Licio Gelli

Licio Gelli (; April 21, 1919 – December 15, 2015) was an Italian financier. A Fascist volunteer in his youth, he is chiefly known for his role in the Banco Ambrosiano scandal. He was revealed in 1981 as being the Venerable Master of the clandestine masonic lodge Propaganda Due (P2).

Early life

Gelli was born in Pistoia, Tuscany. During the 1930s, Gelli volunteered for the Blackshirts expeditionary forces sent by Mussolini in support of Francisco Franco's rebellion in the Spanish Civil War. He served as liaison officer between the Italian government and Nazi Germany. and participated in the Italian Social Republic with Giorgio Almirante, founder of the neofascist Italian Social Movement (MSI).

After a sales job with the Italian mattress factory Permaflex, Gelli founded his own textile and importing company.

Involvement in failed coup and fugitive years in Argentina

In 1970, in the plans of the failed ''Golpe Borghese'', Gelli was tasked with arresting the Italian President, Giuseppe Saragat. As Master of the Propaganda Due (P2) lodge, Gelli had ties with very high level personalities in Italy and abroad, in particular in Argentina, where he was a fugitive for many years. The regular Masonic lodge was enjoyed by Guillermo Suárez Mason and José López Rega, two key-exponents of the Argentine military junta.

The Argentine Chancellor Alberto Vignes drafted with Juan Perón, who had returned from exile in 1973, a decree granting Gelli the ''Gran Cruz de la Orden del Libertador'' in August 1974, as well as the honorary office of economic counselor in the embassy of Argentina in Italy. Susana Viau and Eduardo Tagliaferro
"Carlos Bartffeld, Mason y Amigo de Massera, Fue Embajador en Yugoslavia Cuando Se Vendieron Armas a Croacia - En el mismo barco"
'' Pagina 12'', December 14, 1998 Gelli publicly declared on repeated occasions that he was a close friend of Perón, although no confirmation ever came from South America. Gelli affirmed that he introduced Peron to Masonry and that this friendship was of real importance for Italy. He stated: "Peron was a Mason, I initiated him in Madrid in Puerta de Hierro (Madrid), Puerta de Hierro, in June 1973." Gelli become the main economic and financial consultant of Isabel Perón and of José López Rega.

According to a letter sent by Gelli to César de la Vega, a P2 member and Argentine ambassador to the UNESCO, Gelli commissioned P2 member Federico Carlos Barttfeld to be transferred from the consulate of Hamburg to the Argentine embassy in Rome. Gelli was also named minister plenipotentiary for cultural affairs in the Argentine embassy in Italy, thus providing him with diplomatic immunity. He had four diplomatic passports issued by Argentina, and has been charged in Argentina with falsification of official documents. During the 1970s, Gelli brokered three-way oil and arms deals between Libya, Italy and Argentina through the Agency for Economic Development, which he and Umberto Ortolani owned.

Several members of the Argentine military junta have been found to be P2 members, such as Raúl Alberto Lastiri, Argentina's interim president from July 13, 1973 until October 12, 1973, Emilio Massera, part of Jorge Rafael Videla, Jorge Videla's military junta from 1976 to 1978, and José López Rega, the infamous founder of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ("Triple A"). The lodge P2, also known as the Propaganda Due, was also linked to the robbery of Juan Perón's severed hands.

Alleged involvement in CIA activities in Italy

In 1990 a report on RAI Television alleged that the CIA had paid Gelli to instigate terrorist activities in Italy. Following this report, which also claimed that the CIA had been involved in the assassination of Olof Palme, assassination of the Swedish Prime minister Olof Palme, then President Francesco Cossiga requested the opening of investigations while the CIA itself officially denied these allegations. Critics have claimed the RAI report to be a fraud because of the inclusion of testimony from Richard Brenneke, who claimed to be a former CIA agent and made several declarations concerning the October surprise conspiracy. Brenneke's background was also investigated by a U.S. Senate subcommittee, which dismissed Brenneke's claims of CIA employment. In June 2020, the Swedish police closed their investigation into Olof Palme's assassination, assigning blame to Stig Engström, a Swedish graphic designer and centre-right municipal activist who was not affiliated with the CIA.

