Landese (Maritime Gascon, or ''parlar negre'', which means "black speech" in English) is a dialect of the Gascon language, spoken in the south-west part of Landes of Gascony, part of

Chalosse Chalosse (; oc-gsc, Shalòssa or ) is a wine-growing area in Gascony, in south-west France. It lies in the ''departement'' of Landes and is centred on the town of Dax. Chalosse also gives its name to ''coteaux de Chalosse'', the wine of the are ...

and around Bayonne (

Aquitaine Aquitaine ( , , ; oc, Aquitània ; eu, Akitania; Poitevin-Saintongeais: ''Aguiéne''), archaic Guyenne or Guienne ( oc, Guiana), is a historical region of southwestern France and a former administrative region of the country. Since 1 Janu ...

, metropolitan

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...

). Landese is an endangered dialect as are several other

Occitan language Occitan (; oc, occitan, link=no ), also known as ''lenga d'òc'' (; french: langue d'oc) by its native speakers, and sometimes also referred to as ''Provençal'', is a Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Vall ...

Reorganization of vowel phonemes

The main feature of Landese is its propensity to pronounce certain

vowel A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, in loudness and also in quantity (leng ...

s with more roundedness (and if necessary, in a more closed or more centralized manner). Thus there is a migration of

phoneme In phonology and linguistics, a phoneme () is a unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another in a particular language. For example, in most dialects of English, with the notable exception of the West Midlands and the north-wes ...

s from the general Gascon to new phonemes in Landese.

Works

The poet,

novelist A novelist is an author or writer of novels, though often novelists also write in other genres of both fiction and non-fiction. Some novelists are professional novelists, thus make a living writing novels and other fiction, while others asp ...

and

essayist An essay is, generally, a piece of writing that gives the author's own argument, but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of a letter, a paper, an article, a pamphlet, and a short story. Essays have been sub-classified as formal ...

Bernat Manciet (1923 - 2005) remained faithful to the local Gascon speaking of his native Landes region where he lived a large part of his life. The erudite Vincent Foix (1857 - 1932) has written a dictionary on the Gascon from

and other parts of Landes.

Sources

Part of content in this edit is based on a partial translation from the existing French Wikipedia article at :fr:Parlar negre (see its history for attribution) which cites the following sources: * Philippe Lartigue, ''Le vocalisme du gascon maritime'', D.E.A. de Sciences du Langage, University of Toulouse-Le Mirail, June 2004 * Pierre Moureau, ''Dictionnaire du patois de La Teste'', 1870; 2nd edition: ''Dictionnaire gascon-français, français-gascon: suivant les parlers maritimes'', Princi Negre, 1997, * Pierre Rectoran, ''Le gascon maritime de Bayonne et du Bas-Adour'', Jean Curutchet, 1996,

References

Gascon language Landes (department) {{romance-lang-stub

Reorganization of vowel phonemes

Works

Sources

See also

References