Lepuropetalon

''Lepuropetalon'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. Before it was placed in the family when it was defined by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group's APG III system in 2009, it had been placed with ''Parnassia'' in the family Parnassiaceae, now usually treated as a segregate of Celastraceae.Mark P. Simmons. 2004. "Parnassiaceae" In: Klaus Kubitzki. ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VI. Springer-Verlag. Berlin,Heidelberg: Germany. When their most recent revision of Angiosperm classification was published in 2016, it retained its position in the family Celastraceae. ''Lepuropetalon'' has only one species, ''Lepuropetalon spathulatum''. It is a winter annual that is most abundant in eastern Texas and western Louisiana. From there, it occurs sporadically southward into Mexico, and eastward through the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plain, and rarely in the Piedmont Plateau, to North Carolina. It has a disjunct distribution. In addition to the area mentioned above, it is also found in Uruguay and central Chile.

It is one of the smallest of terrestrial flowering plantsGeorge M. Diggs Jr., Barney L. Lipscomb, and Roger J. O'Kennon. 1999. ''Illustrated Flora of North Central Texas'' page 988. Botanical Research Institute of Texas and Austin College. and some consider it to be the smallest. Due its small size, petiteplant has been used as a common name. Because it is so easily overlooked, it is probably much more abundant than records indicate. It is found in moist areas, usually in soils that are sandy or derived from granite. It is common along the edges of soil-filled depressions on top of rocks. It is often seen in cemeteries and clearings for power lines. Because it is common in habitats that are maintained by humans but not subject to intensive cultivation, it is probably more abundant now than it was in the past.Alan S. Weakley. "Parnassiaceae" In: ''Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia'' (title varying with update). pages 492 and 493. (see External links below).

In the United States and Mexico, the seeds germinate in January. It has been suggested that this is a response to increasing day length, yet no experiments have confirmed it. Flowering is in March and early April. Seed maturity follows quickly. Few plants survive beyond the end of April.

Description

''Lepuropetalon spathulatum'' is a diminutive winter annual. In favorable conditions, it forms a hemispherical tuft, up to 2 cm tall and wide, rarely larger. It often consists of no more than a single flower above a few tiny leaves, the whole plant being less than 5 mm high and 5mm across. The stems, leaves, and flowers are conspicuously dotted with epidermal sacs of tannin that tend to be arranged in lines. These are golden-brown or slightly reddish in color. The stems are rather thick and slightly angled. The leaves are alternate or subopposite in arrangement, sessile, long, and wide at the end like a spoon or spatula.

The flowers are solitary on the ends of stems, immediately above the leaves, and usually face upward. They are large compared to the rest of the plant, 2 to 3mm in diameter with male and female parts both present and functional. The calyx consists of five broad, often unequal sepals that are joined in the lower part to form a floral cup that encloses the lower half of the ovary and is thickened along its fissures to form five ribs. The sepals persist beyond the maturity of the fruit.

The petals are scale-like, white and barely visible, on the rim of the floral cup between the sepals, or sometimes absent. They die but remain, along with the sepals.

The five stamens are short and opposite the sepals. Initially, they are turned inward and dump their pollen on the ovary. Eventually, they are bent outward by the expansion of the ovary. The anthers are yellow, erect, and subglobular. The five staminodes are opposite the petals and dilated at the ends.

The gynoecium is unilocular and composed of three fused carpels. The ovules are numerous and attached near the margins of the carpels. The three stigmas are separate or initially joined at the base, but soon separating with growth of the ovary. The stigmas are commissural, meaning that the area that is receptive to pollen extends downward along the fissures where the carpels are joined.

The fruit is a capsule. The seeds are numerous and cylindrical, .15 to .2mm long, reddish when immature, and nearly black when ripe.

History

''Lepuropetalon spathulatum'' entered the botanical literature in 1813 with the publication by Henry Muhlenberg of ''Catalogus Plantarum Americae Septentrionalis'' (''Catalog of the Plants of North America'').Henry Ernest Muhlenberg. 1813. ''Catalogus Plantarum Americae Septentrionalis'' (''Catalog of the Plants of North America''). William Hamilton: Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA. (see External links below). Muhlenberg named the plant ''Pyxidanthera spatulata'', but it is now known that ''Lepuropetalon'' is not related to '' Pyxidanthera'', the latter being a member of the family Diapensiaceae in the order Ericales.Peter John Scott. 2004. "Diapensiaceae" In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' vol. VI. Springer-Verlag: Berlin,Heidelberg Germany. Muhlenberg's name is, in any case, considered a nomen nudum because his description can not be used to identify the plant.USDA Plants Database
/ref> Muhlenberg's information on this plant, and probably some specimens as well, almost certainly came from his friend and correspondent, Stephen Elliott of South Carolina. Parts of the herbaria created by Elliott and Muhlenberg are still preserved, but the specimens of ''Lepuropetalon'' are lost from both of them.

