Līlāvatī
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''Līlāvatī'' is Indian mathematician Bhāskara II's treatise on mathematics, written in 1150 AD. It is the first volume of his main work, the ''
Siddhānta Shiromani ''Siddhānta Śiromaṇi'' (Sanskrit: सिद्धान्त शिरोमणि for "Crown of treatises") is the major treatise of Indian mathematician Bhāskara II. He wrote the ''Siddhānta Śiromaṇi'' in 1150 when he was 36 years old ...
'', alongside the ''
Bijaganita ''Bijaganita'' ( IAST: ') was treatise on algebra by the Indian mathematician Bhāskara II. It is the second volume of his main work '' Siddhānta Shiromani (''"Crown of treatises") alongside '' Lilāvati'', ''Grahaganita'' and ''Golādhyāya''.< ...
'', the ''Grahaganita'' and the ''Golādhyāya''.


Name

His book on arithmetic is the source of interesting legends that assert that it was written for his daughter, Lilavati. Lilavati was Bhaskara II's daughter. Bhaskara II studied Lilavati's horoscope and predicted that she would remain both childless and unmarried. To avoid this fate, he ascertained an auspicious moment for his daughter's wedding and to alert his daughter at the correct time, he placed a cup with a small hole at the bottom of a vessel filled with water, arranged so that the cup would sink at the beginning of the propitious hour. He put the device in a room with a warning to Lilavati to not go near it. In her curiosity though, she went to look at the device and a pearl from her bridal dress accidentally dropped into it, thus upsetting it. The auspicious moment for the wedding thus passed unnoticed leaving a devastated Bhaskara II. It is then that he promised his daughter to write a book in her name, one that would remain till the end of time as a good name is akin to a second life. Many of the problems are addressed to Līlāvatī herself who must have been a very bright young woman. For example "Oh Līlāvatī, intelligent girl, if you understand addition and subtraction, tell me the sum of the amounts 2, 5, 32, 193, 18, 10, and 100, as well as he remainder ofthose when subtracted from 10000." and "Fawn-eyed child Līlāvatī, tell me, how much is the number esulting from135 multiplied by 12, if you understand multiplication by separate parts and by separate digits. And tell e beautiful one, how much is that product divided by the same multiplier?" The word ''Līlāvatī'' itself means playful or one possessing play (from Sanskrit, Līlā = play, -vatī = female possessing the quality).


Contents

The book contains thirteen chapters, mainly definitions, arithmetical terms, interest computation, arithmetical and
geometrical Geometry (; ) is, with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. It is concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is ...
progressions,
plane geometry Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, which he described in his textbook on geometry: the '' Elements''. Euclid's approach consists in assuming a small set of intuitively appealing axioms ...
,
solid geometry In mathematics, solid geometry or stereometry is the traditional name for the geometry of three-dimensional, Euclidean spaces (i.e., 3D geometry). Stereometry deals with the measurements of volumes of various solid figures (or 3D figures), inc ...
, the shadow of the gnomon, the
Kuṭṭaka Kuṭṭaka is an algorithm for finding integer solutions of linear Diophantine equations. A linear Diophantine equation is an equation of the form ''ax'' + ''by'' = ''c'' where ''x'' and ''y'' are unknown quantities and ''a'', ''b'', and ''c'' ar ...
- a method to solve
indeterminate equations In mathematics, particularly in algebra, an indeterminate equation is an equation for which there is more than one solution. For example, the equation ax + by =c is a simple indeterminate equation, as is x^2=1. Indeterminate equations cannot be solv ...
, and combinations. Bhaskara II gives the value of pi as 22/7 in the book but suggest a more accurate ratio of 3927/1250 for use in astronomical calculations. Also according to the book, the largest number is the ''parardha'' equal to one hundred thousand billion. ''Lilavati'' includes a number of methods of computing numbers such as multiplications, squares, and progressions, with examples using kings and elephants, objects which a common man could understand. Excerpt from ''Lilavati'' (Appears as an additional problem attached to stanza 54, Chapter 3. Translated by T N Colebrook)
Whilst making love a necklace broke. A row of pearls mislaid. One sixth fell to the floor. One fifth upon the bed. The young woman saved one third of them. One tenth were caught by her lover. If six pearls remained upon the string How many pearls were there altogether?
Bhaskaracharya's conclusion to ''Lilavati'' states:
Joy and happiness is indeed ever increasing in this world for those who have Lilavati clasped to their throats, decorated as the members are with neat reduction of fractions, multiplication and
involution Involution may refer to: * Involute, a construction in the differential geometry of curves * '' Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia'', a 1963 study of intensification of production through increased labour inpu ...
, pure and perfect as are the solutions, and tasteful as is the speech which is exemplified.


Translations

The translations or editions of the Lilavati into English include: * 1816. John Taylor
''Lilawati: or A Treatise on Arithmetic or Geometry by Bhascara Acharya''
* 1817. Henry Thomas Colebrooke
''Algebra, with Arithmetic and mensuration, from the Sanscrit of Brahmegupta and Bháscara, Page 24, chap 2/3''
* 1936. Pidaparti Krishnamurti Sastry translated the work into Telugu language and it was published by Srividya press, Vizianagaram. * 1975.
K. V. Sarma K. V. Venkateswara Sarma (1919–2005) was an Indian historian of science, particularly the astronomy and mathematics of the Kerala school. He was responsible for bringing to light several of the achievements of the Kerala school. He was edito ...
, ''Līlāvatī of Bhāskarācārya with Kriyā-kramakarī'', Hoshiarpur: VVBIS & IS, Panjab University * 2001. K. S. Patwardhan, S. A. Naimpally and S. L. Singh
Līlāvatī of Bhāskarācārya: a treatise of mathematics of Vedic tradition : with rationale in terms of modern mathematics largely based on N.H. Phadke's Marāthī translation of Līlāvatī
*Bhaskaracharya's work 'Lilavati' was translated into Persian(फारसी) by-( Abul Faizi-in 1587 ). *Bakul Kayastha from medieval Assam (1400CE) made Assamese rendering of Lilavati.


See also

* Indian mathematics * Timeline of algebra and geometry


References


External links


Bhaskaracharya's Lilavathi
- Book Review
Khagol Mandal
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lilavati Indian mathematics Social history of India Science and technology in India 12th-century books Sanskrit texts