This page features a list of

biogeographic Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, ...

provinces that were developed by

Miklos Udvardy Miklos Dezso Ferenc Udvardy (March 23, 1919 – January 27, 1998) was a Hungarian-American biologist and university instructor. He contributed to a wide variety of disciplines, such as biogeography, evolutionary biology, ornithology, and veget ...

in 1975,Udvardy, M. D. F. (1975). ''A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world''. IUCN Occasional Paper no. 18. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN.Udvardy, Miklos D. F. (1975) ''World Biogeographical Provinces'' (Map). The CoEvolution Quarterly, Sausalito, California
link
later modified by other authors. Biogeographic Province is a biotic subdivision of

biogeographic realm A biogeographic realm or ecozone is the broadest biogeographic division of Earth's land surface, based on distributional patterns of terrestrial organisms. They are subdivided into bioregions, which are further subdivided into ecoregions. ...

s subdivided into

ecoregion An ecoregion (ecological region) or ecozone (ecological zone) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than a biogeographic realm. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of ...

s, which are classified based on their biomes or habitat types and, on this page, correspond to the

floristic kingdom A phytochorion, in phytogeography, is a geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species. Adjacent phytochoria do not usually have a sharp boundary, but rather a soft one, a transitional area in which many species from both r ...

s of botany. The provinces represent the large areas of Earth's surface within which organisms have been evolving in relative isolation over long periods of time, separated from one another by geographic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that constitute barriers to migration.

Biome A biome () is a biogeographical unit consisting of a biological community that has formed in response to the physical environment in which they are found and a shared regional climate. Biomes may span more than one continent. Biome is a broader ...

s are characterized by similar climax vegetation, though each realm may include a number of different biomes. A

tropical moist broadleaf forest Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (TSMF), also known as tropical moist forest, is a subtropical and tropical forest habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. Description TSMF is generally found in large, discon ...

in Brazil, for example, may be similar to one in New Guinea in its vegetation type and structure, climate, soils, etc., but these forests are inhabited by plants with very different evolutionary histories.

Afrotropical Realm The Afrotropical realm is one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Africa south of the Sahara Desert, the majority of the Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, southern Iran and extreme southwestern Pakistan, and the island ...

* Tropical humid forests ** Guinean Rainforest ** Congo Rainforest ** Malagasy Rainforest * Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands ** West African Woodland/Savanna ** East African Woodland/Savanna ** Congo Woodland/Savanna **

Miombo Woodland/Savanna The Miombo woodland is a tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome (in the World Wide Fund for Nature scheme) located primarily in Central Africa. It includes four woodland savanna ecoregions (listed below) characterized b ...

** South African Woodland/Savanna ** Malagasy Woodland/Savanna ** Malagasy Thorn Forest * Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands **

Cape Sclerophyll A cape is a clothing accessory or a sleeveless outer garment which drapes the wearer's back, arms, and chest, and connects at the neck. History Capes were common in medieval Europe, especially when combined with a hood in the chaperon. T ...

* Warm deserts and semideserts **

Western Sahel Western may refer to: Places * Western, Nebraska, a village in the US *Western, New York, a town in the US *Western Creek, Tasmania, a locality in Australia *Western Junction, Tasmania, a locality in Australia * Western world, countries that ...

Eastern Sahel Eastern may refer to: Transportation *China Eastern Airlines, a current Chinese airline based in Shanghai *Eastern Air, former name of Zambia Skyways * Eastern Air Lines, a defunct American airline that operated from 1926 to 1991 *Eastern Air L ...

Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constitut ...

n **

Namib The Namib ( ; pt, Namibe) is a coastal desert in Southern Africa. The name is of Khoekhoegowab origin and means "vast place". According to the broadest definition, the Namib stretches for more than along the Atlantic coasts of Angola, Nami ...

Kalahari The Kalahari Desert is a large semi-arid sandy savanna in Southern Africa extending for , covering much of Botswana, and parts of Namibia and South Africa. It is not to be confused with the Angolan, Namibian, and South African Namib coasta ...

Karroo The Karoo ( ; from the Afrikaans borrowing of the South Khoekhoe !Orakobab or Khoemana word ''ǃ’Aukarob'' "Hard veld") is a semi- desert natural region of South Africa. No exact definition of what constitutes the Karoo is available, so its ...

* Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation **

Ethiopian Highlands The Ethiopian Highlands is a rugged mass of mountains in Ethiopia in Northeast Africa. It forms the largest continuous area of its elevation in the continent, with little of its surface falling below , while the summits reach heights of up to . ...

Guinean Highlands The Guinea Highlands is a densely forested mountainous plateau extending from central Guinea through northern Sierra Leone and Liberia to western Ivory Coast. The highlands include a number of mountains, ranges and plateaus, including the Fout ...

Central African Highlands Central is an adjective usually referring to being in the center of some place or (mathematical) object. Central may also refer to: Directions and generalised locations * Central Africa, a region in the centre of Africa continent, also known as ...

** East African Highlands ** South African Highlands * Mixed island systems ** Ascension and St. Helena Islands ** Comores Islands and

Aldabra Aldabra is the world's second-largest coral atoll, lying south-east of the continent of Africa. It is part of the Aldabra Group of islands in the Indian Ocean that are part of the Outer Islands of the Seychelles, with a distance of 1,120 ...

** Mascarene Islands * Lake systems **

Lake Rudolph A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surrounded by land, and distinct from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, although, like the much large ...

** Lake Ukerewe (Victoria) **

Lake Tanganyika Lake Tanganyika () is an African Great Lake. It is the second-oldest freshwater lake in the world, the second-largest by volume, and the second-deepest, in all cases after Lake Baikal in Siberia. It is the world's longest freshwater lake. T ...

Lake Malawi Lake Malawi, also known as Lake Nyasa in Tanzania and Lago Niassa in Mozambique, is an African Great Lake and the southernmost lake in the East African Rift system, located between Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania. It is the fifth largest f ...

(Nyassa)

Antarctic Realm The Antarctic realm is one of eight terrestrial biogeographic realms. The ecosystem includes Antarctica and several island groups in the southern Atlantic and Indian oceans. The continent of Antarctica is so cold that it has supported only 2 ...

* Tundra communities and barren Antarctic desert * Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands

Australasian Realm The Australasian realm is a biogeographic realm that is coincident with, but not (by some definitions) the same as, the geographical region of Australasia. The realm includes Australia, the island of New Guinea (comprising Papua New Guinea and th ...

* Tropical humid forests ** Queensland Coastal * Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands **

Tasmania ) , nickname = , image_map = Tasmania in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Tasmania in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdi ...

n * Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands ** Northern Coastal * Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands ** Western Sclerophyll ** Eastern Sclerophyll **

Brigalow ''Acacia harpophylla'', commonly known as brigalow, brigalow spearwood or orkor, is an endemic tree of Australia. The Aboriginal Australian group the Gamilaraay peoples know the tree as Barranbaa or Burrii. It is found in central and coast ...

* Warm deserts and semideserts ** Western Mulga ** Central Desert ** Southern Mulga/Saltbush * Tropical grasslands and savannas ** Northern Savanna ** Northern Grasslands * Temperate grasslands ** Eastern Grasslands and Savannas

Indomalayan Realm The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms. It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia. Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers, Indomalaya spreads all over the Ind ...

* Tropical humid forests ** Malabar Rainforest **

Ceylonese Rainforest Sri Lankan or Ceylonese may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the country of Sri Lanka * A person from Sri Lanka, see Demographics of Sri Lanka ** Sinhalese people, the ethnic majority ** Sri Lankan Tamils, an ethnic minority ** Sri L ...

** Bengalian Rainforest ** Burman Rainforest ** Indochinese Rainforest ** South Chinese Rainforest ** Malayan Rainforest * Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands ** Indus-Ganges Monsoon Forest ** Burma Monsoon Forest ** Thailandian Monsoon Forest ** Mahanadian ** Coromandel ** Ceylonese Monsoon Forest ** Deccan Thorn Forest * Warm deserts and semideserts **

Thar Desert The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, is an arid region in the north-western part of the Subcontinent that covers an area of and forms a natural boundary between India and Pakistan. It is the world's 20th-largest desert, ...

* Mixed island systems **

Seychelles Seychelles (, ; ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (french: link=no, République des Seychelles; Creole: ''La Repiblik Sesel''), is an archipelagic state consisting of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, ...

and Amirantes Islands ** Laccadives Islands **

Maldives Maldives (, ; dv, ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ, translit=Dhivehi Raajje, ), officially the Republic of Maldives ( dv, ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ, translit=Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa, label=none, ), is an archipelag ...

and

Chagos Islands The Chagos Archipelago () or Chagos Islands (formerly the Bassas de Chagas, and later the Oil Islands) is a group of seven atolls comprising more than 60 islands in the Indian Ocean about 500 kilometres (310 mi) south of the Maldives arc ...