In 1817, Stephen Elliott published one of the booklets that would be combined in 1821 to become volume I of the work for which he is still remembered, ''A Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia''. In this book, he mentions ''Pyxidanthera spatulata'', but gives the specific epithet the more conventional Latin spelling of "spathulatum". He departed from Muhlenberg's classification, however, by placing the plant in its own genus, which he named ''Lepuropetalon''.Stephen Elliott (1821). ''A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia'' vol.I page 370. J.R. Schenck: Charleston, SC, USA. (see external links below).

Elliott gave a very brief Latin description which he translated as
:"''Calyx'' 5 parted. ''Petals'' 5, resembling scales, inserted into the calyx.
:''Capsule'' free near the summit, 1 celled, 1 valved."
He then gave a detailed description of the plant and mentions that it had also been collected by William Baldwin.

Elliott wrote no etymology for the name, and subsequent authors have differed on its interpretation. All agree that the name is of Greek derivation and that "petalon" is the Greek term for "petal or leaf". However, some say that the first part is derived from ''lepyron'', "a husk or shell", referring to the inclusion of the petals within the calyx,Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume II. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, USA. London, UK. (vol. II). (see ''External links'' below) while others say that it is from ''lepro'', meaning "scaly", and referring to the scale-like petals.

In 1833, William Jackson Hooker in England described ''Lepuropetalon'' from material that a collector had sent from Chile.William Jackson Hooker. 1833. ''Botanical Miscellany; Containing Figures and Descriptions of Such Plants as Recommended Themselves...'' volume III:345. (see External links below) At about the same time, John Torrey in New York received some material from Louisiana. John Torrey and Asa Gray wrote about ''Lepuropetalon'' in 1840.John Torrey and Asa Gray. 1840. ''A Flora of North America''. Wiley & Putnam: New York. Alvan Wentworth Chapman wrote of it in 1860, 1884, and 1897, in the three editions of ''Flora of the Southern United States''.Alvan Wentworth Chapman. 1897. ''Flora of the Southern United States''. Ivison, Phinney & Co., New York. (see External links below).

''Lepuropetalon'' was mentioned in several other publications in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but it remained little known and it was seldom collected for herbaria. There are about 90 known collections of it before 1970. In the 1970s, interest in ''Lepuropetalon'' increased and by 1987, when Ward and Gholson wrote of it, there had been 263 collections. Collectors at that time observed that once one learned what sort of areas to look in, ''Lepuropetalon'' was easily found. Ward and Gholson provide a detailed map of its distribution in the United States.

Affinities

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, ''Lepuropetalon'' was placed in various families by different authors, but it was usually placed with ''Parnassia'' in Saxifragaceae or segregated with ''Parnassia'' to form the family Parnassiaceae. In 1993, a phylogeny of Saxifragaceae was published, based on DNA sequences of the chloroplast gene rbcL, which codes for the large subunit of the carbon dioxide fixing enzyme RuBisCO. This study found Saxifragaceae sensu lato to be polyphyletic with ''Lepuropetalon'', ''Parnassia'', and several others unrelated to the core of the family. Saxifragaceae is now defined much more narrowly than it was in 1993, and now comprises about 30 genera.

As ''Lepuropetalon'' and its sister ''Parnassia'' were being tossed out of Saxifragales, they were landing in Celastrales. The first very large DNA sequence comparison for flowering plants included both of them and was based on rbcL.Mark W. Chase et alii (42 authors). 1993. "Phylogenetics of seed plants: An analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' 80(3):528-580. The phylogeny produced by this study placed ''Lepuropetalon'' and ''Parnassia'' together, but only four members of Celastrales were sampled and the authors could not calculate statistical support for their clades.

In 2000, an rbcL phylogeny of eudicots again put ''Lepuropetalon'' and ''Parnassia'' together, but with only weak statistical support.

In 2001, in a study that used much more DNA, ''Lepuropetalon'' again grouped with ''Parnassia'', but with strong statistical support (98% bootstrap percentage). This was confirmed in 2006 in the first study to sample all of the major clades in Celastrales.

References

External links

CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: D-L
At:Botany & Plant Science
At:Life Science
At:CRC Press




''Catalogus Plantarum Americae Septentrionalis''


USDA Plants Database

''A Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia''

''Botanical Miscellany'' volume III


''A Flora of North America''

''Flora of the Southern United States''

{{Taxonbar, from1=Q16218034, from2=Q2389836

Celastrales genera
Monotypic rosid genera
Celastraceae
Taxa named by Stephen Elliott