This article lists rulers of Thrace and Dacia, and includes

Thracian The Thracians (; grc, Θρᾷκες ''Thrāikes''; la, Thraci) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Eastern and Southeastern Europe in ancient history.. "The Thracians were an Indo-European people who occupied ...

Paeonian In antiquity, Paeonia or Paionia ( grc, Παιονία, Paionía) was the land and kingdom of the Paeonians or Paionians ( grc, Παίονες, Paíones). The exact original boundaries of Paeonia, like the early history of its inhabitants, a ...

, Celtic,

Dacia Dacia (, ; ) was the land inhabited by the Dacians, its core in Transylvania, stretching to the Danube in the south, the Black Sea in the east, and the Tisza in the west. The Carpathian Mountains were located in the middle of Dacia. It ...

Scythian The Scythians or Scyths, and sometimes also referred to as the Classical Scythians and the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern * : "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Centra ...

Persia Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

n or

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic p ...

up to the point of its fall to the

Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post- Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Mediter ...

, with a few figures from

Greek mythology A major branch of classical mythology, Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the ancient Greeks, and a genre of Ancient Greek folklore. These stories concern the origin and nature of the world, the lives and activities ...

Mythological

* Haemus, became a mountain Haemus Mons * Thrax, son of Ares * Tegyrios, mortal *

Eumolpus In Greek Mythology, Eumolpus (; Ancient Greek: Εὔμολπος ''Eúmolpos'', "good singer" or "sweet singing", derived from εὖ ''eu'' "good" and μολπή ''molpe'' "song", "singing") was a legendary king of Thrace. He was described as hav ...

, inherited a kingdom from Tegyrios * Tereus, the king that was turned into a

hoopoe Hoopoes () are colourful birds found across Africa, Asia, and Europe, notable for their distinctive "crown" of feathers. Three living and one extinct species are recognized, though for many years all of the extant species were lumped as a single ...

Phineus In Greek mythology, Phineus (; Ancient Greek: Φινεύς, ) or Phineas, was a king of Salmydessus in Thrace and seer, who appears in accounts of the Argonauts' voyage. Some accounts make him a king in PaphlagoniaScholia on Apollonius of Rhod ...

Phoenicia Phoenicia () was an ancient thalassocratic civilization originating in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon. The territory of the Phoenician city-states extended and shrank throughout their histor ...

n son of Agenor, blind king and seer *

Poltys :'' Poltys'' is also a genus of spiders In Greek mythology, Poltys (Ancient Greek: Πόλτυς) is a mythical king and eponym of the Thracian city of Poltyobria (or ''Poltymbria''; also called Aenus), featured in Apollodorus's account of the st ...

, son of

Poseidon Poseidon (; grc-gre, Ποσειδῶν) was one of the Twelve Olympians in ancient Greek religion and myth, god of the sea, storms, earthquakes and horses.Burkert 1985pp. 136–139 In pre-Olympian Bronze Age Greece, he was venerated as a ...

* Pyreneus, died trying to harm the Muses * Harpalykos, king of the Amymnaeans *Thoas, founder of Thoana *

Mopsus Mopsus (; Ancient Greek: Μόψος, ''Mopsos'') was the name of one of two famous seers in Greek mythology; his rival being Calchas. A historical or legendary ''Mopsos'' or ''Mukšuš'' may have been the founder of a house in power at widespread ...

, killed Myrine, an amazon queen * Peirous, a Thracian war leader killed by Thoas the

Aetolian Aetolia ( el, Αἰτωλία, Aἰtōlía) is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, forming the eastern part of the modern regional unit of Aetolia-Acarnania. Geography The Achelous River separates Aetolia ...

Rhesus of Thrace Rhesus (; Ancient Greek: Ῥῆσος ''Rhêsos'') is a mythical Thracian king in '' Iliad'', Book X, who fought on the side of Trojans. Diomedes and Odysseus stole his team of fine horses during a night raid on the Trojan camp. Etymology His ...

, died in the

Trojan war In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and ...

* Cisseus, father of Theano, the wife of

Antenor __NOTOC__ Antenor ( grc-gre, Ἀντήνωρ, ''Antḗnōr''; BC) was an Athenian sculptor. He is recorded as the creator of the joint statues of the tyrannicides Harmodius and Aristogeiton funded by the Athenians on the expulsion of Hipp ...

Diomedes of Thrace In Greek mythology, King Diomedes of Thrace (Ancient Greek: Διομήδης) was the son of Ares and Cyrene. He lived on the shores of the Black Sea ruling the warlike tribe of Bistones. He is known for his man-eating horses, which Heracles ...