** Cocos-Keeling and

Christmas Islands Christmas Island, officially the Territory of Christmas Island, is an Australian external territory comprising the island of the same name. It is located in the Indian Ocean, around south of Java and Sumatra and around north-west of the ...

Andaman and Nicobar Islands The Andaman and Nicobar Islands is a union territory of India consisting of 572 islands, of which 37 are inhabited, at the junction of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The territory is about north of Aceh in Indonesia and separated f ...

Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...

Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...

Lesser Sunda Islands The Lesser Sunda Islands or nowadays known as Nusa Tenggara Islands ( id, Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara, formerly ) are an archipelago in Maritime Southeast Asia, north of Australia. Together with the Greater Sunda Islands to the west they make up ...

Celebes Sulawesi (), also known as Celebes (), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the world's eleventh-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Mindanao and the Sul ...

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and e ...

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the no ...

Nearctic Realm The Nearctic realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth's land surface. The Nearctic realm covers most of North America, including Greenland, Central Florida, and the highlands of Mexico. The parts of North America t ...

* Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands ** Sitkan ** Oregonian * Temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands ** Yukon Taiga ** Canadian Taiga * Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets ** Eastern Forest ** Austroriparian * Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands **

California California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the m ...

n * Warm deserts and semideserts ** Sonoran ** Chihuahuan ** Tamaulipan * Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts **

Great Basin The Great Basin is the largest area of contiguous endorheic watersheds, those with no outlets, in North America. It spans nearly all of Nevada, much of Utah, and portions of California, Idaho, Oregon, Wyoming, and Baja California. It is noted fo ...

* Tundra communities and barren Arctic desert **

Aleutian Islands The Aleutian Islands (; ; ale, Unangam Tanangin,”Land of the Aleuts", possibly from Chukchi ''aliat'', "island"), also called the Aleut Islands or Aleutic Islands and known before 1867 as the Catherine Archipelago, are a chain of 14 large v ...

** Alaskan Tundra ** Canadian Tundra **

Arctic Archipelago The Arctic Archipelago, also known as the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, is an archipelago lying to the north of the Canadian continental mainland, excluding Greenland (an autonomous territory of Denmark). Situated in the northern extremity of No ...

** Greenland Tundra ** Arctic Desert and Icecap * Temperate grasslands ** Grasslands * Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation **

Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range and the largest mountain system in North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch in straight-line distance from the northernmost part of western Canada, to New Mexico ...

** Sierra-Cascade ** Madrean-Cordilleran * Lake systems **

Great Lakes The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the mid-east region of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. There are five lakes ...

Neotropical Realm The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In bioge ...

* Tropical humid forests **

Campeche Campeche (; yua, Kaampech ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Campeche ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Campeche), is one of the 31 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. Located in southeast Mexico, it is bordered by ...

an ** Panamanian ** Colombian Coastal ** Guayanan **

Amazon rainforest The Amazon rainforest, Amazon jungle or ; es, Selva amazónica, , or usually ; french: Forêt amazonienne; nl, Amazoneregenwoud. In English, the names are sometimes capitalized further, as Amazon Rainforest, Amazon Forest, or Amazon Jungle. ...

Madeira ) , anthem = ( en, "Anthem of the Autonomous Region of Madeira") , song_type = Regional anthem , image_map=EU-Portugal_with_Madeira_circled.svg , map_alt=Location of Madeira , map_caption=Location of Madeira , subdivision_type=Sovereign st ...

n **

Serra do Mar The Serra do Mar (, Portuguese for ''Sea's Ridge'' or ''Sea Ridge'') is a 1,500 km long system of mountain ranges and escarpments in Southeastern Brazil. Geography The Serra do Mar runs parallel to the Atlantic Ocean coast from the state ...

(Bahian coast) * Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands ** Brazilian Rainforest (Brazilian Deciduous Forest) ** Brazilian Planalto (Brazilian Araucaria Forest) ** Valdivian Forest (Chilean Temperate Rain Forest) ** Chilean Nothofagus * Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands **

Everglades The Everglades is a natural region of tropical wetlands in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Florida, comprising the southern half of a large drainage basin within the Neotropical realm. The system begins near Orlando with the Kissim ...