1981 raid and the P2 list

Gelli's downfall started with the Banco Ambrosiano scandal, which led to a 1981 police raid on his villa and the discovery of the Propaganda Due, P2 covert lodge. On March 17, 1981 a police raid on his villa in Arezzo led to the discovery of a list of 962 persons composed of Italian military officers and civil servants, including the heads of the three Italian secret services, involved in Propaganda Due (also known as "P2"), a clandestine lodge expelled from the Grande Oriente d'Italia Masonic organization.Ginsborg, ''Italy and Its Discontent'', pp. 144-48 Future Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi was on the list, although he had not yet entered politics. He was then known as the founder and owner of "Canale 5" TV channel, and was listed as a member of P2.

A Parliamentary Commission, directed by Tina Anselmi (of the Democrazia Cristiana, Christian Democratic party), found no evidence of crimes, but in 1981 the Italian parliament passed a law banning secret associations in Italy. Gelli was expelled from ''GOI'' freemasonry on October 31, 1981, and the P2 scandal provoked the fall of Arnaldo Forlani's cabinet in June 1981 "Leader of Italian Scandal Arrested Trying to Get Cash in Swiss Bank," ''The Miami Herald'', September 15, 1982

The P2 lodge had some form of power in Italy, given the public prominence of its members, and many observers still consider it to be extremely strong. Several famous people in Italy today (starting with the top TV anchor-man Maurizio Costanzo) were affiliated with P2. Among these Michele Sindona, a banker with clear connections to Sicilian Mafia, the Mafia, has been clearly associated with P2. In 1972, Sindona purchased a controlling interest in Long Island's Franklin National Bank. Two years later, the bank collapsed. Convicted in 1980 in the US, "mysterious Michele" was extradited to Italy. Two years later, he was poisoned in his cell while serving a life sentence. The P2 membership list was authenticated, with a few exceptions, by a 1984 parliamentary report."Italian Panel Reports on Secret Lodge," ''The Boston Globe'', July 4, 1984

On the run, Gelli escaped to Switzerland where he was arrested on September 13, 1982 while trying to withdraw tens of millions of dollars in Geneva. Detained in the modern Champ-Dollon Prison near Geneva, he managed to escape and then fled to South America for four years. In 1984 Jorge Vargas, the secretary general of the ''Unión Nacionalista de Chile'' (UNACH, Nationalist Union of Chile, a short-lived National Socialist party Franz Pfeiifer R.
Memorias de treinta años II.
(written by a former MNRS member) ) and a former member of the ''Movimiento Revolucionario Nacional Sindicalista'' (National-Syndicalist Revolutionary Movement ), declared to ''La Tercera de la Hora'' that Gelli was then in Chile under Pinochet, Pinochet's Chile.

Finally, Gelli surrendered in 1987 in Switzerland to investigative judge Jean-Pierre Trembley. He was wanted in connection with the 1982 collapse of the Banco Ambrosiano"Italian Bank Scam Fugitive Surrenders in Switzerland", ''Philadelphia Daily News'', September 21, 1987 and on charges of subversive association in connection with the 1980 Bologna railway station bombing, which killed 85 people. He was sentenced to two months in prison in Switzerland, while an Italian court in Florence sentenced him on December 15, 1987, ''trial in absentia, in absentia'', to eight years in prison on charges of financing right-wing terrorist activity in Tuscany in the 1970s."Terrorism Conviction," ''Newsday'' (Melville, New York, Melville, NY), December 16, 1987 Gelli had already been sentenced ''in absentia'' to 14 months in jail by a court in Sanremo, San Remo for illegally exporting money from Italy.

Extradition to Italy and trials

Switzerland eventually agreed to extradite him to Italy, but only on financial charges stemming from the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano. Gelli's extradition in February 1988 required a high-level security apparatus, including 100 sharpshooters, decoy cars, a train, road blocks and two armored car (VIP), armored cars to transfer him to Italy. In July 1988 he was absolved of charges of subversive association by a Bologna court but was presented with a five-year prison term for slander, having side-tracked the investigation into the Bologna massacre, 1980 bombing of the Bologna train station. Stipulations connected to his extradition, however, prevented him from serving time. Two years later, an appeal court threw out Gelli's slander conviction. A retrial was ordered in October 1993.

In 1992 Gelli was sentenced to 18 years and six months of prison after being found guilty of fraud concerning the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano in 1982 (a "black hole" of $1.4 billion was found). The Vatican bank, ''Istituto per le Opere di Religione'', main share-holder of the Banco Ambrosiano, consequently had a "black hole" of $250 million. This sentence was reduced by the Court of Appeal to 12 years. The year 1992 also saw the beginning of the trial of 16 members of the P2 Masonic Lodge, which included charges of conspiracy against the state, espionage, and the revelation of state secrets. In April 1994 Gelli received a 17-year sentence for divulging state secrets and slandering the investigation, while the court threw out the charge that P2 members conspired against the state; Gelli's sentence was reduced, and he was placed under house arrest two years later.