Giant In folklore, giants (from Ancient Greek: ''gigas'', cognate giga-) are beings of human-like appearance, but are at times prodigious in size and strength or bear an otherwise notable appearance. The word ''giant'' is first attested in 1297 fr ...

that ruled over the Bistones * Lycurgus, of the

Edoni The Edoni (also ''Edones'', ''Edonians'', ''Edonides'') ( el, Ἠδωνιοί) were a Thracian people who dwelt mostly between the Nestus and the Strymon rivers in southern Thrace, but also once dwelt west of the Strymon at least as far as the Ax ...

* Oeagrus, father of

Orpheus Orpheus (; Ancient Greek: Ὀρφεύς, classical pronunciation: ; french: Orphée) is a Thracian bard, legendary musician and prophet in ancient Greek religion. He was also a renowned poet and, according to the legend, travelled with J ...

and Linus *

of the

Cicones The Cicones (; ) or Ciconians were a Homeric ThracianHerodotus, ''The Histories'' (Penguin Classics), edd. John M. Marincola and Aubery de Selincourt, 2003, p. 452 (I10): "The Thracian tribes lying along his route were the Paeti, Cicones, Bisto ...

Polymestor In Greek mythology, Polymestor or Polymnestor ( grc, Πολυμ(ν)ήστωρ) was a king of the Bistonians in Thrace. Polymestor appears in Euripides' play ''Hecuba'' and in the Ovidian myth "Hecuba, Polyxena and Polydorus". Polymestor was also t ...

of the Bistonians * Zalmoxis of the Getae *

Charnabon In Greek mythology, Charnabon (Ancient Greek "Χαρναβών", gen. "Χαρναβώντος") was a king of the Getae, mentioned in Sophocles' tragedy ''Triptolemos'' as ruling the Getae, without a precise geographical location of his kingdom. ...

of the Getae, who came into power when grain was first given to men mentioned by

Sophocles Sophocles (; grc, Σοφοκλῆς, , Sophoklễs; 497/6 – winter 406/5 BC)Sommerstein (2002), p. 41. is one of three ancient Greek tragedians, at least one of whose plays has survived in full. His first plays were written later than, or c ...

*''

Pyraechmes In Greek mythology, Pyraechmes (; Ancient Greek: Πυραίχμης ''Puraíkhmēs'') was, along with Asteropaeus, a leader of the Paeonians in the Trojan War. Mythology Pyraechmes came from the city of Amydon. Although Homer mentions Pyraech ...

'' of the

Paeonians Paeonians were an ancient Indo-European people that dwelt in Paeonia. Paeonia was an old country whose location was to the north of Ancient Macedonia, to the south of Dardania, to the west of Thrace and to the east of Illyria, most of their lan ...

*'' Asteropaios'' of the

Persian

* Darius I,

n Satrapy named Skudra by 516 BC * Darius I, Thrace is resubjucated by Mardonius at 492 BC *

Xerxes I Xerxes I ( peo, 𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠 ; grc-gre, Ξέρξης ; – August 465 BC), commonly known as Xerxes the Great, was the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, ruling from 486 to 465 BC. He was the son and successor of D ...

, retains Thrace from 486 BC to 479 BC

Tribal kings

* Olorus, 5th century BC * Syrmus, king of the

Triballi The Triballi ( grc, Τριβαλλοί, Triballoí, lat, Triballi) were an ancient people who lived in northern Bulgaria in the region of Roman Oescus up to southeastern Serbia, possibly near the territory of the Morava Valley in the late Iron A ...

4th century BC * Bergaios, petty king of

Pangaeum The Pangaion Hills (; ; Homeric Greek: Nysa; also called Pangaeon, Pangaeum) are a mountain range in Greece, approximately 40 km from Kavala. The highest elevation is 1,956 m at the peak of Koutra. The Aegean Sea lies to the south and ...

* Dromichaetes, of the Getae 300 BC *

Langarus Langarus ( el, Λάγγαρος; died 335 BC), king of the Agrianians, was a contemporary of Alexander the Great (336–323 BC), with whom he ingratiated himself even before the death of Philip II, previous king of Macedon. Langarus rendered A ...

, of the

Agrianes The Agrianes (Ancient Greek: Ἀγρίανες, ''Agrianes'' or Ἀγρίαι ''Agriai'') or Agrianians, were a tribe whose country was centered at Upper Strymon, in present-day central Western Bulgaria as well as southeasternmost Serbia, at the ...