Sinaloa Sinaloa (), officially the Estado Libre y Soberano de Sinaloa ( en, Free and Sovereign State of Sinaloa), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 18 municipalities and ...

n ** Guerreran ** Yucatecan (Yucatán) **

Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...

n (Carib-Pacific) ** Venezuelan Dry Forest ** Venezuelan Deciduous Forest ** Ecuadoran Dry Forest **

Caatinga Caatinga (, ) is a type of semi-arid tropical vegetation, and an ecoregion characterized by this vegetation in interior northeastern Brazil. The name "Caatinga" is a Tupi word meaning "white forest" or "white vegetation" (''caa'' = forest, v ...

Gran Chaco The Gran Chaco or Dry Chaco is a sparsely populated, hot and semiarid lowland natural region of the Río de la Plata basin, divided among eastern Bolivia, western Paraguay, northern Argentina, and a portion of the Brazilian states of Mato ...

* Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets ** Chilean Araucaria Forest * Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands ** Chilean Sclerophyll * Warm deserts and semideserts ** Pacific Desert (Peruvian and Atacama Desert) ** Monte (Argentinian Thorn-scrub) * Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts **

Patagonia Patagonia () refers to a geographical region that encompasses the southern end of South America, governed by Argentina and Chile. The region comprises the southern section of the Andes Mountains with lakes, fjords, temperate rainforests, and g ...

n * Tropical grasslands and savannas **

Llanos The Llanos ( Spanish ''Los Llanos'', "The Plains"; ) is a vast tropical grassland plain situated to the east of the Andes in Colombia and Venezuela, in northwestern South America. It is an ecoregion of the tropical and subtropical grassla ...

Campos Limpos Campos may refer to: Geography * Campos (crater), a crater on Mars * Campos, Spain, a municipality in Mallorca * Campos Basin, a sedimentary basin offshore of Rio de Janeiro state, named after Campos * Campos do Jordão, a municipality in the ...

(Guyana highlands) ** Babacu ** Campos Cerrados (Campos) * Temperate grasslands ** Argentinian Pampas (Pampas) ** Uruguayan Pampas * Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation ** Northern Andean ** Colombian Montane **

Yungas The Yungas (Aymara ''yunka'' warm or temperate Andes or earth, Quechua ''yunka'' warm area on the slopes of the Andes) is a bioregion of a narrow band of forest along the eastern slope of the Andes Mountains from Peru and Bolivia, and extends into ...

(Andean cloud forest) ** Puna ** Southern Andean * Mixed island systems **

Bahamas The Bahamas (), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the North Atlantic. It takes up 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area and is home to 88% of the a ...

Bermuda ) , anthem = "God Save the King" , song_type = National song , song = "Hail to Bermuda" , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , mapsize2 = , map_caption2 = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = , es ...

n **

Cuba Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribb ...

n ** Greater Antillean (Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico) ** Lesser Antillean ** Revillagigedo Archipelago **

Cocos Island Cocos Island ( es, Isla del Coco) is an island in the Pacific Ocean administered by Costa Rica, approximately southwest of the Costa Rican mainland. It constitutes the 11th of the 13 districts of Puntarenas Canton of the Province of Puntare ...

** Galapagos Islands **

Fernando de Noronha Island Fernando de Noronha () is an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, part of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, and located off the Brazilian coast. It consists of 21 islands and islets, extending over an area of . Only the eponymous main island is i ...

** South Trindade Island * Lake systems **

Lake Titicaca Lake Titicaca (; es, Lago Titicaca ; qu, Titiqaqa Qucha) is a large freshwater lake in the Andes mountains on the border of Bolivia and Peru. It is often called the highest navigable lake in the world. By volume of water and by surface area, i ...

Oceanian Realm The Oceanian realm is one of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) biogeographic realms, and is unique in not including any continental land mass. It has the smallest land area of any of the WWF realms. This realm includes the islands of the Pacific Oc ...

