The
Krupp

Krupp family (see pronunciation), a prominent 400-year-old German
dynasty from Essen, have become famous for their production of steel,
artillery, ammunition, and other armaments. The family business, known
as
Friedrich Krupp

Friedrich Krupp AG, was the largest company in
Europe
.svg/400px-Eurasia_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Europe at the
beginning of the 20th century. It was important to weapons development
and production in both world wars. One of the most powerful dynasties
in European history, for 400 years
Krupp

Krupp flourished as the premier
weapons manufacturer for Germany. From the
Thirty Years' War

Thirty Years' War until the
end of the Second World War, they produced everything from
battleships, U-boats, tanks, howitzers, guns, utilities, and hundreds
of other commodities.
The dynasty began in 1587 when a trader named Arndt
Krupp

Krupp moved to
Essen

Essen and joined the merchants guild. He then began buying vacated
real estate from families who fled the city due to the
Black Death

Black Death and
became one of the richest men in the city. Over the next three
centuries his descendants began producing small guns during the Thirty
Years' War and over time gradually acquired fulling mills, coal mines,
and an iron forge. During the Napoleonic Wars,
Friedrich Krupp

Friedrich Krupp founded
the Gusstahlfabrik (Cast
Steel

Steel Works) and began producing smelted
steel in 1816, turning the company into a major industrial power. The
foundations were laid for the steel empire that would come to dominate
the world for nearly a century under his son Alfred.
Krupp

Krupp became the
arms manufacturer for the
Kingdom of Prussia
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Prussia_(1892-1918).svg.png)
Kingdom of Prussia in 1859 and later the
German Empire.
Krupp

Krupp was also a revolutionary company that paved the way for workers
rights. Alfred pioneered a system in which if the worker pledged
loyalty to the company, he would be offered an unprecedented amount of
benefits and social programs including on site technical and manual
training, accidental, sickness, and life insurance, housing (sometimes
free), recreational facilities, parks, schools, bath houses, and
department stores. Widows and orphans were guaranteed pay if their
husbands and/or fathers were killed.
The company also produced steel used to build railroads in the United
States, capped the
Chrysler Building

Chrysler Building in 1929, and was the first to
travel to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. During the Third Reich,
Krupp

Krupp supported
Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler and the use of forced labour. After the
war
Krupp

Krupp was rebuilt from scratch and again became one of the
wealthiest companies in Europe. However a recession in 1967 caused the
company severe profit loss. In 1999 the
Krupp

Krupp firm merged with Thyssen
AG to form
ThyssenKrupp

ThyssenKrupp AG, a large industrial conglomerate.
Historically the
Krupp

Krupp business has been controversial in its
association with wars in Europe. As a major weapons supplier to
multiple sides in various conflicts, the Krupps at times received
blame for the wars themselves or the degree of carnage that
ensued.[1][2]
Contents
1 Overview
2 History of the family
2.1 Early history
2.2 Friedrich's era
2.3 Alfred's era
2.4 Friedrich Alfred's era
2.5 Gustav's era
2.6 Alfried's era
2.7 From Fried
Krupp

Krupp to Thyssen Krupp
3 Roles played in important historical events
3.1 The Franco-Prussian War
3.2 Venezuela Crisis
3.3 Balkan wars
3.4 World War I
3.5 World War II
3.6 Post-World War II
3.7 Peacetime activities
3.7.1 Railway expansion period
3.7.2 Diesel engines
4 Pronunciation
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Overview[edit]
Friedrich Krupp

Friedrich Krupp (1787–1826) launched the family's metal-based
activities, building a pioneering steel foundry in
Essen

Essen in 1810. His
son Alfred (1812–87), known as "the
Cannon

Cannon King" or as "Alfred the
Great", invested heavily in new technology to become a significant
manufacturer of steel rollers (used to make eating utensils) and
railway tyres. He also invested in fluidized hotbed technologies
(notably the Bessemer process) and acquired many mines in
Germany
.jpg/440px-Germany-_Simon_McDonald_(8484625313).jpg)
Germany and
France. Unusual for the era, he provided social services for his
workers, including subsidized housing and health and retirement
benefits.
Stereoscopic

