Uralic is a language family located in Northern

Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago ...

, in the countries of

Finland Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of B ...

Estonia Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...

Hungary Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the ...

(where Uralic languages are spoken by the majority of the population), in other countries Uralic languages are spoken by a minority of the population, these languages are spoken in far-northern

Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the ...

(in most of the Finnmark region and other regions of the far-north), in far-northern Sweden (in some areas of

Norrland Norrland (, "Northland", originally ''Norrlanden'' or "the Northlands") is the northernmost, largest and least populated of the three traditional lands of Sweden, consisting of nine provinces. Although Norrland does not serve any administ ...

), and

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...

(where Uralic languages are also spoken by a minority of its population, although there is a significant number of speakers in some

Federal subjects The federal subjects of Russia, also referred to as the subjects of the Russian Federation (russian: субъекты Российской Федерации, subyekty Rossiyskoy Federatsii) or simply as the subjects of the federation (russian ...

- republics and autonomous districts or autonomous okrugs of Northern Russia, these languages are spoken in

Udmurtia Udmurtia (russian: Удму́ртия, r=Udmúrtiya, p=ʊˈdmurtʲɪjə; udm, Удмуртия, ''Udmurtija''), or the Udmurt Republic (russian: Удмуртская Республика, udm, Удмурт Республика, Удмурт � ...

, Komi Republic, Mordvinia, Mari-El, Karelia, in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug,

Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (YaNAO; russian: Яма́ло-Не́нецкий автоно́мный о́круг (ЯНАО), ; yrk, Ямалы-Ненёцие автономной ӈокрук, ) or Yamalia (russian: Ямалия) is a fe ...

and

Taymyr Autonomous Okrug Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (russian: Таймы́рский Долга́но-Не́нецкий автоно́мный о́круг, '; Enets: Таймыр Оша-Дюрак район, Nenets: Таймыр Долганы-Ненэц ...

and also in the former area of

Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug (russian: Коми-Пермяцкий Автономный Округ; koi, Коми-Пермяцкöй Aвтономнöй Округ) was an autonomous okrug of Russia, administered by Perm Oblast. It was establishe ...

, now part of the

Perm Krai Perm Krai (russian: Пе́рмский край, r=Permsky kray, p=ˈpʲɛrmskʲɪj ˈkraj, ''Permsky krai'', , ''Perem lador'') is a federal subject of Russia (a krai) that came into existence on December 1, 2005 as a result of the 2004 re ...

, other areas where Uralic languages are spoken in Russia are for example the

Kola Peninsula sjd, Куэлнэгк нёа̄ррк , image_name= Kola peninsula.png , image_caption= Kola Peninsula as a part of Murmansk Oblast , image_size= 300px , image_alt= , map_image= Murmansk in Russia.svg , map_caption = Location of Murmansk Oblas ...

). In Latvia, in some of the far-northern coastal areas of Courland ( Kurzeme) region, a dead Uralic language was spoken: Livonian. Uralic languages are spoken by about 25 million people. The main Uralic languages in number of speakers are Hungarian (12-13 million),

Finnish Finnish may refer to: * Something or someone from, or related to Finland * Culture of Finland * Finnish people or Finns, the primary ethnic group in Finland * Finnish language, the national language of the Finnish people * Finnish cuisine See also ...

(5.4 million) and Estonian (1.1 million), that are also national and official languages of sovereign states. Uralic languages ( ALL LANGUAGES )

Hypothetical ancestors

Major proposals for hypothetical relations to other language families and their proto-languages, none of which have gained wide acceptance: * Indo-Uralic * Uralo-Siberian * Uralic-Yukaghir * Eskimo-Uralic

Ancestral

Proto-Uralic Proto-Uralic is the unattested reconstructed language ancestral to the modern Uralic language family. The hypothetical language is believed to have been originally spoken in a small area in about 7000–2000 BCE, and expanded to give different ...