* Mixed island systems ** Papuan **

Micronesia Micronesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, consisting of about 2,000 small islands in the western Pacific Ocean. It has a close shared cultural history with three other island regions: the Philippines to the west, Polynesia to the east, ...

n ** Hawaiian **

Southeastern Polynesia The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography. A compass rose is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, east, south, and west—each sep ...

n ** Central Polynesian **

New Caledonia ) , anthem = "" , image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of New Caledonia , map_caption = Location of New Caledonia , mapsize = 290px , subdivision_type = Sovereign st ...

n ** East Melanesian

Palearctic Realm The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Si ...

* Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands **

Chinese Subtropical Forest Chinese can refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of v ...

** Japanese Evergreen Forest (Japanese Subtropical Forest) * Temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands ** West Eurasian Taiga **

East Siberian Taiga The East Siberian taiga ecoregion, in the Taiga and boreal forests biome, is a very large biogeographic region in eastern Russia. Setting This vast ecoregion is located in the heart of Siberia, stretching over 20° of latitude and 50° of longit ...

* Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets **

Iceland Iceland ( is, Ísland; ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic Ocean. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Iceland's capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which (along with its ...

ic ** Subarctic Birchwoods **

Kamchatka The Kamchatka Peninsula (russian: полуостров Камчатка, Poluostrov Kamchatka, ) is a peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about . The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk make up the peninsula's eastern and west ...

n **

British Isles The British Isles are a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner and Outer Hebrides, the Northern Isl ...

(British and Irish Forest) **

Atlantic The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe ...

(West European Forest) ** Boreonemoral (Baltic Lowland) ** Middle European Forest (East European Mixed Forest) **

Pannonia Pannonia (, ) was a province of the Roman Empire bounded on the north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. Pannonia was located in the territory that is now west ...

n (Danubian Steppe) ** West Anatolian ** Manchu-Japanese Mixed Forest ** Oriental Deciduous Forest * Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands ** Iberian Highlands ** Mediterranean Sclerophyll * Warm deserts and semideserts **

Sahara , photo = Sahara real color.jpg , photo_caption = The Sahara taken by Apollo 17 astronauts, 1972 , map = , map_image = , location = , country = , country1 = , ...

** Arabian Desert (Arabia) ** Anatolian-Iranian Desert (Turkish-Iranian Scrub-steppe) * Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts **

Turania Turania is a '' comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region Latium, located about northeast of Rome and about southeast of Rieti. Turania borders the following municipalities: Carsoli, Collalto Sabino, Collegiove, Poz ...

n (Kazakh Desert Scrub-steppe) ** Talka-Makan-Gobi Desert **

Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ) is a region in East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as Monpa people, ...

an **

Iranian Desert Iranian may refer to: * Iran, a sovereign state * Iranian peoples, the speakers of the Iranian languages. The term Iranic peoples is also used for this term to distinguish the pan ethnic term from Iranian, used for the people of Iran * Iranian lan ...

* Tundra communities and barren Arctic desert **

Arctic Desert The Arctic desert ecoregion (WWF ID: PA1101) is a terrestrial ecoregion that covers the island groups of Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Severny Island and Severnaya Zemlya in the Arctic Ocean, above 75 degrees north latitude. The region is covered ...

** Higharctic Tundra ** Lowarctic Tundra * Temperate grasslands ** Atlas Steppe (Atlas Highlands) ** Pontian Steppe (Ukraine-Kazakh Steppe) ** Mongolian-Manchurian Steppe (Gobi-Manchurian Steppe) * Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation **

Scottish Highlands The Highlands ( sco, the Hielands; gd, a’ Ghàidhealtachd , 'the place of the Gaels') is a historical region of Scotland. Culturally, the Highlands and the Lowlands diverged from the Late Middle Ages into the modern period, when Lowland S ...

** Central European Highlands ** Balkan Highlands ** Caucaso-Iranian Highlands (Caucasus and Kurdistan-Iran Highlands) ** Altai Highlands ** Pamir-Tian Shan Highlands ** Hindu Kush Highlands ** Himalayan Highlands ** Szechwan Highlands * Mixed island systems **

Macaronesian Islands Macaronesia (Portuguese: ''Macaronésia,'' Spanish: ''Macaronesia'') is a collection of four volcanic archipelagos in the North Atlantic, off the coasts of Africa and Europe. Each archipelago is made up of a number of Atlantic oceanic island ...

Ryukyu Islands The , also known as the or the , are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan: the Ōsumi, Tokara, Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima Islands (further divided into the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), with Yon ...

