List of Latin-script trigraphs

A number of trigraphs are found in the Latin script.

A

is used in Dutch and various Cantonese romanisations to write the sound .

is used in Irish to write the sound , or in Donegal, , between broad consonants.

is used in Irish to write the sound , or in Donegal, , between broad consonants, or an unstressed , or in Donegal, /uː/, at the end of a word.

is used in Irish to write the sound between a broad and a slender consonant.

is used in Irish to write the sound , or in Donegal, , between broad consonants.

is used in French to write the sound ( before a vowel).

is used in French to write the sound ( before a vowel). It also represents in Tibetan Pinyin, where it is alternatively written än.

is used in Irish to write the sound between broad consonants.

is used in Irish to write the sound , or in Donegal, , between broad consonants.

is used in Irish to write the sound between a broad and a slender consonant.

is used in French to write the sound ( before a vowel).

is used in French to write the sound .

is used in a few words in French to write the sound .

is used in the practical orthography of the Taa language, where it represents the strident vowel . (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an with a double tilde underneath.)

B

is used in Irish, like the digraph bh, to write the sounds and . It is used for the eclipsis of .

C

is used in Breton in order to represent the sound (a voiceless velar fricative). It should not be confused with ch, which represents in Breton the sound (a voiceless postalveolar fricative).

is a long Hungarian , . It is collated as rather than as . It is only used within roots; when two are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence .

is used in Eskayan romanised orthography for the sound (English "j").

is used in Quechua and romanizations of Indic languages to write the sound .

is used in Corsican to write the sound .

Initial is pronounced in southern dialects of the Welsh language as /w/.

was used in medieval Czech for .

was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the dental affricated click .

represents a sound between vowels in Italian.

D

is used in Juǀʼhoan for the prevoiced aspirated affricate .

is used in the Dene Suline language (Chipewyan) for the dental affricate .

is a long Hungarian , . It is collated as rather than as . It is not used within roots, where may be either long or short; but when an assimilated suffix is added to the stem, it may form the trigraph rather than the regular sequence *. Examples are ''eddze, lopóddzon.''

is used in Juǀʼhoan for the prevoiced uvularized affricate .

is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound .

is used to write the sound in English transcriptions of the Polish digraph <dż>.

is used to write the foreign sound in German. A common variant is the tetragraph '' dsch.'' It is used in Juǀʼhoan for the prevoiced aspirated affricate .

is used in Norwegian to write foreign loan words with the sound. Sometimes the digraph ''dj'' is used.

is used in Naro to write the voiced palatal click .

is used to write the sound in English transcriptions of the Russian digraph . In the practical orthography of the Taa language, where it represents the prevoiced affricate .

in Polish orthography represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant (or in the end of the word), and is considered a graphic variant of the digraph dź appearing in other situations.

is used in the Hungarian to write the voiced palato-alveolar affricate .

is used in Juǀʼhoan for the prevoiced uvularized affricate .

is used in the Shona language to write the whistled sibilant affricate .

E

is used in Irish to write the sound between slender consonants, or in French to write the sound after .

is used in Irish to write the sound between slender consonants.

is used in French to write the sound and it is a word itself meaning "water".

is used in French to write the sound ( before a vowel).

is used in Irish to write the sound between slender consonants.

is used in the practical orthography of the Taa language, where it represents the strident vowel . (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an with a double tilde underneath.)

is used in Afrikaans to represent .

G

is used in French to write the sound in words such as ''vergeüre.''

is used in Hadza for ejective .

is a long Hungarian , . It is collated as rather than as . It is only used within roots; when two are brought together in a compound

is used in Corsican to write the sound .

is used in the Dene Suline language (Chipewyan) for a labialized velar/uvular . In Canadian Tlingit it represents , which in Alaska is written .

is used in Italian to write the sound before a vowel other than .

is used in Talossan language as an /ŋn/.

is used in French to write the sound in a few words such as ''châtaignier'' .

and are used in French to write the sound at the ends of words that end in the feminine suffix ''-e,'' such as ''aiguë'' "sharp" and ''ambiguë'' "ambiguous". In the French spelling reform of 1990, it was recommended that traditional be changed to .

is used in the practical orthography of the Taa language, where it represents the prevoiced affricate .

are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four prevoiced aspirated clicks, .

are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four prevoiced affricate ejective-contour clicks, .

are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four prevoiced affricate pulmonic-contour clicks, .