Stereoscopic image from Krupp's great exhibit of guns at the Columbian
Exposition in 1893
The company began to make steel cannons in the 1840s—especially for
the Russian, Turkish, and Prussian armies. Low non-military demand and
government subsidies meant that the company specialized more and more
in weapons: by the late 1880s the manufacture of armaments represented
around 50% of Krupp's total output. When Alfred started with the firm,
it had five employees. At his death twenty thousand people worked for
Krupp—making it the world's largest industrial company and the
largest private company in the German empire.
Krupp's had a Great
Krupp

Krupp Building with an exhibition of guns at the
Columbian Exposition

Columbian Exposition in 1893.
An assortment of naval guns and field artillery pieces from the Krupp
works in Essen, Germany. (Circa 1905)
In the 20th century the company was headed by Gustav
Krupp

Krupp von Bohlen
und Halbach (1870–1950), who assumed the surname of
Krupp

Krupp when he
married the
Krupp

Krupp heiress, Bertha Krupp. After
Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler came to
power in
Germany
.jpg/440px-Germany-_Simon_McDonald_(8484625313).jpg)
Germany in 1933, the
Krupp

Krupp works became the center for German
rearmament. In 1943, by a special order from Hitler, the company
reverted to a sole-proprietorship, with Gustav and Bertha's eldest son
Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach
.jpg/550px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F010290-0005,_Villa_Hügel_Essen,_Präsident_von_Togo_(retuschiert).jpg)
Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach (1907–67) as proprietor. After
Germany's defeat, Gustav was senile and incapable of standing trial,
and the
Nuremberg Military Tribunal

Nuremberg Military Tribunal convicted Alfried as a war
criminal in the
Krupp Trial

Krupp Trial for "plunder" and for his company's use of
slave labor. It sentenced him to 12 years in prison and ordered him to
sell 75% of his holdings. In 1951, as the
Cold War

Cold War developed and no
buyer came forward, the U.S. occupation authorities released him, and
in 1953 he resumed control of the firm.
In 1968, the company became a corporation. In 1999, the
Krupp

Krupp Group
merged with its largest competitor, Thyssen AG; the combined
company—
ThyssenKrupp

ThyssenKrupp AG, became Germany's fifth-largest firm and one
of the largest steel producers in the world.
History of the family[edit]
Early history[edit]
The
Krupp

Krupp family first appeared in the historical record in 1587, when
Arndt
Krupp

Krupp joined the merchants' guild in Essen. Arndt, a trader,
arrived in town just before an epidemic of the
Black Death

Black Death plague and
became one of the city's wealthiest men by purchasing the property of
families who fled the epidemic. After he died in 1624, his son Anton
took over the family business; Anton oversaw a gunsmithing operation
during the
Thirty Years' War

Thirty Years' War (1618–48), which was the first instance
of the family's long association with arms manufacturing.
For the next century the Krupps continued to acquire property and
became involved in municipal politics in Essen. By the
mid-18th-century, Friedrich Jodocus Krupp, Arndt's
great-great-grandson, headed the
Krupp

Krupp family. In 1751, he married
Helene Amalie Ascherfeld (another of Arndt's
great-great-grandchildren); Jodocus died six years later, which left
his widow to run the business: a family first. The Widow
Krupp

Krupp greatly
expanded the family's holdings over the decades, acquiring a fulling
mill, shares in four coal mines, and (in 1800) an iron forge located
on a stream near Essen.
Friedrich's era[edit]
Main article: Friedrich Krupp
Historic
Krupp

Krupp House
Gravestones of
Friedrich Krupp

Friedrich Krupp and wife Therese Wilhelmi at Essen's
Friedhof Bredeney
In 1807 the progenitor of the modern
Krupp