Pleuratus Pleuratus I (Ancient Greek: Πλευρᾶτος; ruled 356335 ) was an Illyrian king of the Illyrian tribe of the Taulantii. Pleuratus was the father of Glaucias. Pleuratus managed to defeat philip II during Macedon's expansion, wounding the M ...

, a

or Illyrian king that attacked

Tylis Tylis (Greek: Τύλις) or Tyle was a capital of a short-lived Balkan state mentioned by Polybius that was founded by Celts led by Comontorius in the 3rd century BC. Following their invasion of Thrace and Greece in 279 BC, the Gauls were defea ...

213–208 BC * Diegylis, chieftain of the

Caeni Kainoi ( el, Καινοί) or Caeni is the name of a Thracian tribe, mentioned by the Roman historian Livy. References See also *List of Thracian tribes This is a list of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia ( grc, Θρᾴκη, Δακία) includi ...

extremely bloodthirsty 145 BC * Ziselmius, Diegylis' son * Mostis, of the

, king ~130–90 BC *

Abrupolis Abrupolis (Ancient Greek,"Αβρουπόλις") (fl. 2nd century BC) was a king of the Thracian Sapaei, and ally of the Romans. He attacked the dominions of Perseus of Macedon, eldest son of the recently deceased Philip V of Macedon, around 179 ...

of the Sapaeans, 2nd century BC * Rabocentus of the Bessi mentioned by

Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the esta ...

* Cosingas, chieftain and priest of Hera to the tribes of

Cebrenii Cebrenii ( el, Κεβρήνιοι) is the name of a Thracian tribe, they are mentioned by PolyaenusPolyaenus: Stratagems - BOOK 7: The generals of the Cebrenii and Sycaeboae, two Thracian tribes, were chosen from among the priests of Hera. Cosingas, ...

and Sucaeboae *

Getas Getas (Ancient Greek: Γέτας) was a king of the Edoni Thracians. References See also *List of Thracian tribes This is a list of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia ( grc, Θρᾴκη, Δακία) including possibly or partly Thracian ...

, king of the

Edones The Edoni (also ''Edones'', ''Edonians'', ''Edonides'') ( el, Ἠδωνιοί) were a Thracian people who dwelt mostly between the Nestus and the Strymon rivers in southern Thrace, but also once dwelt west of the Strymon at least as far as the Ax ...

Getic and Dacian

, king of the Getae as mentioned by Sophocles in

Triptolemus In Greek mythology, Triptolemus ( el, Τριπτόλεμος, ''Triptólemos'', lit. "threefold warrior"; also known as Buzyges) is a figure connected with the goddess Demeter of the Eleusinian Mysteries. He was either a mortal prince, the el ...

- 5th century BC * Cothelas, father of Meda of Odessa – 4th century BC * Rex Histrianorum, ruler in Histria, mentioned by Trogus Pompeius and Justinus - 339 BC * Dual – 3rd century BC *

Moskon Moskon was a Getic king who ruled in the 3rd century BC the northern parts of Dobruja, probably being the head of a local tribal union, which had close relations with the local Greek colonies and adopted the Greek style of administration. His exi ...

– 3rd century BC * Dromichaetes – 3rd century BC *

Zalmodegicus Zalmodegikos was a Getae, Getan king who ruled around 200 BC.Kurt W. Treptow and Ioan Bolovan in “A history of Romania - East European Monographs”, 1996, , page 17 "..Two inscriptions discovered at Histria indicate that Geto-Dacian rulers (Zalm ...

– around 200 BC *

Rhemaxos Rhemaxos was an ancient king who ruled to the north of Danube around 200 BC and who was the protector of the Greek colonies in Dobruja, receiving a tribute from them in exchange of protection against outside attacks. It appears that the links with ...

– around 200 BC * Rubobostes – around 200 BC * Zoltes - 200 BC * Oroles – 2nd century BC *

Dicomes Dicomes (1st century BC) was a Getian king.Rholes Rholes or Roles (Ancient Greek Ῥώλης) was a Getae chieftain in Scythia Minor (modern Dobruja) mentioned by Cassius Dio in his ''Roman History''. According to Dio, he helped Roman general Marcus Licinius Crassus defeat the Bastarnae, and when ...

– 1st century BC *

Dapyx Dapyx was a 1st-century BC chieftain of a Getae tribe or a tribe union in Scythia Minor (nowadays in Dobruja). Cassius Dio talks about him in the campaigns of Marcus Licinius Crassus on the Lower Danube region, being said to be a king on the region ...