H

is used in the Dene Suline language (Chipewyan) for a labialized velar/uvular .

is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound .

is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound .

I

is used in Irish to write an unstressed sound at the ends of words.

represents in Afrikaans.

is used in Irish to write an unstressed sound at the ends of words. Igh might also be considered a trigraph for the diphthong in English. It differs from the vowel letter followed by the silent digraph in that the vowel is always "long", as in ''light'' vs. ''lit'' , for example.

is used in a few French words to write the sound such as ''oignon'' "onion" and ''encoignure'' "corner". It was eliminated in the French spelling reform of 1990, but continues to be used.

is used in the ''ijekavian'' reflex of Serbo-Croatian for or .

is used to write the sound in Breton.

is used in French to write the sound , as in ''épouiller'' .

is used in the practical orthography of the Taa language, where it represents the strident vowel . (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an with a double tilde underneath.)

is used in Irish to write the sound between slender consonants.

J–L

is used in Cantonese Jyutping romanization to write the sound , as in the name ''Jyutping'' itself. The digraph represents .

is used in the Ossete Latin alphabet to write the sound .

is used in Canadian Tlingit to write the sound , which in Alaska is written .

is used for in Arrernte.

is used in Purépecha for .

is a common convention for .

is used for in Arrernte.

is used in French to write the sound after in a few words, such as ''coquillier.''

is a long Hungarian , . It is collated as rather than as . It is only used within roots; when two are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence .

is used for in Arrernte.

N

is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound .

is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound . In Xhosa is represents .

is used in the Xhosa language to write the sound .

is used in the Swahili language to write the sound . Technically, it may be considered a digraph rather than a trigraph, as is not a letter of the Swahili alphabet.

is used in some African orthographies for , a prenasalised .

is used in the Xhosa language to write the sound .

is used to represent the sound , as in English ''finger,'' in several languages such as Filipino and Malay that use for (as in English ''singer'').

is used in Vietnamese for the velar nasal consonant, before the letters , , and . It was previously considered a single letter, but is not currently. In Welsh, it represents a voiceless velar nasal (a under the nasal mutation). In Xhosa, represents a murmured velar nasal.

is used in Gogo for voiceless .

is used in Yanyuwa to represent a back velar stop, .

is used in Yélî Dnye of Papua New Guinea to represent doubly articulated consonant .

is used in the Xhosa language to write the sound .

is used for in Bouyei and Standard Zhuang.

is or in the orthographies of several languages.

is used in the Xhosa language to write the sound .

is used for in Arrernte.

is used in the Xhosa language to write the sound .

is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound .

is used in some African orthographies for , a prenasalized .

is used in the Xhosa language to write the prenasalized alveolar click .

is used in the Xhosa language to write the prenasalized lateral click .

is used in Inuktitut and Greenlandic to write a long (geminate) velar nasal, .

is a long Hungarian , . It is collated as rather than as . It is only used within roots; when two are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence .

is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound .

is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound .

is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound .

is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound .

is used to write the click in Naro.

is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound . In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Yanyuwa it represents a dental stop, .

is used in Cypriot Arabic for .

is used in the Xhosa language to write the sound .

is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound . In Malagasy and in Cypriot Arabic, it represents .

is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound .

is used in the Xhosa language to write the sound . In Gogo it's voiceless .

is used in Yanyuwa to represent a pre- velar stop, .

is used for in Arrernte.

is used in the Shona language to write the prenasalized whistled sibilant .

is used in Juǀʼhoan for the alveolar murmured nasal click .

is used in Juǀʼhoan for the dental murmured nasal click .

is used in Juǀʼhoan for the lateral murmured nasal click .

is used in Juǀʼhoan for the palatal murmured nasal click .