* Lake systems **

Lake Ladoga Lake Ladoga (; rus, Ла́дожское о́зеро, r=Ladozhskoye ozero, p=ˈladəʂskəjə ˈozʲɪrə or rus, Ла́дога, r=Ladoga, p=ˈladəɡə, fi, Laatokka arlier in Finnish ''Nevajärvi'' ; vep, Ladog, Ladoganjärv) is a fresh ...

Aral Sea The Aral Sea ( ; kk, Арал теңізі, Aral teñızı; uz, Орол денгизи, Orol dengizi; kaa, Арал теңизи, Aral teńizi; russian: Аральское море, Aral'skoye more) was an endorheic lake lying between Kazak ...

Lake Baikal Lake Baikal (, russian: Oзеро Байкал, Ozero Baykal ); mn, Байгал нуур, Baigal nuur) is a rift lake in Russia. It is situated in southern Siberia, between the federal subjects of Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the ...

Region coding

The hierarchy of the scheme is (with early replaced terms in parenthesis): * biogeographic realm (= biogeographic regions and subregions), with 8 categories ** biogeographic province (= biotic province), with 193 categories, each characterized by a major biome or biome-complex *** biome, with 14 types: tropical humid forests (1); subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands (2); temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands (3); tropical dry of deciduous forests (including monsoon forests) or woodlands (4); temperate broad-lead forests or woodlands and subpolar deciduous thickets (5); evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands (6); warm deserts and semideserts (7); cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts (8); tundra communities and barren arctic desert (9); tropical grassland and savannas (10); temperate grasslands (11); mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation (12); mixed island systems (13); lake systems (14). So, for example, the Australian Central Desert province is in the Australasian realm (6), is the 9th biogeographic province in that realm, and its biome falls within "warm deserts and semideserts" (7), so it is coded 6.9.7. The realms and provinces of the scheme are hence coded as follows: * 1.1.2 Sitkan province * 1.2.2. Oregonian province * 1.3.3 Yukon taiga province * 1.4.3 Canadian taiga province * 1.5.5. Eastern forest province * 1.6.5 Austroriparian province * 1.7.6 Californian province * 1.8.7 Sonoran province * 1.9.7 Chihuahuan province * 1.10.7 Tamaulipan province * 1.11.8 Great Basin province * 1.12.9 Aleutian Islands province * 1.13.9 Alaskan tundra province * 1.14.9 Canadian tundra province * 1.15.9 Arctic Archipelago province * 1.16.9 Greenland tundra province * 1.17.9 Arctic desert and icecap province * 1.18.11 Grasslands province * 1.19.12 Rocky Mountains province * 1.20.12 Sierra-Cascade province * 1.21.12 Madrean-Cordilleran province * 1.22.14 Great Lakes province * 2.1.2. Chinese Subtropical Forest province * 2.2.2 Japanese Evergreen Forest province (= Japanese Subtropical Forest) * 2.3.3 West Eurasian Taiga province * 2.4.3 East Siberian Taiga province * 2.5.5 Icelandian province (= Iceland) * 2.6.5 Subarctic Birchwoods province * 2.7.5 Kamchatkan province * 2.8.5 British Islands province (= British + Irish Forest) * 2.9.5 Atlantic province (West European Forest, in part) * 2.10.5 Boreonemoral province (Baltic Lowland, in part) * 2.11.5 Middle European Forest province (= East European Mixed Forest) * 2.12.5 Pannonian province (= Danubian Steppe) * 2.13.5 West Anatolian province * 2.14.5 Manchu-Japanese Mixed Forest province (= Manchurian + Japanese Mixed Forest) * 2.15.6 Oriental Deciduous Forest province * 2.16.6 Iberian Highlands province * 2.17.7 Mediterranean Sclerophyll province * 2.18.7 Sahara province * 2.19.7 Arabian Desert province (= Arabia) * 2.20.8 Anatolian-Iranian Desert province (= Turkish-Iranian Scrub-steppe) * 2.21.8 Turanian province (= Kazakh Desert Scrub-steppe) * 2.22.8 Takla-Makan-Gobi Desert steppe province * 2.23.8 Tibetan province * 2.24.9 Iranian Desert province * 2.25.9 Arctic Desert province * 2.26.9 Higharctic Tundra province (= Eurasian Tundra, in part) * 2.27.11 Lowarctic Tundra province (= Eurasian Tundra, in part) * 2.28.11 Atlas Steppe province (= Atlas Highlands) * 2.29.11 Pontian Steppe province (= Ukraine-Kazakh Steppe) * 2.30.11 Mongolian-Manchurian Steppe province (= Gobi + Manchurian Steppe) * 2.31.12 Scottish Highlands Highlands province * 2.32.12 Central European Highlands province * 2.33.12 Balkan Highlands province * 2.34.12 Caucaso-Iranian Highlands (= Caucasus + Kurdistan-Iran) province * 2.35.12 Altai Highlands province * 2.36.12 Pamir-Tian-Shan Highlands province * 2.37.12 Hindu Kush Highlands province * 2.38.12 Himalayan Highlands province * 2.39.12 Szechwan Highlands province * 2.40.13 Macaronesian Islands province (= 4 island provinces) * 2.41.13 Ryukyu Islands province * 2.42.14 Lake Ladoga province * 2.43.14 Aral Sea province * 2.44.14 Lake Baikal province * 3.1.1 Guinean Rain Forest province * 3.2.1 Congo Rain Forest