In April 1998 the Court of Cassation (Italy), Court of Cassation confirmed a 12-year sentence for the Ambrosiano crash."Top Italian fugitive Licio Gelli arrested in France," Associated Press, September 10, 1998 Gelli then disappeared on the eve of being imprisoned, in May 1998, while being under house arrest in his mansion near Arezzo. His disappearance was strongly suspected to be the result of being forewarned. Then, finally, he was arrested in the French Riviera in Cannes. Two motion of no confidence, motions of no confidence were made by the right-wing opposition (the Northern League (Italy), Northern League and the ex-Christian Democratic splinter groups United Christian Democrats, CDU-Christian Democrats for the Republic, CDR), against the Justice Minister, Giovanni Maria Flick, and the Interior Minister, Giorgio Napolitano, stating that Gelli had benefited from accomplices helping him in his escape. They also made reference to secret negotiations which would have allowed him to reappear without going to prison. But the two ministers won the confidence vote. Police found $2M worth of gold ingots in Gelli's villa.

A few years after the Ambrosiano scandal, many suspects pointed toward Gelli with reference to his possible involvement in the murder of the Milanese banker Roberto Calvi, also known as "God's banker", who had been jailed in the wake of the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano. On July 19, 2005 Gelli was formally indicted by Roman Magistrates for the murder of Roberto Calvi, along with former Mafia boss Giuseppe Calò (also known as "Pippo Calò"), businessmen Ernesto Diotallevi and Flavio Carboni, and the latter's girlfriend, Manuela Kleinszig. In his statement before the court Gelli blamed people connected with Calvi's work in financing the Polish Solidarity (Polish trade union), Solidarity movement, allegedly on behalf of the Vatican City, Vatican. He was accused of having provoked Calvi's death in order to punish him for having embezzled money owed to him and the Mafia. The Mafia also wanted to prevent Calvi from revealing how the bank had been used for money laundering. Roberto Calvi#Prosecution of Giuseppe Calò and Licio Gelli, Gelli's name, however, was not in the final indictment at the trial that started in October 2005, and the other accused were eventually Roberto Calvi#Trials in Italy, acquitted due to "insufficient evidence", though by the time of these acquittals in June 2007, the prosecutor's office in Rome had opened a second investigation implicating Gelli, among others.Processo Calvi, la sentenza dopo 25 anni assolti Pippo Calò e gli altri imputati
La Repubblica, June 6, 2007 In May 2009, the case against Gelli was dropped. According to the magistrate there was insufficient evidence to argue that Gelli had played a role in the planning and execution of the crime.Omicidio Calvi: archiviato procedimento contro Licio Gelli
Corriere della Sera, May 30, 2009 Gelli has been implicated in Aldo Moro's murder, since the Italian chief of intelligence, accused of negligence, was a ''piduista'' (P2 member).

Later years

In 1996, Gelli was nominated as a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature, supported by Mother Teresa and Naguib Mahfouz. In 2003 Gelli told ''La Repubblica'' that it seemed that the P2 "democratic rebirth plan" was being implemented by Silvio Berlusconi:

He talked of many Italian politicians. Of Fabrizio Cicchitto he said he knew him well (''è bravo, preparato'' — "he's good and capable"). With regard to Berlusconi's program for the reform of the judicial system, he boasted that this had been an integral part of his original project. He also approved of Berlusconi's reorganization of television networks.

On 15 December 2015 Gelli died in Arezzo, Tuscany, aged 96. The Catholic funeral, funeral Mass was celebrated on December 17 in the Church of Mercy of Pistoia, his native town.

See also

*Dirty War
*Hands of Perón

References

Sources

*Ginsborg, Paul (2003). ''Italy and Its Discontents'', London: Palgrave Macmillan
Review Institute of Historical Research

External links

*

Site of Italian newspaper "Il Piave" where Gelli writes regularly

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gelli, Licio
1919 births
2015 deaths
Italian financial businesspeople
Italian fraudsters
Italian neo-fascists
Members of Propaganda Due
People convicted on terrorism charges
Italian Freemasons
People extradited from Switzerland
People extradited to Italy
People from Pistoia
Recipients of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
Argentina–Italy relations