Krupp firm, Friedrich Krupp,
began his commercial career at age 19 when the Widow
Krupp

Krupp appointed
him manager of the forge. Friedrich's father, the widow's son, had
died 11 years previously; since that time, the widow had tutored the
boy in the ways of commerce, as he seemed the logical family heir.
Unfortunately, Friedrich proved too idiotic for his own good, and
quickly ran the formerly profitable forge into the ground. The widow
soon had to sell it away.
In 1810, the widow died, and in what would prove a disastrous move,
left virtually all the
Krupp

Krupp fortune and property to Friedrich. Newly
enriched, Friedrich decided to discover the secret of cast (crucible)
steel. Benjamin Huntsman, a clockmaker from Sheffield, had pioneered a
process to make crucible steel in 1740, but the British had managed to
keep it secret, forcing others to import steel. When Napoleon began
his blockade of the
British Empire

British Empire (see Continental System), British
steel became unavailable, and Napoleon offered a prize of four
thousand francs to anyone who could replicate the British process.
This prize piqued Friedrich's interest.
Thus, in 1811 Friedrich founded the
Krupp

Krupp Gusstahlfabrik (Cast Steel
Works). He realized he would need a large facility with a power source
for success, and so he built a mill and foundry on the
Ruhr

Ruhr River,
which unfortunately proved an unreliable stream. Friedrich spent a
significant amount of time and money in the small, waterwheel-powered
facility, neglecting other
Krupp

Krupp business, but in 1816 he was able to
produce smelted steel. He died in Essen, 8 October 1826 age 39.
Alfred's era[edit]
Alfred Krupp
Alfred Krupp

Alfred Krupp (born Alfried Felix Alwyn Krupp), son of Friedrich Carl,
was born in
Essen

Essen in 1812. His father's death forced him to leave
school at the age of fourteen and take on responsibility for the steel
works. Prospects were daunting: his father had spent a considerable
fortune in the attempt to cast steel in large ingots, and to keep the
works going the widow and family lived in extreme frugality. The young
director laboured alongside the workmen by day and carried on his
father's experiments at night, while occasionally touring Europe
trying to promote
Krupp

Krupp products and make sales. It was during a stay
in England that young Alfried became enamored of the country and
adopted the English spelling of his name.
For years, the works made barely enough money to cover the workmen's
wages. Then, in 1841, Alfred's brother Hermann invented the
spoon-roller—which Alfred patented, bringing in enough money to
enlarge the factory, steel production, and cast steel blocks. In 1847
Krupp

Krupp made his first cannon of cast steel. At the Great Exhibition
(London) of 1851, he exhibited a
6 pounder made entirely from cast
steel, and a solid flawless ingot of steel weighing 4,300 pounds
(2,000 kg), more than twice as much as any previously cast. He
surpassed this with a 100,000-pound (45,000 kg) ingot for the
Paris Exposition in 1855. Krupp's exhibits caused a sensation in the
engineering world, and the
Essen

Essen works became famous.[3]
In 1851, another successful innovation, no-weld railway tyres, began
the company's primary revenue stream, from sales to railways in the
United States. Alfred enlarged the factory and fulfilled his
long-cherished scheme to construct a breech-loading cannon of cast
steel. He strongly believed in the superiority of breech-loaders, on
account of improved accuracy and speed, but this view did not win
general acceptance among military officers, who remained loyal to
tried-and-true muzzle-loaded bronze cannon. Alfred soon began
producing breech loading howitzers, one of which he gifted to the
Prussian court.
Indeed, unable to sell his steel cannon,
Krupp

Krupp gave it to the King of
Prussia, who used it as a decorative piece. The king's brother
Wilhelm, however, realized the significance of the innovation. After
he became regent in 1859, Prussia bought its first 312 steel cannon
from Krupp, which became the main arms manufacturer for the Prussian
military.
Prussia used the advanced technology of
Krupp

Krupp to defeat both Austria
and
France

France in the German Wars of Unification. The French high command
refused to purchase
Krupp