province * 3.3.1 Malagasy Rain Forest province * 3.4.4 West African Woodland/savanna province * 3.5.4 East African Woodland/savanna province * 3.6.4 Congo Woodland/savanna province * 3.7.4 Miombo Woodland/savanna province * 3.8.4 South African Woodland/savanna province * 3.9.4 Malagasy Woodland/savanna province * 3.10.4 Malagasy Thorn Forest province * 3.11.6 Cape Sclerophyll province * 3.12.7 Western Sahel province * 3.13.7 Eastern Sahel province * 3.14.7 Somalian province * 3.15.7 Namib province * 3.16.7 Kalahari province * 3.17.7 Karroo province * 3.18.12 Ethiopian Highlands province * 3.19.12 Guinean Highlands province * 3.20.12 Central African Highlands province * 3.21.12 East African Highlands province * 3.22.12 South African Highlands province * 3.23.13 Ascension and St. Helena Islands province * 3.24.13 Comores Islands and Aldabra province * 3.25.13 Mascarene Islands province * 3.26.14 Lake Rudolf province * 3.27.14 Lake Ukerewe (Victoria) province * 3.28.14 Lake Tanganyika province * 3.29.14 Lake Malawi (Nyasa) province * 4.1.1 Malabar Rainforest province * 4.2.1 Ceylonese Rainforest province * 4.3.1 Bengalian Rainforest province * 4.4.1 Burman Rainforest province * 4.5.1 Indochinese Rainforest province * 4.6.1 South Chinese Rainforest province * 4.7.1 Malayan Rainforest province * 4.8.4 Indus-Ganges Monsoon Forest province * 4.9.4 Burma Monsoon Forest province * 4.10.4 Thailandian Monsoon Forest province * 4.11.4 Mahanadian province * 4.12.4 Coromandel province * 4.13.4 Ceylonese Monsoon Forest province * 4.14.4 Deccan Thorn Forest province * 4.15.7 Thar Desert province * 4.16.12 Seychelles and Amirantes Islands province * 4.17.12 Laccadives Islands province * 4.18.12 Maldives and Chagos Islands province * 4.19.12 Cocos-Keeling and Christmas Islands province * 4.20.12 Andaman and Nicobar Islands province * 4.21.12 Sumatra province * 4.22.12 Java province * 4.23.12 Lesser Sunda Islands province * 4.24.12 Celebes province * 4.25.12 Borneo province * 4.26.12 Philippines province * 4.27.12 Taiwan province * 5.1.13 Papuan province * 5.2.13 Micronesian province * 5.3.13 Hawaiian province * 5.4.13 Southeastern Polynesian province * 5.5.13 Central Polynesian province * 5.6.13 New Caledonian province * 5.7.13 East-Melanesian province * 6.1.1 Queensland Coastal province * 6.2.2 Tasmanian province * 6.3.4 Northern Coastal province * 6.4.6 Western Sclerophyll province * 6.5.6 Southern Sclerophyll province * 6.6.6 Eastern Sclerophyll province≠ * 6.7.6 Brigalow province * 6.8.7 Western Mulga province * 6.9.7 Central Desert province * 6.10.7 Southern Mulga/Saltbush province * 6.11.10 Northern Savanna province * 6.12.10 Northern Grasslands province * 6.13.11 Eastern Grasslands and Savannas province * 7.1.2 Neozealandia province * 7.2.9 Maudlandia province * 7.3.9 Marielandia province * 7.4.9 Insulantarctica province * 8.1.1 Campechean province (= Campeche) * 8.2.1 Panamanian province * 8.3.1 Colombian Coastal province * 8.4.1. Guyanese province * 8.5.1 Amazonian province * 8.6.1. Madeiran province * 8.7.1 Serra do mar province (= Bahian coast) * 8.8.2 Brazilian Rain Forest province (= Brazilian Deciduous Forest) * 8.9.2 Brazilian Planalto province (= Brazilian Araucaria Forest) * 8.10.2 Valdivian Forest province (= Chilean Temperate Rain Forest, in part) * 8.11.2 Chilean Nothofagus province (= Chilean Temperate Rain Forest, in part) * 8.12.4 Everglades province * 8.13.4 Sinaloan province * 8.14.4 Guerreran province * 8.15.4 Yucatecan province (= Yucatán) * 8.16.4 Central American province (= Carib-Pacific) * 8.17.4 Venezuelan Dry Forest province * 8.18.4 Venezuelan Deciduous Forest province * 8.19.4 Ecuadorian Dry Forest province * 8.20.4 Caatinga province * 8.21.4 Gran Chaco province * 8.22.5 Chilean Araucaria Forest province * 8.23.6 Chilean Sclerophyll province * 8.24.7 Pacific Desert province (= Peruvian + Atacama Desert) * 8.25.7 Monte (= Argentinian Thorn-scrub) province * 8.26.8 Patagonian province * 8.27.10 Llanos province * 8.28.10 Campos Limpos province (= Guyana highlands) * 8.29.10 Babacu province * 8.30.10 Campos Cerrados province (= Campos) * 8.31.11 Argentinian Pampas province (= Pampas) * 8.32.11 Uruguayan Pampas province * 8.33.12 Northern Andean province (= Northern Andes) * 8.34.12 Colombian Montane province * 8.35.12 Yungas province (= Andean cloud forest) * 8.36.12 Puna province * 8.37.12 Southern Andean province (= Southern Andes) * 8.38.13 Bahamas-Bermudan province (= Bahamas + Bermuda) * 8.39.13 Cuban province * 8.40.13 Greater Aritillean province (= Jamaica + Hispaniola + Puerto Rico) * 8.41.13 Lesser Antillean province (= Lesser Antilles) * 8.42.13 Revilla Gigedo Island province * 8.43.13 Cocos Island province * 8.44.13 Galapagos Islands province * 8.45.13 Fernando de Noronja Island province * 8.46.13 South Trinidade Island province * 8.47.14 Lake Titicaca province

