200px Jean Denis, comte Lanjuinais (12 March 175313 January 1827), was a French

politician A politician is a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking an elected office in government. Politicians propose, support, reject and create laws that govern the land and by an extension of its people. Broadly speaking ...

, lawyer, jurist,

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, and

historian A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the st ...

Biography

Early career

Born in Rennes (

Ille-et-Vilaine Ille-et-Vilaine (; br, Il-ha-Gwilen) is a department of France, located in the region of Brittany in the northwest of the country. It is named after the two rivers of the Ille and the Vilaine. It had a population of 1,079,498 in 2019.

), Lanjuinais, after a brilliant college career, which made him

doctor Doctor or The Doctor may refer to: Personal titles * Doctor (title), the holder of an accredited academic degree * A medical practitioner, including: ** Physician ** Surgeon ** Dentist ** Veterinary physician ** Optometrist *Other roles ** ...

of laws and a qualified barrister at nineteen, was appointed counsel to the Breton Estates and, in 1775, professor of

ecclesiastical law Canon law (from grc, κανών, , a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is th ...

in Rennes. At this period he wrote two important works which, owing to the distracted state of public affairs, remained unpublished, ''Institutiones juris ecciesiastici'' and ''Praelectiones juris ecclesiastici''. He had begun his career at the bar by pleading against the ''droit du colombier'' (feudal monopoly on

dovecote A dovecote or dovecot , doocot ( Scots) or columbarium is a structure intended to house pigeons or doves. Dovecotes may be free-standing structures in a variety of shapes, or built into the end of a house or barn. They generally contain pige ...

s), and when he was sent by his fellow-citizens to the

Estates-General of 1789 The Estates General of 1789 was a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobility (Second Estate), and the commoners (Third Estate). It was the last of the Estates General of the Kingdom o ...

he demanded the abolition of nobility and the substitution of the

Royal title Traditional rank amongst European royalty, peers, and nobility is rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Although they vary over time and among geographic regions (for example, one region's prince might be equal to another's grand duke ...

''king of the French and the Navarrese'' for ''king of France and Navarre'', and helped to establish the '' Civil Constitution of the Clergy''. On 7 November 1789, he requested that the ministers not be members of Parliament at the same time. Since the regulation found a majority, he was able to prevent an increase in

Mirabeau Mirabeau may refer to: People and characters * Mirabeau B. Lamar (1798–1859), second President of the Republic of Texas French nobility * Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau (1715–1789), French physiocrat * Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, com ...

's power that sought to take over a ministerial post.

Otto Flake Otto Flake (29 October 1880, Metz – 10 November 1963) was a German writer. Early life Flake was born on 29 October 1880 in Metz. He attended high school in Colmar and studied German philology, philosophy and art history at the University of St ...

, '' The French Revolution '', 1932

Convention and clandestinity

Elected to the

National Convention The National Convention (french: link=no, Convention nationale) was the parliament of the Kingdom of France for one day and the French First Republic for the rest of its existence during the French Revolution, following the two-year Nationa ...

in September 1792, he developed moderate, even reactionary views, becoming one of the fiercest opponents of

Montagnards Montagnard (''of the mountain'' or ''mountain dweller'') may refer to: * Montagnard (French Revolution), members of The Mountain (''La Montagne''), a political group during the French Revolution (1790s) ** Montagnard (1848 revolution), members of t ...

- although he never wavered in his support for the French Republic. He refused to vote for the death of

Louis XVI Louis XVI (''Louis-Auguste''; ; 23 August 175421 January 1793) was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He was referred to as ''Citizen Louis Capet'' during the four months just before he was ...

, alleging that the nation had no right to despatch a vanquished prisoner. His daily attacks on The Mountain resulted, on 15 April 1793, in a demand by the

Paris Commune The Paris Commune (french: Commune de Paris, ) was a revolutionary government that seized power in Paris, the capital of France, from 18 March to 28 May 1871. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, the French National Guard had defended ...

for his exclusion from the assembly, but Lanjuinais remained implacable - when the

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), ma ...

ian populace under

François Hanriot François Hanriot (2 December 1759 – 28 July 1794) was a French Sans-culotte leader, street orator, and commander of the Garde Nationale during the French Revolution. He played a vital role in the Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793 and sub ...

invaded the convention on 2 June, he renewed his defiance of the victorious party. Placed under arrest with the

Girondist The Girondins ( , ), or Girondists, were members of a loosely knit political faction during the French Revolution. From 1791 to 1793, the Girondins were active in the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention. Together with the Montagnard ...

s, he escaped to Rennes where he drew up a pamphlet denouncing the

Montagnard Constitution The Constitution of 1793 (french: Acte constitutionnel du 24 juin 1793), also known as the Constitution of the Year I or the Montagnard Constitution, was the second constitution ratified for use during the French Revolution under the First Repu ...

under the curious title ''Le Dernier Crime de Lanjuinais'' ("The Latest Crime of Lanjuinais", Rennes, 1793). Pursued by

Jean-Baptiste Carrier Jean-Baptiste Carrier (, 16 March 1756 – 16 December 1794) was a French Revolutionary and politician most notable for his actions in the War in the Vendée during the Reign of Terror. While under orders to suppress a Royalist counter-revolutio ...