O

is used in Irish to write the sound , or in Donegal, , between broad consonants.

is used in Irish to write the sound , or in Donegal, , between broad consonants.

is used to write in Afrikaans.

is used to write in Afrikaans.

is that represents a Walloon nasal vowel.

is used in the Classical Milanese orthography for the Milanese dialect of Lombard to write the sounds and .

is used in Irish to write the sound , or in Donegal, , between broad consonants.

is used in French to write the sound ( before a vowel). In Tibetan Pinyin, it represents and is alternately written ön.

is used in Irish to write the sound between broad consonants.

is used in Irish to write the sound between broad consonants.

is used in Dutch and Afrikaans to write the sound .

is in the practical orthography of the Taa language, where it represents the strident vowel . (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an with a double tilde underneath.)

P–R

is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound .

is used for in Arrernte.

is used in Soninke for .

is used in Kuanua, in a word meaning water (p'hoq̄e'ẽ).

is used for in Silesian.

was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoehkoe for the alveolar affricated click .

was used in Scots orthography in place of . In several English names of Scottish origin, such as Sanquhar, Farquhar, and Urquhart, it represents or, occasionally, , as in Colquhoun.

is in the practical orthography of the Taa language, where it represents the affricate .

is used in Swedish to write the ''sje'' sound in the word ''gärdsgård'' /'jæɧgo:ɖ/ (roundpole fence).

is used for in Arrernte.

is used in Yanyuwa to represent a retroflex stop, .

is used in Inuktitut to represent a sequence of uvular nasal followed by velar nasal, .

is used for in Arrernte.

is used to write the sound in words of Greek derivation such as ''diarrhea.''

is used for in Arrernte.

is used in Swedish to write the ''sje'' sound in the word ''marskalk'' /'maɧalk/ (marshal).

is used for in Arrernte.

is used for in Arrernte.

S

is used in German to represent . It was also used in medieval Polish orthography. It is used in Swedish, always pronounced as a ''sje'' sound /ɧ/, when that sound occurs at the end of a French loanword, for example ''marsch'' (Fr. marche), or when that sound appears in a small number of Greek loanwords, such as ''schema'' (schedule) and ''ischias''. In Walloon it represents a consonant that is variously , , or , depending on the dialect. In Middle English, was the most common spelling for this sound, replacing earlier of Old English; it was replaced in turn by in Modern English. Most words with in Modern English are based on Latin orthography, where the is . An exception is the word ' (from the Late Latin '' schedula''), where the English pronunciation of is or , depending on dialect.

In German, when a is added in front of it, the resulting tetragraph becomes . Similarly, German adds a for a tetragraph in loanwords, to denote the sound , as in the word ' (jungle). An orthographic also occurs in Dutch and Italian, but as a sequence of plus , not as a trigraph. It is pronounced as a cluster: in Dutch , in Italian and often in West Flemish . In Dutch, however, it is pronounced as as the end of words, as in the common suffix ''-isch'' and in some (sur)names, like Bosch and Den Bosch.

In Italian, is not a trigraph, but rather a combination of and that produces . However, when Italian words are loaned into English, many people pronounce as if it were the German trigraph (e.g. bruschetta).

