Kurdish phonology

Kurdish phonology is the sound system of the Kurdish dialect continuum. This article includes the phonology of the three largest Kurdish dialects in their respective standard descriptions. Phonological features include the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops, and the large phoneme inventories.

Consonants

* are laminal denti-alveolar , while are dentalized laminal alveolar , pronounced with the blade of the tongue very close to the back of the upper front teeth, with the tip resting behind lower front teeth.
*Kurdish contrasts plain alveolar and velarized postalveolar lateral approximants. Unlike in English, the sounds are separate phonemes rather than allophones.
*Postvocalic is lenited to an approximant . This is a regional feature occurring in other Iranian languages as well and called by Windfuhr the "Zagros d".
*Kurdish has two rhotic sounds; the alveolar flap () and the alveolar trill (). While the former is alveolar, the latter has an alveo-palatal articulation.

Kurmanji Kurdish
*Distinguishes between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops, which can be aspirated in all positions. Thus contrasts with , with , with , and the affricate with .
*Although is considered an allophone of , some phonologists argue that it should be considered a phoneme.

Sorani Kurdish
*According to , are uvular .
*Distinguishes between the plain and and the velarized and . These velarized counterparts are less emphatic than the Semitic emphatic consonants.

Southern Kurdish
* is an allophone of , occurring in the about 11 to 19 words that have the consonant group . The word is pronounced as .

Labialization

*Kurdish has labialized counterparts to the velar plosives, the voiceless velar fricative and the uvular stop. Thus contrasts with , with , with , and with . These labialized counterparts do not have any distinct letters or digraph. Examples are the word ('servant') which is pronounced as , and ('horn') is pronounced as .

Palatalization

*After , is palatalized to . An example is the Central Kurdish word ('joke'), which is pronounced as .
* and are strongly palatalized before the front vowels and as well as , becoming acoustically similar to and .
*When preceding , are palatalized to . In the same environment, also becomes .

Pharyngealization

*In some cases, are pharyngealized to . For example, the word is pronounced as
*Furthermore, while and are unique to Central Kurdish, Kurmanji has .

Consonants in loanwords

* is a phoneme that is almost exclusively present in words of Arabic origin. It is often replaced by in colloquial Kurdish. Thus the word ('stranger', ) may occur as either or .
* mostly occurs in words of Arabic origin, mostly in word-initial position.
* is mainly present in Arabic loanwords and it affects the pronunciation of adjacent vowels. The use of the glottal stop in everyday Kurdish may be seen as an effort to highlight its Arabic source.

Vowels

The vowel inventory differs by dialect, some dialect having more vowel phonemes than others. The vowels are the only phonemes present in all three Kurdish dialects.

Detailed table

Notes

*In Central Kurdish, is realized as , except before where it becomes mid-centralized to . For example, the word ('big') is pronounced as .
* is realized as in certain environments.
*In some words, and are realized as . This allophone occurs when is present in a closed syllable that ends with and in some certain words like ('molasses'). The word ('I am drinking') is thus pronounced as , while is pronounced as .

Vowels in loanwords

* occurs in numerous dialects of Central Kurdish where it is represented by wê/وێ, as well as in Southern Kurdish, represented by . In Kurmanji, it is only present in loanwords from Turkish, where it often merges with . The word (from Turkish meaning 'clayish mud') is pronounced as either or .

Glides and diphthongs

The glides , , and appear in syllable onsets immediately followed by a full vowel. All combinations except the last four are present in all three Kurdish dialects.

References

Bibliography

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurdish Phonology
Kurdish language
Iranian phonologies