Samoyedic

* Proto-Samoyedic (ancestral) ** Nganasan (Tavgy, Tavgi, Tawgi, Tawgi-Samoyed) (''Njaʔ'' / ''Ŋanasan Næ’'') ***''Avam'' ***''Vadey'' ** Mator (Motor, Taigi, Karagas) (extinct) ***''Mator proper'' / ''Motor'' ***''Taygi'' ***''Karagas'' **Core Samoyedic ***Nenets-Enets **** Nenets (Yurak) ***** Forest Nenets (''Nešaŋ wata'') ***** Tundra Nenets (''N’enytsia Wada'' / ''Nenyotsya’’ Wada'') ****Transitional Nenets-Enets ***** Yurats (extinct) **** Enets (Yenets, Yenisei-Samoyed) ***** Forest Enets (''Bay Ona’ Bazaan'') ***** Tundra Enets (''Madu Ona’ Bazaan'') ***Selkup-Kamas **** Selkup (Ostyak-Samoyed) (''Šöl’ Qumyt Əty'') *****''Taz Selkup'' *****''Tym Selkup'' *****''Ket Selkup'' ''(not to be confused with Ket)'' **** Kamassian (Kamas, Koibal) (formerly spoken by the Kamasins in the Sayan Mountains, South Central

Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive region, geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a ...

) (extinct) *****''Kamas/Kamassian'' *****'' Koibal/Koybal'' ''(Samoyedic Uralic Koybal)'' ''( Koibal people shifted to a Turkic language - Khakas)''

Ob-Ugric

*Proto-Ob-Ugric (ancestral) **

Mansi Mansi may refer to: People * Mansi people, an indigenous people living in Tyumen Oblast, Russia ** Mansi language * Giovanni Domenico Mansi Gian (Giovanni) Domenico Mansi (16 February 1692 – 27 September 1769) was an Italian prelate, theolog ...

(Vogul) (a group of related languages, not a single language) *** Southern Mansi (all extinct) ****''Chusovaya'' ''(spoken in the western slopes of the

Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains ( ; rus, Ура́льские го́ры, r=Uralskiye gory, p=ʊˈralʲskʲɪjə ˈɡorɨ; ba, Урал тауҙары) or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western ...

, to the east of

Kama river The Kama (russian: Ка́ма, ; tt-Cyrl, Чулман, ''Çulman''; udm, Кам) is a long«Река � ...

, in the European side)'' ****''Tagil'' ****''Tura'' ****''Tavda'' (Tavdin) ***Core Mansi **** Central Mansi ***** Western Mansi (extinct) ******''Vishera'' ''(spoken in the western slopes of the

, to the east of

Kama river The Kama (russian: Ка́ма, ; tt-Cyrl, Чулман, ''Çulman''; udm, Кам) is a long«Река � ...

, in the European side)'' ******''Pelym'' ******''North Vagilsk'' ******''South Vagilsk'' ******''Lower Lozva'' ******''Middle Lozva'' ***** Eastern Mansi (Kondin) ******''Lower Konda'' ******''Middle Konda'' ******''Upper Konda'' ******''Jukonda'' **** Northern Mansi (''Maan's’i Latyŋ'') (base of the standard and literary Mansi language) *****''Upper Lozva'' *****''Sosva'' *****''Sygva'' *****''Ob'' **

Khanty The Khanty ( Khanty: ханти, ''hanti''), also known in older literature as Ostyaks (russian: остяки) are a Ugric indigenous people, living in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as "Yugra" in Russia, togethe ...

(Ostyak) (''Hantĭ jasaŋ'' / ''Khantõ Yasõŋ'' / ''Kantõk Yasõŋ'') (a group of related languages, not a single language) ***Western Khanty **** Northern Khanty *****''Obdorsk/Obdorian'' ''(Salekhard Khanty)'' *****''Berjozov'' ''(Synja, Muzhi, Shurishkar), Kazym, Sherkal'' ''(Ob dialects)'' ****Transitional Northern-Southern Khanty ***** Atlym-Nizyam Khanty ******''Atlym'' ******''Nizyam'' **** Southern Khanty (Irtysh Khanty) (extinct) *****''Upper Demjanka'' *****''Lower Demjanka'' *****''Konda'' *****''Cingali'' *****''Krasnojarsk'' ***Transitional Western-Eastern Khanty **** Salym Khanty *** Eastern Khanty **** Surgut Khanty ***** ''Jugan'' ***** ''Malij Jugan'' ***** ''Pim'' ***** ''Likrisovskoe'' ***** ''Tremjugan'' / ''Tromagan'' **** Far Eastern Khanty ***** ''Vakh'' ***** ''Vasjugan'' ***** ''Verkhne-Kalimsk'' ***** ''Vartovskoe''