– 1st century BC * Zyraxes – 1st century BC *

Burebista Burebista ( grc, Βυρεβίστας, Βοιρεβίστας) was the king of the Getae and Dacian tribes from 82/61BC to 45/44BC. He was the first king who successfully unified the tribes of the Dacian kingdom, which comprised the area loca ...

– 82–44 BC * Deceneus – 44 BC - around 27 BC High Priest * Thiamarkos - 1st century BC - 1st century AD, Dacian king (inscription "Basileys Thiamarkos epoiei") *

Cotiso Cotiso, Cotish or Cotison (flourished c. 30 BC) was a Dacian king who apparently ruled the mountains between Banat and Oltenia (modern-day Romania). Horace calls him king of the Dacians.John T. White, D.D. Oxon, ''The first (-fourth) book of the ...

– c. 40 BC - c.9 BC * ComosicusDacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 72, "At least two of his successors Comosicus and Scorillo/Corilus/Scoriscus became high priests and eventually Dacian kings" – 9 BC–30 AD *

Scorilo Scorilo (died 70) was a Dacian king who may have been the father of Decebalus. Evidence for his life and reign is fragmentary. Sources The Roman historian Jordanes lists a series of Dacian kings before Decebalus, placing a ruler called "Coryll ...

– c.30–70 AD * CosonDacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 47, "Kings Coson (who minted his own coins) and Duras" * Duras – c. 69–87 *

Decebalus Decebalus (), sometimes referred to as Diurpaneus, was the last Dacian king. He is famous for fighting three wars, with varying success, against the Roman Empire under two emperors. After raiding south across the Danube, he defeated a Roman invas ...

– 87–106 **106 AD, Dacia becomes a province of the

conquered by

Trajan Trajan ( ; la, Caesar Nerva Traianus; 18 September 539/11 August 117) was Roman emperor from 98 to 117. Officially declared ''optimus princeps'' ("best ruler") by the senate, Trajan is remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presi ...

. * Pieporus, king of Dacian

Costoboci The Costoboci (; lat, Costoboci, Costobocae, Castabocae, Coisstoboci, grc, Κοστωβῶκοι, Κοστουβῶκοι or Κοιστοβῶκοι) were a Dacian tribe located, during the Roman imperial era, between the Carpathian Mountains a ...

– 2nd century AD (inscription) * Tarbus – 2nd century AD. Dio Cassius mentioned him without specifying his origin. Some authors consider a possible Dacian ethnicity

Paeonian

* See: List of Paeonian kings

Celtic rulers in Thrace

* Cerethrius *

Critasirus Critasiros (Celtic: (''Great Terror''), Ancient Greek: ''Κριτασίρος'') was a king of the Celtic tribes of the Boii and Taurisci. In 59 BC The Boii and Taurisci were defeated under the leadership of Critosiros by the Dacians in today's Hun ...

, a Celt * Bathanatos of the

Scordisci The Scordisci ( el, Σκορδίσκοι) were a Celtic Iron Age cultural group centered in the territory of present-day Serbia, at the confluence of the Savus (Sava), Dravus (Drava), Margus (Morava) and Danube rivers. They were historically n ...

Celtic rulers of
Tylis Tylis (Greek: Τύλις) or Tyle was a capital of a short-lived Balkan state mentioned by Polybius that was founded by Celts led by Comontorius in the 3rd century BC. Following their invasion of Thrace and Greece in 279 BC, the Gauls were defea ...
in Thrace

Comontorius Comontorius was a Celtic king in Thrace who in 278 BC founded the kingdom of Tylis, imposing a tribute on the city of Byzantium. His successor on the throne was Cavarus under whom Tylis was destroyed by the Thracians in 212 BC.Polybius Polybiu ...

Celtic military commander, first king of Tylis (c. 277 BC-?) * Orsoaltius (presumed Celtic on the basis of coin types; order uncertain) * Cersibaulus (presumed Celtic on the basis of coin types; order uncertain) *

Cavarus Cavarus was a Celtic king in Thrace and the last king of Tylis Tylis (Greek: Τύλις) or Tyle was a capital of a short-lived Balkan state mentioned by Polybius that was founded by Celts led by Comontorius in the 3rd century BC. Following thei ...

, last king of Tylis; overthrown by the Thracians (?-212 BC)

Macedonian

Philip II of Macedon Philip II of Macedon ( grc-gre, Φίλιππος ; 382 – 21 October 336 BC) was the king ('' basileus'') of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia from 359 BC until his death in 336 BC. He was a member of the Argead dynasty, founders of the ...