The Rheinische Dokumenta uses to denote the sounds , and . It uses with an arc below so as to denote .

is used in Italian to write the sound before the non-front vowel letters , , .

is used in Hungarian to write the sound �tʃ

is used in Bolivian dialects of Quechua to write the sound .

is used in Gwich'in to write the sound �

is used in romanization of Bulgarian for the letter щ, which represents �t

represents a fricative phoneme in some Scandinavian languages. In Faroese (e.g. ''at skjóta'', to shoot)) and in Norwegian (e.g. ''kanskje'', maybe) it is a usually the voiceless postalveolar fricative . In Swedish (e.g. ''skjorta'', shirt) it is often realised as the ''sje'' sound .

is used in English to write the sound in words such as ''mission''. It is used in a few French loanwords in Swedish, pronounced as a ''sje'' sound /ɧ/, for example ''assiett'' (dessert plate).

is used in a few words in Swedish to write the ''sje'' sound between two short vowels, such as ''hässja'' (hayrack).

is found in words of Greek origin. In French, it is pronounced before a consonant, as in ''isthme'' and ''asthme''; in American English, it is pronounced in ''isthmus'' and in ''asthma''.

is used in five words in Swedish to write the ''sje'' sound ; it can also represent the voiceless postalveolar fricative or the consonant cluster in Norwegian depending on dialect.

is a long Hungarian , . It is collated as rather than as . It is only used within roots; when two are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence .

is used in Cantonese romanization to write the syllable .

and are used in Piedmontese for the sequence .

and are used in Piedmontese for the sequence .

T

is used to write the click in Naro.

is used to write the aspirated click in Naro, the aspirated affricate in Sandawe, Hadza and Juǀʼhoan, and the affricate in French and Portuguese. In modern Walloon it is , which used to be written ''ch''. In Swedish it is used for the affricate -sound in a small number of English loanwords, such as ''match'' and ''batch''. In English it is a variant of the digraph , used in situations similar to those that trigger the digraph for .

is used in Juǀʼhoan for the uvularized affricate .

and are used for in Arrernte.

is used in Xhosa to write the sound . It is often replaced with the ambiguous trigraph .

is used for in Arrernte.

is used to write the sound in languages such as Tswana, and is in the fictional Klingon language from ''Star Trek'', where it is treated as a single letter.

and are used for in Arrernte.

is used for in Arrernte.

is used for in Arrernte.

is used to write the sound in Naro.

is used in various languages, such as Juǀʼhoan, for the aspirated affricate . In the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, it represents the sound . In Xhosa, it may be used to write , , or , though it is sometimes limited to , with and distinguished as and .

is used in Dutch and Norwegian to write the sound .

is used in the Shona language to write the whistled sibilant affricate .

is used in Juǀʼhoan for the uvularized affricate .

is used in the Seneca language as one way to write or (Seneca does not differentiate between voiced and voiceless consonants). It is the only Seneca trigraph, and the same phoneme can also be transcribed simply as j.

is used in Cantonese romanization to write the syllables and .

is used in the Dene Suline language (Chipewyan) for dental affricate .

is used in the Haida language (Bringhurst orthography) for ejective .

is used in the Haida language (Bringhurst orthography) for ejective .

is a long Hungarian , . It is collated as rather than as . It is only used within roots; when two are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence .

is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound .

is used in the Xhosa language to write the sound .

is used for in Arrernte.

is used for in Cantonese names (such as Cheung Tze-keung) or in Chinese names (such as Yangtze).

U–W

is used in French to write the sound .

is used in Irish to write the sound between broad consonants.

is used in the practical orthography of the Taa language, where it represents the strident vowel . (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an with a double tilde underneath.)

is used in Central Alaskan Yup'ik to write the sound .

was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoehkoe for the palatal affricated click .

X–Z

is used in Canadian Tlingit to write the sound , which in Alaska is written .

was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the lateral affricated click .

is used for �tʃin a few Spanish and Portuguese names such as Yaxchilán.

is used for �tʃin a few Basque and Catalan names such as Borxtx and Xtxi.

is used in Cantonese romanization to write the syllable .

is a long Hungarian , . It is collated as rather than as . It is only used within roots; when two are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence .

Other

(capital ) is used in Kabiye to write , a pre-nasalized .

are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four aspirated nasal clicks, .

are used in Khoekhoe for its four plain aspirated clicks, .

{{Latin script

Latin-script trigraphs