli'') *thread blight (''Marasmiellus scandens'') *black mildew, sooty mould (''Meliola durionis'')Turner, G.J. (1971) Fungi and plant disease in Sarawak. Phytopathological Paper No. 12, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, UK.Johnston, A. (1960) A supplement to a host list of plant disease in Malaya. Mycological Paper No. 77. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, UK *''Metacapnodium dennisii'' *sooty mold (''Metacapnodium moniliforme'') *''Mucor'' rot, fruit rot (''Mucor'' sp.) *leaf spot (''Myrothecium verrucaria'') *bark rot (''Nectria'' sp.) *powdery mildew (''Oidium (genus), Oidium'' sp.) **powdery mildew (''Oidium nephelii'') *leaf mould ''Passalora fulva'' (syn. ''Cladosporium fulvum'' *secondary/opportunistic fruit rot (''Penicillium'' sp.) *seedling dieback (''Perisporium'' sp.) *leaf spot (''Pestalotia'' sp.) *pink disease/ (''Phanerochaete salmonicolor'' syn. ''Botryobasidium salmonicolor'', ''Corticium salmonicolor'', ''Erythricium salmonicolor'') *leaf spot (''Phomopsis'' sp.) **''Phomopsis'' leaf spot, ''Phomopsis'' fruit rot, branch and stem necrosis, leaf spot of seedlings (''Phomopsis durionis'') *sooty mould of fruits, twigs, and leaves (''Phragmocapnias betle'') *''Phyllachora makrospora'' *seedling rim blight, leaf spot, postharvest fruit rot (''Phyllosticta'' sp.) **rim blight, leaf spot (''Phyllosticta durionis'') *leaf parasite (''Placosphaeria durionis'') *''Plokamidomyces colensoi'' *black crust of fruit, leaf mould, sooty mold (''Polychaeton'' sp.) *postharvest fruit rot (''Pseudocochliobolus eragrostidis'', syn. ''Curvularia eragrostidis'', ''Cochliobolus eragrostidis'') *leaf spot (''Pyrenochaeta'' sp.) *leaf blight, leaf fall (''Rhizoctonia'' sp.) **''Rhizoctonia'' leaf blight, leaf fall, foliar blight, leaf rot (''Rhizoctonia solani'' syn. ''Thanatephorus cucumeris'')Lim, Tong Kwee, Ng, C.C. and Chin, C.L. (1987) Etiology and control of durian foliar blight caused by ''Rhizoctonia solani''. Annals of Applied Biology 110, 301–307. *''Rhizopus'' sp. **''Rhizopus'' rot, fruit rot (''Rhizopus stolonifer'' sy. ''Rhizopus artocarpi'') *wood rot, white root disease (''Rigidoporus microporus'' syn. ''Fomes lignosus'', ''Rigidoporus lignosus'') *''Typhula'' sp. (syn. ''Sclerotium'' sp.) *sooty mold (''Scorias spongiosa'') *leaf mould (''Spiropes capensis'' syn. ''Helminthosporium capensis'') *''Trametes persoonii'' *sooty mould of twigs, petioles, and leaves (''Trichomerium grandisporum'') *black film on leaves, sooty mold (''Trichopeltheca asiatica'') *sooty mold ''Tripospermum'' sp. *scion dieback (''Ustulina'' sp.) *''Verticillium'' sp.


Oomycetes

Oomycetes are often confused with fungi. *''Phytophthora botryosa'' *leaf blight (''Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae'') *''Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica'' *bark rot, fruit rot, hypocotyl rot, patch canker, root rot ('' Phytophthora palmivora'')Chan, L.G. and Lim, Tong Kwee (1987) Control of ''Phytophthora palmivora'' on cacao and durian seedlings. Journal of Plant Protection in the Tropics 4(1), 9–13. *''Phytophthora parasitica'' *root rot (''Pythium'' sp.) **''Pythium'' root rot, patch canker, root disease (''Pythium vexans'' syn. ''Pythium complectens'', ''Phytopythium vexans''


Plants

Some plants growing on durian trees can be problematic or even parasitism, parasitic. *dragon scales (''Drymoglossum piloselloides'') *mistletoe (''Elytranthe barnesii'') *mistletoe (''Loranthus pentandrus'')


Non-pathogenic epiphytes and symbiotes

These species live on or in durian trees as epiphytes but typically do not harm the tree or fruit. However, ''Trentepohlia (alga), Trentepohlia'' species can grow thick enough to block lenticels and inhibit Ramiflory, ramiflorous flowering. *''Aschersonia placentae'' (teleomorph: ''Hypocrella raciborskii'') *''Diploicia canescens'' (formerly ''Buellia canescens'' *oakleaf fern (''Drynaria quercifolia'') Anderson (1966) *strangler fig, strangling fig (''Ficus benjamina'') Anderson (1966) *''Hypocrella raciborskii'' (syn. ''Aschersonia placentae'') *''Parmelia (fungus), Parmelia'' sp. *''Phycopeltis'' *''Pleurococcus'' **''Pleurococcus nagelii'' *''Trebouxia'' *''Trentepohlia (alga), Trentepohlia'' sp. **''Trentepohlia arboreum'' **''Trentepohlia arborum'' (syn. ''Trentepohlia bisporangiata'') **''Trentepohlia aurea'' **''Trentepohlia monile'' (syn. ''Physolinum monilis'', ''Trentepohlia moniliformis'') *Velvet felt, felt fungus (''Septobasidium'' sp.)Chandrasikul, A. (1962) A Preliminary Host List of Plant Disease in Thailand. Technical Bulletin No. 6, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand.


Hyperparasites and secondary associations

Hyperparasite, Hyperparasitism is when durian Parasitism, parasites become the hosts for other parasites. *''Aschersonia placenta'' is a pest of ''Asterolecanium ungulata'' *'' Bionectria ochroleuca'' (syn. ''Nectria ochroleuca'') is associated with ''
Albonectria rigidiuscula ''Albonectria rigidiuscula'' is a fungal plant pathogen. The anamorph of ''A. rigidiuscula'' the fungus ''Fusarium decemcellulare'' is associated with inflorescence wilt and vascular necrosis in fruit tree crops such as Mango (''Mangifera indic ...
'' *''Gliocladium roseum'' is a parasite of '' Phytophthora palmivora'' *''Hypocrella raciborskii'' is a pest of ''Asterolecanium ungulata'' *''Loranthus ferrugineus'' can parasitize ''Viscum articulatum'', which can be a parasite of ''Elytranthe barnesii'' *''Nectria haemalococca'' is associated with ''
Albonectria rigidiuscula ''Albonectria rigidiuscula'' is a fungal plant pathogen. The anamorph of ''A. rigidiuscula'' the fungus ''Fusarium decemcellulare'' is associated with inflorescence wilt and vascular necrosis in fruit tree crops such as Mango (''Mangifera indic ...
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References

{{Reflist Durio Tropical agriculture Lists of plant diseases, Durian Fruit tree diseases, Durian