Krupp guns despite Napoleon III's support. The
Franco-Prussian war

Franco-Prussian war was in part a contest of "Kruppstahl" versus
bronze cannon. The success of German artillery spurred the first
international arms race, against
Schneider-Creusot

Schneider-Creusot in
France

France and
Armstrong in England.
Krupp

Krupp was able to sell, alternately, improved
artillery and improved steel shielding to countries from Russia to
Chile to Siam.
In the Panic of 1873, Alfred continued to expand, including the
purchase of Spanish mines and Dutch shipping, making
Krupp

Krupp the biggest
and richest company in
Europe
.svg/400px-Eurasia_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Europe but nearly bankrupting it. He was bailed
out with a 30 million Mark loan from a consortium of banks arranged by
the Prussian State Bank.
In 1878 and 1879
Krupp

Krupp held competitions known as Völkerschiessen,
which were firing demonstrations of cannon for international buyers.
These were held in Meppen, at the largest proving ground in the world;
privately owned by Krupp. He took on 46 nations as customers. At the
time of his death in 1887, he had 75,000 employees, including 20,200
in Essen. In his lifetime,
Krupp

Krupp manufactured a total of 24,576 guns;
10,666 for the German government and 13,910 for export.
Krupp

Krupp established the Generalregulativ as the firm’s basic
constitution. The company was a sole proprietorship, inherited by
primogeniture, with strict control of workers.
Krupp

Krupp demanded a
loyalty oath, required workers to obtain written permission from their
foremen when they needed to use the toilet and issued proclamations
telling his workers not to concern themselves with national politics.
In return,
Krupp

Krupp provided social services that were unusually liberal
for the era, including "colonies" with parks, schools and recreation
grounds - while the widows' and orphans' and other benefit schemes
insured the men and their families in case of illness or death. Essen
became a large company town and
Krupp

Krupp became a de facto state within a
state, with "Kruppianer" as loyal to the company and the
Krupp

Krupp family
as to the nation and the Hohenzollern family. Krupp’s paternalist
strategy was adopted by Bismarck as government policy, as a preventive
against Social Democratic tendencies, and later influenced the
development and adoption of
Führerprinzip

Führerprinzip by Adolf Hitler.
The
Krupp

Krupp social services program began about 1861, when it was found
that there were not sufficient houses in the town for firm employees,
and the firm began building dwellings. By 1862 ten houses were ready
for foremen, and in 1863 the first houses for workingmen were built in
Alt Westend. Neu Westend was built in 1871 and 1872. By 1905, 400
houses were provided, many being given rent free to widows of former
workers. A cooperative society was founded in 1868 which became the
Consum-Anstalt. Profits were divided according to amounts purchased. A
boarding house for single men, the Ménage, was started in 1865 with
200 boarders and by 1905 accommodated 1000. Bath houses were provided
and employees received free medical services. Accident, life, and
sickness insurance societies were formed, and the firm
contributed to their support. Technical and manual training schools
were provided.[4]
Krupp

Krupp was also held in high esteem by the kaiser, who dismissed Julius
von Verdy du Vernois and his successor Hans von Kaltenborn for
rejecting Krupp's design of the C-96 field gun, quipping, "I’ve
canned three War Ministers because of Krupp, and still they don’t
catch on!"[5][6]
Krupp

Krupp proclaimed he wished to have "a man come and start a
counter-revolution" against Jews, socialists and liberals. In some of
his odder moods, he considered taking the role himself. According to
historian William Manchester, his great grandson,
Krupp

Krupp would
interpret these outbursts as a prophecy fulfilled by the coming of
Hitler.
Krupp's marriage was not a happy one. His wife Bertha (not to be
confused with their granddaughter), was unwilling to remain in
polluted
Essen