Magyar

Proto-Hungarian Hungarian is a Uralic language of the Ugric group. It has been spoken in the region of modern-day Hungary since the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin in the late 9th century. Hungarian's ancestral language probably separated from th ...

(Proto-Magyar) ** Old Hungarian (ancestral) *** Hungarian (Magyar) (''Magyar Nyelv'') ****''Northeast Hungary'' ''(Északkeleti)'' ****'' Palóc'' ''(Northwest)'' ''(Hungarian dialect with Cuman = Polovtsian, Khazar, Kabar and Pecheneg Turkic substrates, especially in Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, in

Jászság Jászság ("Jaszygia", la, Jazigia) is a historical, ethnographical and geographical region in Hungary. Its territory is situated in the north-western part of the Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county. The main town in the region is Jászberény. Já ...

there is a Hungarian dialect with an Ossetian

Sarmatian The Sarmatians (; grc, Σαρμαται, Sarmatai; Latin: ) were a large confederation of ancient Eastern Iranian equestrian nomadic peoples of classical antiquity who dominated the Pontic steppe from about the 3rd century BC to the 4th cen ...

substrate)'' ****''Tisza–Körös'' ''(Tiszai)'' ****''Southern Great Plain'' ****''Southern Transdanubian'' ****''Central Transdanubian'' – ''Little Hungarian Plain'' ****''Western Transdanubian'' ****''Transylvanian Plain'' ****'' Székely'' ''(East Transylvanian)'' ****'' Csángó'' ''(West Moldavian Hungarian)''

Permic

*Proto-Permic (ancestral) ** Udmurt (Votyak) (''Udmurt kyl'') ***''Southern Udmurt'' ***''Northern Udmurt'' ''(spoken along

Cheptsa River The Cheptsa (; udm, Чупчи) is a river in the north part of Udmurtian Republic (Udmurtia) and eastern Kirov Oblast, in Russia. It flows through the city Glazov and flows into the Vyatka (river), Vyatka in Kirovo-Chepetsk, east of Kirov, Kiro ...

)'' ***''Besermyan'' ''(spoken by the strongly Turkified Besermyans)'' ** Komi (''Komi kyv'') *** Komi-Permyak (''Perem Komi kyv'') ****''Southern'' *****''/v/ type'' ******''Kudymkar-Inva'' ******''Lower Inva'' *****''Southern (/l/ type)'' ******''On'' ******''Nerdva'' ****''Northern'' *****''/l/ type'' ******''Upper Lupya'' ******''Mysy'' ''(former rural council)'' ******''Kosa-Kama'' ******''Kochevo'' ******''Zyuzdino'' ''(Afanasyevo)'' ******''Yazva'' *** Komi-Yodzyak (Yodzyak, Komi-Jazva, Vishera) (''Komi-Yodz kyl'') *** Komi-Zyryan (Komi, Komi-Zyrian, Zyrian) (basis of the standard literary language) (''Komi kyv'') ****''Old Komi'' ''(written in the

Old Permic script The Old Permic script ( kv, Важ Перым гижӧм, ), sometimes known by its initial 2 characters as Abur or Anbur, is a "highly idiosyncratic adaptation" of the Cyrillic script once used to write medieval Komi (a member of the Permic bra ...

)'' (extinct) ****''Syktyvkar'' ****''Lower Vychegda'' ****''Central Vychegda'' ****''Luza-Letka'' ****''Upper Sysola'' ****''Upper Vychegda'' ****''Pechora'' ****''Izhma'' ''(spoken by the Izhma Komi)'' ****''Vym'' ****''Udora''

Mari

( Mari

dialect continuum A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varie ...

