List of English irregular verbs

This is a list of irregular verbs in the English language.

Past tense irregular verbs

For each verb listed, the citation form (the bare infinitive) is given first, with a link to the relevant Wiktionary entry. This is followed by the simple past tense (preterite), and then the past participle. If there are irregular present tense forms (see below), these are given in parentheses after the infinitive. (The present participle and gerund forms of verbs, ending in ''-ing'', are always regular. In English, these are used as verbs, adjectives, and nouns.) In the case of modal verbs the present and preterite forms are listed, since these are the only forms that exist with the present form identical for all persons.

The right-hand column notes whether the verb is weak or strong and whether it belongs to a subclass, and links to descriptions elsewhere. Information about the development of these verbs generally can be found at English irregular verbs; details of the etymology and usage of specific verbs can be found by consulting Wiktionary.

In some cases, there are two or more possibilities for a given form. In the table, the preferred or more common usage is generally listed first, though for some words the usage is nearly equal for the two choices. Sometimes the usage depends on the dialect. In many cases, such as ''spell'' (''spelt'' vs. ''spelled''), ''learn'' (''learnt'' vs. ''learned''), and ''spill'' (''spilt'' vs. ''spilled''), American English normally uses the regular form, while British English tends to favor the irregular. In other cases, such as ''dive'' (''dived'' vs. ''dove'') and ''sneak'' (''sneaked'' vs. ''snuck''), the opposite is true. Australian, New Zealand and South African English tend to follow the British practice, while Canadian English often sides with the American usage. It is also worth noting that the irregular form tends to indicate duration, whereas the regular form often describes a short-term action (''The fire burned for weeks.'' vs. ''He burnt his finger.''), and in American English, the regular form is associated with the literal sense of a verb, while the irregular form with a figurative one.

The preterite and past participle forms of irregular verbs follow certain patterns. These include ending in ''-t'' (e.g. ''build'', ''bend'', ''send''), stem changes (whether it is a vowel, such as in ''sit'', ''win'' or ''hold'', or a consonant, such as in ''teach'' and ''seek'', that changes), or adding the 'n''suffix to the past participle form (e.g. ''drive'', ''show'', ''rise''). English irregular verbs are now a closed group, which means that newly formed verbs are always regular and do not adopt any of the irregular patterns.

This list only contains verb forms which are listed in the major dictionaries as being standard usage in modern English. There are also many thousands of archaic, non-standard and dialect variants. Modern English still has remnants of formerly irregular verbs in other parts of speech. Most obviously, adjectives like ''clean-shaven'', ''beholden'', or ''forlorn'' fossilize what are originally the past participles of the verbs ''shave'' and ''behold'', and Old English ''forleosan''. However, ''forleosan'' has fallen out of use and ''shave'' is now regular, so these verbs are not listed, and ''behold'', while still irregular, can no longer be listed this participle form.

Present tense irregular verbs

Though the list of verbs irregular in the preterite or past participle is long, the list of irregular ''present tense'' verbs is very short. Excepting modal verbs like "shall", "will", and "can" that do not inflect at all in the present tense, there are only four of them (only two if pronunciation is ignored), not counting compounds including them:
* be: ''I am, thou art, you are, he is, we are, they are''. The contracted/reduced forms, used in unstressed positions and in particular as auxiliary verbs, are as follows: ''I’m, you’re, he’s, we’re, they’re''.
* do (and compounds such as "undo" and "redo"): ''I do, you do, he does, we do, they do'' where "does" is pronounced (instead of ) in contrast to , the pronunciation of the infinitive and the other present tense forms. The reduced forms of the verb ''do'' are pronounced /du/, /də/, /d/, or /dəz/, /dz/ for ''does'' and usually appear only in questions. The contracted forms of ''do'' are used only in the negative: ''I do not = I don't, you do not = you don't, he does not = he doesn't, we do not = we don't, they do not = they don't''.
* have: ''I have, you have, he has, we have, they have''. If used as an auxiliary verb in the present perfect, past perfect and future perfect, its contracted forms can be used: ''I’ve, you’ve, he’s, we’ve, they’ve''.
*say (and compounds such as "gainsay" and "naysay"): ''I say, you say, he says, we say, they say'' where "says" has the standard pronunciation (instead of ) in contrast to the used for the infinitive and other present tense forms.

References

External links

* Wiktionary's category of English irregular verbs

Complete List of 638 English Irregular Verbs
with their forms in different tenses.

Mind Our English: Strong and weak
by Ralph Berry

English Irregular Verb List
A comprehensive list of English irregular verbs, including their base form, past simple, past participle, 3rd person singular, and the present participle / gerund.
Database of all irregular verbs
with complete conjugation and audio.

{{DEFAULTSORT:English Irregular Verbs
Irregular Verbs
Linguistics lists
Irregular Verbs