Essen in Villa Hügel, the mansion which
Krupp

Krupp designed. She
spent most of their married years in resorts and spas, with their only
child, a son.
Friedrich Alfred's era[edit]
Main article: Friedrich Alfred Krupp
Friedrich Alfred Krupp, 1900.
Workers in 1905.
After Krupp's death in 1887, his only son, Friedrich Alfred, carried
on the work. The father had been a hard man, known as "Herr Krupp"
since his early teens. Friedrich Alfred was called "Fritz" all his
life, and was strikingly dissimilar to his father in appearance and
personality. He was a philanthropist, a rarity amongst
Ruhr

Ruhr industrial
leaders. Part of his philanthropy supported the study of eugenics,
part of progressive thought at the time.
Fritz was a skilled businessman, though of a different sort from his
father. Fritz was a master of the subtle sell, and cultivated a close
rapport with the Kaiser, Wilhelm II. Under Fritz's management, the
firm's business blossomed further and further afield, spreading across
the globe. He focused on arms manufacturing, as the US railroad market
purchased from its own growing steel industry.
Fritz
Krupp

Krupp authorized many new products that would do much to change
history. In 1890
Krupp

Krupp developed nickel steel, which was hard enough
to allow thin battleship armor and cannon using Nobel’s improved
gunpowder. In 1892,
Krupp

Krupp bought Gruson in a hostile takeover. It
became Krupp-Panzer and manufactured armor plate and ships’ turrets.
In 1893
Rudolf Diesel

Rudolf Diesel brought his new engine to
Krupp

Krupp to construct. In
1896
Krupp

Krupp bought Germaniawerft in Kiel, which became Germany’s main
warship builder and built the first German
U-boat

U-boat in 1906.
Fritz married Magda and they had two daughters: Bertha (1886–1957)
and Barbara (1887–1972); the latter married Tilo Freiherr von
Wilmowsky (1878–1966) in 1907.
Fritz was arrested on 15 October 1902 by Italian police at his retreat
on the Mediterranean island of Capri, where he enjoyed the
companionship of forty or so adolescent Italian boys. He had a
subsequent publicity disaster and was found dead in his chambers not
long after. It was alleged suicide, but foul play was suspected and
details of the event were vague. His wife was institutionalized for
insanity.[7]
Gustav's era[edit]
Main article: Gustav
Krupp

Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach
Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach

Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach (1931)
Upon Fritz's death, his teenage daughter Bertha inherited the firm. In
1903, the firm formally incorporated as a joint-stock company, Fried.
Krupp

Krupp Grusonwerk AG. However, Bertha owned all but four shares. Kaiser
Wilhelm II felt it was unthinkable for the
Krupp

Krupp firm to be run by a
woman. He arranged for Bertha to marry Gustav von Bohlen und Halbach,
a Prussian courier to the Vatican and grandson of American Civil War
General Henry Bohlen. By imperial proclamation at the wedding, Gustav
was given the additional surname "Krupp," which was to be inherited by
primogeniture along with the company.
In 1911, Gustav bought Hamm Wireworks to manufacture barbed wire. In
1912,
Krupp

Krupp began manufacturing stainless steel. At this time 50% of
Krupp’s armaments were sold to Germany, and the rest to 52 other
nations. The company had invested worldwide, including in cartels with
other international companies.
Essen

Essen was the company headquarters. In
1913
Germany
.jpg/440px-Germany-_Simon_McDonald_(8484625313).jpg)
Germany jailed a number of military officers for selling secrets
to Krupp, in what was known as the "Kornwalzer scandal." Gustav was
not himself penalized and fired only a single director, Otto Eccius.
After Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in 1914,
Krupp

Krupp bought
his villa Blühnbach, in
Werfen

Werfen in the Austrian Alps, and which was a
former residence of the Archbishops of Salzburg.
The
Krupp

Krupp
Gun

Gun Works during World War I
Gustav led the firm through World War I, concentrating almost entirely
on artillery manufacturing, particularly following the loss of
overseas markets as a result of the Allied blockade.
Vickers