) *Proto-Mari (ancestral) ** Mari ( Cheremis) (''Marii jõlme'') (a group of related languages, not a single language) *** Eastern-Meadow Mari ****

Eastern Mari Meadow Mari or Meadow-Eastern Mari or Eastern Mari is a standardised dialect of the Mari language used by about half a million people mostly in the European part of the Russian Federation. Meadow Mari, Hill Mari, and Russian are official languag ...

**** Meadow Mari (''Olykmarla'') *****''Meadow Mari Proper'' *****''Sernur-Morkin'' *****''Volga'' *****''Yoshkar-Olin'' ***Transitional Meadow Mari-Hill Mari **** Northwestern Mari (''Jůtnṳ̊mäl-käsvel Mare jÿlmÿ'') *****''Yaransk dialect'' ''(the largest by number of speakers and spread territory, Northwestern Mari standardized variety)'' ******''Kiknur subdialect'' ******''Tuzha subdialect'' ******''Sanchursk subdialect'' *****''Tonshaevo dialect'' *****''Lipsha dialect'' *****''Sharanga dialect'' *** Hill Mari / Western Mari (''Kyryk Mary jÿlmÿ'') ****''Kozymodemyan'' ****''Yaran''

Mordvinic

Moksha-Erzya-Shoksha dialects in Mordovia map

*Proto-Mordvinic (ancestral) ** Erzya (''Erzänj kelj'') ***''Central group'' ''(E-I)'' ***''Western group'' ''(E-II)'' ***''Northern group'' ''(E-III)'' ***''Southeastern group'' ''(E-IV)'' ***''Far Western group'' ''(E-V)'' **

Moksha ''Moksha'' (; sa, मोक्ष, '), also called ''vimoksha'', ''vimukti'' and ''mukti'', is a term in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism for various forms of emancipation, enlightenment, liberation, and release. In its soteriologic ...

(''Mokšenj kälj'') ***''Central group'' ''(M-I)'' ***''Western group'' ''(M-II)'' ***''South-Eastern group'' ''(M-III)''

Finnic

( Finnic

) *

Proto-Finnic Proto-Finnic or Proto-Baltic-Finnic is the common ancestor of the Finnic languages, which include the national languages Finnish and Estonian. Proto-Finnic is not attested in any texts, but has been reconstructed by linguists. Proto-Finnic is it ...

(ancestral) **Inland Finnic ***

South Estonian South Estonian, spoken in south-eastern Estonia, encompasses the Tartu, Mulgi, Võro and Seto varieties. There is no academic consensus on its status, as some linguists consider South Estonian a dialect group of Estonian whereas other linguist ...

(''Lõuna Eesti kiil'') ****''Eastern South Estonian'' *****''Kraasna'' (extinct) *****''

Ludza Ludza (; pl, Lucyn, german: Ludsen, russian: Лудза, ''Ludza'') is a town in the Latgale region of eastern Latvia. Ludza is the oldest town in Latvia and this is commemorated by a key in its coat of arms. Ludza is the administrative centre o ...

'' (extinct) *****''

Seto Seto may refer to: Places * Seto, Aichi, production place of Japanese pottery and venue of Expo 2005 * Seto, Ehime, facing the Seto Inland Sea *Seto, Okayama, adjacent to Okayama, in Okayama Prefecture *Seto Inland Sea of Japan * Setomaa (''Seto ...