, annexed Thrace, 341–336 BC *

Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon ( grc, Ἀλέξανδρος, Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to ...

retains Thrace and suppresses rebellion, 335–323 BC * Lysimachus, one of the

Diadochi The Diadochi (; singular: Diadochus; from grc-gre, Διάδοχοι, Diádochoi, Successors, ) were the rival generals, families, and friends of Alexander the Great who fought for control over his empire after his death in 323 BC. The War ...

, includes Thrace in his kingdom, 323–281 BC *

Philip V of Macedon Philip V ( grc-gre, Φίλιππος ; 238–179 BC) was king ( Basileus) of Macedonia from 221 to 179 BC. Philip's reign was principally marked by an unsuccessful struggle with the emerging power of the Roman Republic. He would lead Macedon ag ...

controls all cities of Thrace up to the hellespont, 238–179 BC *

Perseus of Macedon Perseus ( grc-gre, Περσεύς; 212 – 166 BC) was the last king (''Basileus'') of the Antigonid dynasty, who ruled the successor state in Macedon created upon the death of Alexander the Great. He was the last Antigonid to rule Macedon, aft ...

continues controlling the part of Thrace his father left him, 212–166 BC

Odrysian Kingdom

The list below includes the known

Odrysian The Odrysian Kingdom (; Ancient Greek: ) was a state grouping many Thracian tribes united by the Odrysae, which arose in the early 5th century BC and existed at least until the late 1st century BC. It consisted mainly of present-day Bulgaria and ...

kings of Thrace, but much of it is conjectural, based on incomplete sources, and the varying interpretation of ongoing numismatic and archaeological discoveries. Various other

Thracian kings This article lists rulers of Thrace and Dacia, and includes Thracian, Paeonian, Celtic, Dacian, Scythian, Persian or Ancient Greek up to the point of its fall to the Roman Empire, with a few figures from Greek mythology. Mythological *Haemus, bec ...

(some of them non-Odrysian) are included as well. Odrysian kings though called Kings of Thrace never exercised sovereignty over all of Thrace. Control varied according to tribal relationships. Odrysian kings (names are presented in Latin forms): *

Teres I Teres I (, ; reigned 460–445 BC) was the first king of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace. Thrace had nominally been part of the Persian empire since 516 BC during the rule of Darius the Great, and was re-subjugated by Mardonius in 492 BC. The Od ...

, son of ? Odryses, (480/450/430 BC) * Sparatocus, son of

(c. 465?-by 431 BC) * Sitalces, son of Teres I (by 431-424 BC) *

Seuthes I Seuthes I (; grc, Σεύθης, ''Seuthēs'') was king of the Odrysians in Thrace from 424 BC until at least 411 BC. Seuthes was the son of Sparatocos (Sparadocus), and the grandson of Teres I. While his father Sparadocus is the first Odrysian mo ...

, son of Sparatocus (424-396 BC) * Maesades, father of Seuthes II, local ruler in eastern Thrace? * Teres II, local ruler in eastern Thrace * Saratocus (= Sadocus, son of Sitalces?), local ruler in western Thrace? * Metocus ( = Amadocus I?), son of ? Sitalces * Amadocus I, son of ? Metocus (unless identical to him) or of Sitalces (by 405-after 390 BC) * Seuthes II, son of Maesades, descendant of

, local ruler in eastern Thrace (by 405?-after 387 BC) * Hebryzelmis, son or brother of ?

(c. 386 BC) * Cotys I, son of ?

or Seuthes II (by 384–360 or 359 BC) * Cersobleptes, son of Cotys I, ''king in eastern Thrace'' (360 or 359-341 BC) * Berisades, rival of Cersobleptes, ''king in western Thrace in Strimos'' (359-352 BC) * Amadocus II, son of Amadocus I and rival of Cersobleptes, ''king in central Thrace in Chersonese and

Maroneia Maroneia ( el, Μαρώνεια) is a village and a former municipality in Rhodope regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Maroneia-Sapes, of which it is a muni ...

'' (359-351 BC) * Cetriporis, son of Berisades, ''king in western Thrace in Strimos'' (358-347 BC) * Teres III, son of ? Amadocus II, ''king in central Thrace in Chersonese and

'' (351-342 BC) ** The kings of Thrace are forced to submit to Macedonian rule or overlordship by 341 BC *

Seuthes III Seuthes III ( grc, Σεύθης, Seuthēs) was a king of Odrysia, a part of Thrace, during the late 4th century BC (securely attested between 324 and 312 BC). Historical background Following the campaigns of Philip II in 347–342 BC a significa ...