, who was sent to stamp out resistance in the west, he lay hidden until some time after the outbreak of the

Thermidorian Reaction The Thermidorian Reaction (french: Réaction thermidorienne or ''Convention thermidorienne'', "Thermidorian Convention") is the common term, in the historiography of the French Revolution, for the period between the ousting of Maximilien Robespie ...

(July 1794), but he was readmitted to the convention on 8 March 1795.

Later career

He maintained his

liberal Liberal or liberalism may refer to: Politics * a supporter of liberalism ** Liberalism by country * an adherent of a Liberal Party * Liberalism (international relations) * Sexually liberal feminism * Social liberalism Arts, entertainment and m ...

and independent attitude in the

Council of Ancients The Council of Ancients or Council of Elders (french: Conseil des Anciens) was the upper house of the French legislature under the Constitution of the Year III, during the period commonly known as the Directory (French: ''Directoire''), from ...

of the French Directory, the Senate of the

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and

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, and the Chamber of Peers, being president of the upper house during the Hundred Days. Together with

Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target (, 17 December 1733 – 9 September 1806) was a French lawyer and politician. Biography Born in Paris, Target was the son of a lawyer, and was himself a lawyer to the Parlement of Paris. He acquired a great reputation as ...

, Joseph-Marie Portalis and others he founded under the Empire an academy of legislation in Paris, and lectured on

Roman law Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables (c. 449 BC), to the '' Corpus Juris Civilis'' (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Ju ...

. Closely associated with oriental scholars, and a keen student of oriental religions, he entered the

Académie des Inscriptions An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, ...

in 1808. After the Bourbon Restoration, Lanjuinais consistently defended the principles of

constitutional monarchy A constitutional monarchy, parliamentary monarchy, or democratic monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in decision making. Constitutional monarchies dif ...

, but most of his time was given to religious and political subjects. He was President of the Chamber of Representatives from 4 June to 13 July 1815. Comte Lanjuinans died in Paris.

Works

Besides many contributions to periodical literature he wrote, among other works: *''Constitutions de la Nation française'' (1819) *''Appréciation du projet de loi relatif aux trois concordats'' (1806, 6th ed. 1827) - a defence of

Gallicanism Gallicanism is the belief that popular civil authority—often represented by the monarch's or the state's authority—over the Catholic Church is comparable to that of the Pope. Gallicanism is a rejection of ultramontanism; it has so ...

*''Études biographiques et littéraires sur

Antoine Arnauld Antoine Arnauld (6 February 16128 August 1694) was a French Catholic theologian, philosopher and mathematician. He was one of the leading intellectuals of the Jansenist group of Port-Royal and had a very thorough knowledge of patristics. Cont ...

, P. Nicole et

Jacques Necker Jacques Necker (; 30 September 1732 – 9 April 1804) was a Genevan banker and statesman who served as finance minister for Louis XVI. He was a reformer, but his innovations sometimes caused great discontent. Necker was a constitutional monarchi ...

'' (1823).

Family

His son, Victor Ambroise, vicomte de Lanjuinais (1802–1869), was also a politician, becoming a deputy in 1838. His interests lay chiefly in financial questions and in 1849 he became minister of commerce and agriculture in the cabinet of

Odilon Barrot Camille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot (; 19 July 1791 – 6 August 1873) was a French politician who was briefly head of the council of ministers under President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte in 1848–49. Early life Barrot was born at Villefort, Lozè ...

. He wrote a ''Notice historique sur la vie et les ouvrages du comte de Lanjuinais'', which was prefixed to an edition of his fathers ''Œuvres'' (4 vols., 1832).

Notes

References

* In turn, it cites as references: **

François Victor Alphonse Aulard François Victor Alphonse Aulard (19 July 1849 – 23 October 1928) was the first professional French historian of the French Revolution and of Napoleon. His major achievement was to institutionalise and professionalise the practice of history i ...

, ''Les Orateurs de la Législative et de la Convention'' (Paris, 1885–1886) **J. M. Quérard, ''La France littéraire'', vol. iii. (1829). **A. Robert and G. Cougny, ''Dictionnaire des parlementaires'', vol. ii. (1890) {{DEFAULTSORT:Lanjuinais, Jean Denis, Comte De 1827 deaths 1753 births Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery Deputies to the French National Convention Counts Lanjuinais 19th-century French historians French journalists French jurists 19th-century French lawyers French orientalists Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres Members of the Chamber of Representatives (France) Peace commissioners of the French Provisional Government of 1815 Peers of France Writers from Rennes University of Rennes alumni 18th-century jurists