'' *****'' Võro'' ****'' Leivu'' (extinct) ****''Mulgi'' ****''Tartu'' **Coastal Finnic ***Gulf of Riga Finnic **** Livonian (''Līvõ kēļ'' / ''Rānda keel'') (extinct) *****''Courland Livonian'' ''(extinct)'' ''(with revival attempts)'' *****''Salaca Livonian'' ''(extinct)'' ***Gulf of Finland Finnic ****Central Finnic ***** Estonian (North Estonian) (''Eesti keel'') ******''Central Estonian'' (basis of Standard Estonian but not identical) ******''Eastern Estonian'' ******''Insular Estonian'' ******''Western Estonian'' ***** Northeastern coastal Estonian (?) (''Kirderannikumurre'') ******''Alutaguse dialect'' ******''Coastal'' ***** Votic (''Vad’d’a tšeeli'' / ''Mā tšeeli'' / / ''Vadyaa cheli'') (nearly extinct) ******''Eastern Votic'' (extinct) ******''Western Votic'' ******'' Krevinian'' (extinct) ****Northern Finnic *****

(''Suomi'' / ''Suomen kieli'') ******'' Standard Finnish'' - ''Yleiskieli'' ****** Fingelska ******''

Colloquial Finnish Colloquial or spoken Finnish () refers to the unstandardized spoken variety of the Finnish language, in contrast with the standardized form of the language (). It is used primarily in personal communication and varies somewhat between the differen ...

'' - ''Puhekieli'' - ''spoken language'' *******''Western dialects'' ********'' Southwestern dialects'' ''(Lounaismurteet)'' *********''Southern dialect group'' *********''Northern dialect group'' ********''Southwestern transitional dialects'' *********''Pori region dialects'' *********''Ala-Satakunta dialects'' *********''dialects of Turku highlands'' *********''Somero region dialects'' *********''Western Uusimaa dialects'' ********'' Tavastian dialects'' ''(Hämäläismurteet)'' *********''Ylä-Satakunta dialects'' *********''Heart Tavastian dialects'' *********''Southern Tavastian dialects'' *********''Southeastern Tavastian dialects'' **********''Hollola dialect group'' **********''Porvoo dialect group'' **********''Iitti dialect group'' ********''Southern Botnian (Ostrobothnian) dialects'' ''(Eteläpohjalaiset murteet)'' ********''Middle and Northern Botnian (Ostrobothnian) dialects'' ''(Keski- ja Pohjoispohjalaiset murteet)'' *********''Middle Botnian (Ostrobothnian) dialects'' *********''Northern Botnian (Ostrobothnian) dialects'' ********'' Peräpohjola dialects'' ''(Peräpohjalaiset murteet)'' ''Far-Northern dialects'' *********''Tornio dialects'' ''("Meänkieli" in Sweden) ( Tornedalian / Tornedalian Finnish)'' *********''Kemi dialects'' *********''Kemijärvi dialects'' *********''Jällivaara dialects'' ''("Meänkieli" in Sweden)'' ''( Tornedalian / Tornedalian Finnish)'' *********''Ruija dialects'' ''(" Kven language" in Northern Norway)'' ''( Kven Finnish)'' ''(Kvääni / Kväänin kieli / Kainu / Kainun kieli)'' *******''Eastern dialects'' ********''

Savonian dialects The Savonian dialects (also called Savo Finnish)( fi, Savolaismurteet) are forms of the Finnish language spoken in Savonia and other parts of Eastern Finland. Finnish dialects are grouped broadly into Eastern and Western varieties; Savonian diale ...

'' ''(Savolaismurteet)'' *********''Northern Savonian dialects'' *********''Southern Savonian dialects'' *********''Middle dialects of Savonlinna region'' *********''Eastern Savonian dialects or the dialects of North Karelia'' *********'' Kainuu dialects'' *********''Central Finland dialects'' *********''Päijänne Tavastia dialects'' *********''Keuruu-Evijärvi dialects'' *********''Savonian dialects of Värmland (Sweden)'' ''(once spoken by the

Forest Finns Forest Finns ( fi, Metsäsuomalaiset, Norwegian bokmål: ''Skogfinner'', Norwegian nynorsk: ''Skogfinnar'', sv, Skogsfinnar) were Finnish migrants from Savonia and Northern Tavastia in Finland who settled in forest areas of Sweden proper and N ...