, son of ? Teres III or Cotys I, opposed Macedonian rule (by 324–after 312 BC) ** The succession to Seuthes III is unclear; the area was partitioned among Thracian dynasts and Macedonian kings, after 277 also by the Celts of

Odrysian rulers in eastern Thrace (hypothetical reconstruction)

* Cotys II, son of Seuthes ( III?) (attested 330 BC, while still prince, if son of Seuthes III?) * Rhaezdus ( Rhoegus?), son of ? Cotys II * Cotys III, son of Rhaezdus (c. 270 BC) * Rhescuporis I, son of Cotys III (?-by 212 BC?)

Odrysian rulers originally in inner Thrace (hypothetical reconstruction)

* Teres IV, son of Seuthes (III?) (c. 295 BC?) * Seuthes IV, son of Teres (IV?) * Teres V, son of ? Seuthes IV (c. 255 BC) * Rhoegus, son of Seuthes (IV?) (mid-Third Century, buried in the

Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak The Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak ( bg, Казанлъшка гробница, ''Kazanlǎška grobnica'') is a vaulted-brickwork "beehive" ( tholos) tomb near the town of Kazanlak in central Bulgaria. The tomb is part of a large royal Thracian necropo ...

) * Seuthes V, son of ? Rhoegus * Amadocus III, son of ? Seuthes V (c. 184 BC) *

Cotys IV Cotys IV (Ancient Greek: Κότυς, Kotys) was a king of the Odrysians in Thrace from before 171 until after 166 BC. He was the son of Seuthes V and succeeded either his father or another king, Amadocus III, who was captured by the Macedonians i ...

, son of Seuthes V (by 171-after 166) * Teres VI, son of ? Amadocus III (c. 148 BC) * Beithys (Bithys), son of Cotys IV (c.146 BC?) ** The line may have continued as the Odryso-Astaean dynasty listed below

Various Thracian local rulers attested in the Third Century BC

* Spartocus, ruler of Cabyle? (c. 295 BC) * Scostocus, ruler in southern Thrace near Aenus and Sestus (c. 280-after 273 BC) * Sadalas, ruler near Messembria (c. 275 BC), descendant of Cotys, Medistas, Taruntinus, and Mopsyestis (order and relationships unknown) * Odoroes (c. 280-273 BC) (?) * Adaeus, Thracian or Macedonian ruler near Cypsela (c. 260-c. 240 BC)

Various non-Odrysian rulers in Thrace

* Abrupolis of the

Sapaeans Sapaeans, Sapaei or Sapaioi (Ancient Greek, "Σαπαίοι") were a Thracian tribe close to the Greek city of Abdera. One of their kings was named Abrupolis and had allied himself with the Romans. They ruled Thrace after the Odrysians until i ...

, fought with Antigonid Macedonia (by 197-172 BC) * Autlesbis of the ?

, fought with

as Roman ally (c. 168 BC) * Diegylis of the

(by 150-after 144 BC) * Zibelmius of the

, son of Diegylis, murdered (c. 141 BC) * Sothimus of the ?

Maedi The Maedi (also ''Maidans'', ''Maedans'', or ''Medi''; grc, Μαῖδοι or Μαιδοί) were a Thracian tribe in antiquity. In historic times, they occupied the area between Paionia and Thrace, on the southwestern fringes of Thrace, along t ...

, ally of Mithradates VI, invaded Roman Macedonia (c. 89 BC)

Illyrian rulers

Pleuratus I Pleuratus I (Ancient Greek: Πλευρᾶτος; ruled 356335 ) was an Illyrian king of the Illyrian tribe of the Taulantii. Pleuratus was the father of Glaucias. Pleuratus managed to defeat philip II during Macedon's expansion, wounding the M ...

ruler near Skodra (before c. 250 BC) * Agron, son of Pleuratus II (c. 250-230 BC) * Pinnes, son of Agron (230-212 BC); under regency of stepmother

Teuta Teuta ( Illyrian: *''Teutana'', 'mistress of the people, queen'; grc, Τεύτα; lat, Teuta) was the queen regent of the Ardiaei tribe in Illyria, who reigned approximately from 231 BC to 228/227 BC. Following the death of her spouse Agr ...

230-228 BC and of stepfather

Demetrius of Pharos Demetrius of Pharos (also Pharus) ( grc, Δημήτριος ἐκ Φάρου and Δημήτριος ὁ Φάριος) was a ruler of Pharos involved in the First Illyrian War, after which he ruled a portion of the Illyrian Adriatic coast on behalf ...