References

Bibliography

* Dassman, Raymond (1976). "Biogeographical Provinces". ''CoEvolution Quarterly'', Number 11, Fall 1976. {{Biomes Biogeography Ecoregions Floristic provinces Floristic regions Landscape ecology Ecology Physical geography

Afrotropical Realm The Afrotropical realm is one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Africa south of the Sahara Desert, the majority of the Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, southern Iran and extreme southwestern Pakistan, and the island ...

Antarctic Realm The Antarctic realm is one of eight terrestrial biogeographic realms. The ecosystem includes Antarctica and several island groups in the southern Atlantic and Indian oceans. The continent of Antarctica is so cold that it has supported only 2 ...

Australasian Realm The Australasian realm is a biogeographic realm that is coincident with, but not (by some definitions) the same as, the geographical region of Australasia. The realm includes Australia, the island of New Guinea (comprising Papua New Guinea and th ...

Indomalayan Realm The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms. It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia. Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers, Indomalaya spreads all over the Ind ...

Nearctic Realm The Nearctic realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth's land surface. The Nearctic realm covers most of North America, including Greenland, Central Florida, and the highlands of Mexico. The parts of North America t ...

Neotropical Realm The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In bioge ...

Oceanian Realm The Oceanian realm is one of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) biogeographic realms, and is unique in not including any continental land mass. It has the smallest land area of any of the WWF realms. This realm includes the islands of the Pacific Oc ...

Palearctic Realm The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Si ...

Region coding

See also

References

Bibliography