- Metsäsuomalaiset)'' ********''Southeastern dialects'' ''(Kaakkoismurteet)'' *********''Proper Southeastern dialects'' *********''Middle dialects of Lemi region'' *********''

Ingrian dialects Ingrian dialects ( fi, Inkerin suomalaismurteet) are the Finnish dialects spoken by Ingrian Finns around Ingria in Russia. Today, the Ingrian dialects are still spoken in Russia, Finland and Sweden. In 2010 there were only 20 300 Ingrian Finns ...

'' ''(in Russia)'' ***** Ingrian (''Ižoran keel'') ******''Hevaha'' (extinct) ******''Lower Luga'' ******''Kukkozi dialect'' (?) (nearly extinct) ******''Orodezhi (Upper Luga)'' (extinct) ******''Soikkola dialect'' ***** Karelian (''Karjala'' / ''Kariela'' / ''Karjalan kielii'') (not to be confused with the Karelian dialects of Finnish although there is some

between the two) ****** Livvi ( Olonets Karelian) (''Livvi'' / ''Livvin kieli'') ****** Karelian proper (''Karjala'' / ''Kariela'' / ''Karjalan kielii'') *******''Northern Karelian'' ''(Viena)'' *******''Southern Karelian'' ***** Ludic–Veps ****** Ludic (''Lüüdi'' / ''Lüüdi kiel'') *******''Northern Ludic'' *******''Central Ludic'' *******''Kuuďärv Ludic'' ****** Veps (''Vepsän kelʹ'' / ''Vepsän keli'') *******''Northern Veps'' ''(Onega Veps)'' *******''Central Veps'' *******''Southern Veps''

Sami Acronyms * SAMI, ''Synchronized Accessible Media Interchange'', a closed-captioning format developed by Microsoft * Saudi Arabian Military Industries, a government-owned defence company * South African Malaria Initiative, a virtual expertise ...

(

Sami Acronyms * SAMI, ''Synchronized Accessible Media Interchange'', a closed-captioning format developed by Microsoft * Saudi Arabian Military Industries, a government-owned defence company * South African Malaria Initiative, a virtual expertise ...

) * Proto-Sami (ancestral) **Eastern Sami ***Mainland **** Inari Sami (''Anarâškielâ'') **** Kemi Sami (extinct) **** Skolt Sami (''Sääʹmǩiõll'' / ''Nuõrttsääʹmǩiõll'') **** Akkala Sami (extinct) (''Sám kiöl'') **** Kainuu Sami (extinct) ***Peninsular (Kola Sámi) ****

Kildin Sami Kildin may refer to: * Kildin Island * Kildin class destroyer * Kildin Sami * Ostrov (air base) Ostrov (Russian: ''Веретье'' ("Veret"); also Ostrov-5, Gorokhovka) is a Russian Air Force air base

() **** Ter Sami (''Saa´mekiil'') **Western Sami languages ***Northwestern ****

Northern Sami Northern may refer to the following: Geography * North, a point in direction * Northern Europe, the northern part or region of Europe * Northern Highland, a region of Wisconsin, United States * Northern Province, Sri Lanka * Northern Range, a ...

(''Davvisámegiella'') *****''Torne Sami'' *****''Finnmark Sami'' *****''Sea Sami'' ****Northwestern proper *****

Lule Sami Lule may refer to: * Lule people, an indigenous people of northern Argentina * Lule language, a possibly extinct language of Argentina * Lule Sami language, a language spoken in Sweden and Norway * Luleå, also known as Lule, a town in Sweden * ...

(''Julevsámegiella'') ******''Northern dialects:'' ''Sörkaitum, Sirkas and Jåkkåkaska in Sweden, Tysfjord in Norway'' ******''Southern dialects:'' ''Tuorpon in Sweden'' ******''Forest dialects:'' ''Gällivare and Serri in Sweden'' ***** Pite Sami (''Bidumsámegiella'') ******''Northern dialects:'' ''Luokta-Mávas in Sweden'' ******''Central dialects:'' ''Semisjaur-Njarg in Sweden'' ******''Southern dialects:'' ''Svaipa in Sweden'' ***Southwestern **** Ume Sami (''Ubmejesámiengiälla'') *****''Northwestern'' *****''Southeastern'' **** Southern Sami (''Åarjelsaemien gïele'') *****''Åsele dialect'' ''(Northern dialect)'' *****''Jämtland dialect'' ''(Southern dialect)''