228-219 BC * Scerdilaidas, son of Pleuratus I (212-206 BC) * Pleuratus II, son of Scerdilaidas (associated 212, 206-180 BC) *

Gentius Gentius ( grc, Γένθιος, "Génthios"; 181168 BC) was an Illyrian king who belonged to the Labeatan dynasty. He ruled in 181–168 BC, being the last attested Illyrian king. He was the son of Pleuratus III, a king who kept positive relati ...

(Genthius), son of Pleuratus II (180-168 BC) ** 168 BC Illyria annexed by the Roman Republic

Odryso-
Astae Asti ( el, Αστοί) is the name of a Thracian tribe which is mentioned by Livy. It is believed that they lived around the old Thracian capital of Bizye. List of rulers A possible continuation of the earlier Odrysian monarchy under a line of ki ...
an Kingdom

A possible continuation of the earlier Odrysian monarchy under a line of kings reigning from Bizye (now Vize) in eastern Thrace. * Cotys V, son of ? Beithys (?-by 87 BC) * Sadalas I, son of Cotys V (by 87–after 79 BC) ** Amadocus, Odrysian royal sent to the aid of Sulla at

Chaeronea Chaeronea (English: or ; el, Χαιρώνεια , ) is a village and a former municipality in Boeotia, Greece, located about 35 kilometers east of Delphi. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Livadeia, of which ...

in 86 BC *

Cotys VI Cotys VI (Ancient Greek: Κότυς) was a king of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace. References See also *List of Thracian tribes This is a list of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia ( grc, Θρᾴκη, Δακία) including possibly or partly ...

, son of Sadalas I (by 57–48 BC) * Sadalas II, son of Cotys VI (48–42 BC) *

Sadalas III Sadalas III (Ancient Greek: Σαδάλας) was a king of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace from 42 BC to 31 BC. He was possibly the son of Sadalas II. See also *List of Thracian tribes This is a list of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia ( grc, ...

, kinsman of Sadalas II (42-31 BC) * Cotys VII, son of Sadalas II by Polemocratia (31–18 BC) *

Rhescuporis II (Astaean) Rhescuporis I was king of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace from ca. 18 BC to ca. 13 BC, in succession to his father Cotys VII. In 48 BC, before he became king, he led a body of auxiliaries his father sent to the aid of Pompey for use in the Roman ...

, son of Cotys VII by daughter of the Sapaean king Cotys II, killed by the Bessi (18–11 BC) ** 11 BC Astaean Thrace conferred on Rhescuporis II's maternal uncle, the Sapaean king Rhoemetalces I, by the Roman emperor Augustus, thereby uniting Thrace

Sapaean Kingdom and unified Thrace

Originally a local power in the Rhodope area of southern Thrace, the Sapaean kings increased in power and influence and, with Roman blessing, found themselves masters of a unified kingdom of Thrace from 11 BC until the Roman annexation in AD 46. * Cotys I, son of ? Rhoemetalces, 57?–by 48 BC * Rhescuporis I, son of Cotys I, by 48 BC–41 BC ** Rhascus, son of Cotys I, associate ruler? c. 42 BC * Cotys II, son of Rhescuporis I, 42 BC–31 BC **Thrace becomes a unitary

client state A client state, in international relations, is a state that is economically, politically, and/or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state (called the "controlling state"). A client state may variously be described as satellite state, ...

of Rome in 11 BC *

Rhoemetalces I Rhoemetalces I (Sapaean) ( grc, Ῥοιμητάλκης) was king of the Sapaean kingdom of Thrace from 15 BC to 12 AD. He was king of Odrysian kingdom of Thrace in succession to his nephew Rhescuporis II (Astaean). Rhoemetalces I was a loya ...

, son of Cotys II, 31 BC–AD 12 (monarch of all Thrace from 11 BC) *

Rhescuporis II Rhescuporis II was king of the Sapaean kingdom of Thrace from 12 to 19 AD. He ruled half of the kingdom in succession to his brother Rhoemetalces I, and briefly ruler of the entire realm thereafter, usurping the other half from nephew Cotys VIII ...

, son of Cotys II, in western Thrace, deposed by the Roman emperor Tiberius I, 12–19 * Cotys III, son of Rhoemetalces I, in eastern Thrace, killed by his uncle Rhescuporis II, 12–19; married

Antonia Tryphaena Antonia Tryphaena also known as Tryphaena of Thrace or Tryphaena (her name in Greek: ἡ Ἀντωνία Τρύφαινα or Τρυφαίνη, 10 BC – 55 AD) was a Pontian Princess and a Roman Client Queen of Thrace. She co-ruled with her son ...

