Life imprisonment in Sweden

Life imprisonment in Sweden is a term of imprisonment for an indeterminate length. Swedish law states that the most severe punishment is "prison for 10 (18 in the case of murder) years or life." However, a prisoner may appeal a partially served life sentence to the District Court of Örebro for "fixing" the sentence. Upon success, the sentence is commuted to a fixed sentence of any number of years considered proportionate to the severity of the crime, after which standard Swedish parole regulations apply. Due to new legislation taking effect in January 2022, any offender aged 18 at the commission of the murder can be sentenced to life imprisonment. Previously, an age limit of 21 applied. Prior to 2006, all life sentences were issued without the possibility of parole, although executive clemency was widely issued to commute life sentences to fixed-time sentences in a similar way now exercised by the judiciary. This procedure is the only way a sentence longer than 18 years may be issued in Sweden.

Records and statistics

In October 2015, 142 inmates served life sentences in Sweden, all excluding one were convicted of murder (including accessory, attempt and incitement to murder). One was convicted of genocide (Stanislas Mbanenande, convicted for the role he played in the Rwandan genocide). Seven of those who served life sentences were females.

In October 2022, 189 inmates served life sentences in Sweden, 10 of which were females. The vast majority were convicted for murder, some for accessory or conspiracy to commit murder, and a few for genocide (e.g. Claver Berinkindi, found guilty for participation in the Rwandan genocide in 1994) or attempted murder (e.g. the would-be killer of Obidkhon Sobitkhony).

Longest-serving inmates

In 2006, convicted murderer Leif Peters died in psychiatric care after 39 years of confinement. As of 2011, Leif Axmyr, who, in 1982, killed his former girlfriend Ulla-Britt Jacobsson and her new fiancée Tommy Larsson, has spent nearly three decades in prison. He held the longest record of ongoing confinement, during which Axmyr filed eleven appeals for a commutation of the sentence. In 2010 his imprisonment was overturned in favor of a determinate sentence of 46 years, but this appeal was itself overturned and a further appeal to the Supreme Court of Sweden was denied. In 2016, Axmyr was finally released after having his sentence converted to 51 years imprisonment, meaning he could leave on probation after 34 years inside (two thirds of the sentence). In 2022, Axmyr was surpassed by spree killer  Tommy Alexandersson, sentenced for a case of both triple and double murder in 1988. There have been psychiatric inmates effectively imprisoned for longer periods than Axmyr and Alexandersson.

Commutation

Increased criticism from prison authorities, prisoners and victims led to a revision of practices and in 2006, a new law was passed which gave prisoners the right to apply to have a sentence commuted to a determined sentence at the Örebro District Court. A prisoner must serve at least 10 years in prison before applying and the set sentence cannot be under 18 years (with 1/3 of the sentence suspended), the longest determined sentence allowed under Swedish law.

When granting a determinate sentence, the court takes into account the crime, the prisoner's behaviour in prison, public safety and the chance of rehabilitation. However, some prisoners may never be released, considered too dangerous to the public. Of those who have been given set sentences under the new law, the sentences have ranged between 25 and 31 years. In 2007, the Swedish Supreme Court ruled that ten years in prison should overrule life imprisonment as the "general option" for premeditated murder. This was later revised by a number of statutes, specifying a number of conditions for which a life sentence should be issued.

In 2009, judicial discretion and options to sentence people to more than 10 years but less than life became available. Under the new law, anyone convicted of murder will be sentenced to 10 to 18 years' imprisonment or a life sentence in special circumstances. On average, when there are no special circumstances, a sentence of 14 years may be imposed. In mitigating circumstances, the possible sentence ranges from 10-13 years. In aggravating circumstances, the possible sentence is 15-18 years or life. The "average" sentence of murder, forming a starting point, is considered at 16 years' imprisonment by precedent, with a higher or lower sentence requiring aggravating or mitigating circumstances.

In 2020, a new law was passed that increased the likelihood of a person convicted of murder receiving a life sentence. Previously, only 30 % of murder cases with aggravating circumstances resulted in life imprisonment; this new legislation resulted in an increase of 50 % of life sentences imposed the previous year.

In January 2022, the minimum age for someone to be sentenced to lifetime was reduced from 21 to 18, although particularly aggravating factors must be considered; i.e. cases which would result in a life sentence for a person over 21 may still result in a fixed sentence for a younger person. The first 18-year-old to be given life imprisonment was Fabian Vidar Cederholm (born 23 December 2003), who at age 18 committed a double axe murder at his school in March 2022. The sentence was the harshest imposed on a teenager for a long time.

Examples

* Mattias Flink – Mass murderer
* John "the Laser Man" Ausonius – Murder and attempted serial killer
* Tommy Zethraeus – Mass murderer
* Jackie Arklöv – Police murderer and also convicted of crimes against humanity
* Anders Eklund – Murderer and rapist
* Stig Bergling – Convicted of espionage
* Stig Wennerström – Convicted of treason
* Mijailo Mijailović – Convicted of the murder on Anna Lindh
* Peter Mangs – Murderer and attempted serial killer
* Johanna Möller - Found guilty of murdering her father, and the attempted murder of her mother.
* Maria Kisch - Murderer
* Jennie Olsson - Murderer
* Martina Kveldstad - Murderer
* Carina Frödin - Arson murderer

References

Further reading

THE LEGALITY OF LIFE IMPRISONMENT: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL, EUROPEAN, AND DUTCH LAW

{{World topic, Life imprisonment in, noredlinks=y, title= Life imprisonment
Sweden
Law of Sweden