Unclassified Uralic languages (all extinct)

Uralic languages whose relationship to other languages in the family is unclear * Merya (spoken by the Merya, may have been a western branch of the Mari or close to the Mordvinic languages, may have been a transitional language between the Volga and the Baltic Finns) * Meshcherian (spoken by the Meshchera, may have been related to the

Mordvinic languages The Mordvinic languages, also known as the Mordvin, Mordovian or Mordvinian languages (russian: мордовские языки, ''mordovskiye yazyki''), are a subgroup of the Uralic languages, comprising the closely related Erzya language and Mok ...

or to the

Permic languages The Permic or Permian languages are a branch of the Uralic language family. They are spoken in several regions to the west of the Ural Mountains within the Russian Federation. The total number of speakers is around 950,000, of which around 550 ...

) * Murom (spoken by the Muroma, may have been a language close to the Merya and a transitional language between the Volga and the Baltic Finns)

References

* ''Abondolo, Daniel M.'' (editor). 1998. ''The Uralic Languages''. London and New York: Routledge. . * ''Collinder, Björn''. 1955. ''Fenno-Ugric Vocabulary: An Etymological Dictionary of the Uralic Languages.'' (Collective work.) Stockholm: Almqvist & Viksell. (Second, revised edition: Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag, 1977.) * ''Collinder, Björn''. 1957. ''Survey of the Uralic Languages.'' Stockholm. * ''Collinder, Björn''. 1960. ''Comparative Grammar of the Uralic Languages.'' Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell * ''Comrie, Bernhard''. 1988. "General Features of the Uralic Languages." In ''The Uralic Languages'', edited by Denis Sinor, pp. 451–477. Leiden: Brill. * ''Décsy, Gyula''. 1990. ''The Uralic Protolanguage: A Comprehensive Reconstruction.'' Bloomington, Indiana. * ''Hajdu, Péter''. 1963. ''Finnugor népek és nyelvek.'' Budapest: Gondolat kiadó. * '' Helimski, Eugene''. Comparative Linguistics, Uralic Studies. Lectures and Articles. Moscow. 2000. (russian: link=no, Хелимский Е.А. Компаративистика, уралистика. Лекции и статьи. М., 2000.) * '' Laakso, Johanna''. 1992. ''Uralilaiset kansat'' ('Uralic Peoples'). Porvoo – Helsinki – Juva. . * ''Korhonen, Mikko''. 1986. ''Finno-Ugrian Language Studies in Finland 1828-1918''. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica. . * '' Napolskikh, Vladimir''. The First Stages of Origin of People of Uralic Language Family: Material of Mythological Reconstruction. Moscow, 1991. (russian: link=no, Напольских В. В. Древнейшие этапы происхождения народов уральской языковой семьи: данные мифологической реконструкции. М., 1991.) * ''Rédei, Károly'' (editor). 1986–88. ''Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' ('Uralic Etymological Dictionary'). Budapest. *

External classification

* ''Sauvageot, Aurélien''. 1930. ''Recherches sur le vocabulaire des langues ouralo-altaïques'' ('Research on the Vocabulary of the Uralo-Altaic Languages'). Paris.

Linguistic issues

* ''Künnap, A.'' 2000. ''Contact-induced Perspectives in Uralic Linguistics.'' LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics 39. München: LINCOM Europa. . * ''Wickman, Bo.'' 1955. ''The Form of the Object in the Uralic Languages.'' Uppsala: Lundequistska bokhandeln.

External links

"The Finno-Ugrics"
''The Economist'', December 20, 2005 * Kulonen, Ulla-Maija
Origin of Finnish and related languages.
''thisisFINLAND'', Finland Promotion Board. Cited 30.10.2009. {{Countries and languages lists Uralic