Rhoemetalces II Rhoemetalces II was a Client Ruler in association with his mother Antonia Tryphaena of the Sapaean kingdom of Thrace under the Romans. He ruled from 19 until 38 AD.Antonia Tryphaena Antonia Tryphaena also known as Tryphaena of Thrace or Tryphaena (her name in Greek: ἡ Ἀντωνία Τρύφαινα or Τρυφαίνη, 10 BC – 55 AD) was a Pontian Princess and a Roman Client Queen of Thrace. She co-ruled with her son ...

– she co-ruled with her son

Rhoemetalces II Rhoemetalces II was a Client Ruler in association with his mother Antonia Tryphaena of the Sapaean kingdom of Thrace under the Romans. He ruled from 19 until 38 AD.Pythodoris II Pythodoris II or Pythodorida II (reigned AD 38–46) was a client ruler of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace under Roman rule, in association with her father's cousin Rhoemetalces III. Pythodoris succeeded her mother Antonia Tryphaena and brother Rh ...

and King

Rhoemetalces III Rhoemetalces III ( grc-gre, Ῥoιμητάλκης) was a King of the Sapaean Thracians. He was the son of the Monarch Rhescuporis II. In association with his wife Pythodoris II (daughter of his cousin Cotys III), they were client rulers of the S ...

, son of Rhescuporis II, 38-46; married his cousin's daughter

Pythodoris II Pythodoris II or Pythodorida II (reigned AD 38–46) was a client ruler of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace under Roman rule, in association with her father's cousin Rhoemetalces III. Pythodoris succeeded her mother Antonia Tryphaena and brother Rh ...

(daughter of Cotys III and Antonia Tryphaena), murdered by wife ** 46 annexation by the

, by the Roman emperor Claudius I

Scythian

* Spargapeithes,Readings in Greek History: Sources and Interpretations by D. Brendan Nagle and Stanley M. Burstein, , 2006, page 26: "... Ariapeithes, the Scythian king, had several sons, among them, ... by Spargapeithes, king of the Agathyrsi; whereupon Scylas succeeded to the throne, and married one of ..." king of the

Agathyrsi The Agathyrsi ( Ancient Greek: ; Latin: ) were a people belonging to the Scythian cultures. The Agathyrsi were a people of mixed Iranian Scythic and Geto-Thracian origin whose bulk were Thracian while their aristocracy was closely related to ...

Notes

References

*''The Histories'', translated by G. C. Macaulay, Barnes & Noble, Inc., 2004. * Z. Archibald, ''The Odrysian kingdom of Thrace'', Oxford, 1998. * P. Delev, "Cotys son of Rhascuporis," in: M. Slavova, N. Šarankov (eds.), ''Studia Classica Serdicensia V. Monuments and Texts in Antiquity and beyond. Essays for the Centenary of Georgi Mihailov (1915-1991)'', Sofia, 2016a: 119-129. * P. Delev, "Za genealogijata na Sapejskata dinastija" in: P. Delev (ed.), ''Symposion. Studies in memory of prof. Dimitar Popov'', Sofia, 2016b: 148-173. * H. Dessau, "Reges Thraciae qui fuerint imperante Augusto," ''Ephemeris Epigraphica'' 9 (1913) 696-706. * J. Jurukova, ''Monetite na trakijskite plemena i vladeteli'', vol. 1., Sofia, 1992. * M. Manov, "Dekret na Apolonija s novo datirane," ''Numizmatika, Sfragistika i Epigrafika'' 11 (2015) 167-173. * R. D. Sullivan, ''Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC'', Toronto, 1990. * M. Tačeva, ''Istorija na bălgarskite zemi v drevnostta prez elinističeskata i rimskata epoha,'' Sofia, 1997. * S. Topalov, ''The Odrysian Kingdom from the Late 5th to the Mid-4th C. B.C.'', Sofia, 1994. * S. Topalov, ''Contributions to the Study of the Coinage and History in the Lands of Eastern Thrace from the End of the 4th C. B.C. to the end of the 3rd C. B.C.'', Sofia, 2001. * R. Werner, in: W.-D. von Barloewen (ed.), ''Abriss der Geschichte antiker Randkulturen'', Munich, 1961: 83-150, 239-242. {{DEFAULTSORT:Thracian Kings * Paeonia (kingdom) Ancient Thrace * Thrace and Dacia Ancient Macedonian monarchs bg:Тракийски владетели fr:Liste des rois de Thrace he:מלכי דאקיה