Vickers of
England naturally suspended royalty payments during the war (Krupp
held the patent on shell fuses, but back-payment was made in 1926).
In 1916, the German government seized Belgian industry and conscripted
Belgian civilians for forced labor in the Ruhr. These were novelties
in modern warfare and in violation of the Hague Conventions, to which
Germany
.jpg/440px-Germany-_Simon_McDonald_(8484625313).jpg)
Germany was a signatory. During the war,
Friedrich Krupp

Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft
produced 84 U-boats for the German navy, as well as the Deutschland
submarine freighter, intended to ship raw material to
Germany
.jpg/440px-Germany-_Simon_McDonald_(8484625313).jpg)
Germany despite
the blockade. In 1918 the Allies named Gustav a war criminal, but the
trials never proceeded.
After the war, the firm was forced to renounce arms manufacturing.
Gustav attempted to reorient to consumer products, under the slogan
"Wir machen alles!" (we make everything!), but operated at a loss for
years. The company laid off 70,000 workers but was able to stave off
Socialist unrest by continuing severance pay and its famous social
services for workers. The company opened a dental hospital to provide
steel teeth and jaws for wounded veterans. It received its first
contract from the Prussian State railway, and manufactured its first
locomotive.
In 1920, the
Ruhr

Ruhr Uprising occurred in reaction to the Kapp Putsch.
The
Ruhr

Ruhr Red Army, or Rote Soldatenbund, took over much of the
demilitarized
Rhineland

Rhineland unopposed. Krupp’s factory in
Essen

Essen was
occupied, and independent republics were declared, but the German
Reichswehr
.svg/400px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_(1921-1933).svg.png)
Reichswehr invaded from
Westphalia

Westphalia and quickly restored order. Later
in the year, Britain oversaw the dismantling of much of Krupp’s
factory, reducing capacity by half and shipping industrial equipment
to
France

France as war reparations.
In the hyperinflation of 1923, the firm printed Kruppmarks for use in
Essen, which was the only stable currency there.
France

France and Belgium
occupied the
Ruhr

Ruhr and established martial law. French soldiers
inspecting Krupp’s factory in
Essen

Essen were cornered by workers in a
garage, opened fire with a machine gun, and killed thirteen. This
incident spurred reprisal killings and sabotage across the Rhineland,
and when
Krupp

Krupp held a large, public funeral for the workers, he was
fined and jailed by the French. This made him a national hero, and he
was granted an amnesty by the French after seven months.
Although
Krupp

Krupp was a monarchist at heart, he cooperated with the
Weimar Republic; as a munitions manufacturer his first loyalty was to
the government in power. He was deeply involved with the Reichswehr's
evasion of the Treaty of Versailles, and secretly engaged in arms
design and manufacture. In 1921
Krupp

Krupp bought
Bofors

Bofors in Sweden as a
front company and sold arms to neutral nations including the
Netherlands and Denmark. In 1922,
Krupp

Krupp established Suderius AG in the
Netherlands, as a front company for shipbuilding, and sold submarine
designs to neutrals including the Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, Finland,
and Japan. German Chancellor Wirth arranged for
Krupp

Krupp to secretly
continue designing artillery and tanks, coordinating with army chief
von Seeckt and navy chief Paul Behncke.
Krupp

Krupp was able to hide this
activity from Allied inspectors for five years, and kept up his
engineers’ skills by hiring them out to Eastern European governments
including Russia.
In 1924, the Raw
Steel

Steel Association (Rohstahlgemeinschaft) was
established in Luxembourg, as a quota-fixing cartel for coal and
steel, by France, Britain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria,
Czechoslovakia, and Germany. Germany, however, chose to violate quotas
and pay fines, in order to monopolize the Ruhr’s output and continue
making high-grade steel. In 1926,
Krupp

Krupp began the manufacture of Widia
("Wie Diamant") cobalt-tungsten carbide. In 1928, German industry
under
Krupp

Krupp leadership put down a general strike, locking out 250,000
workers, and encouraging the government to cut wages 15%. In 1929, the
Chrysler Building

Chrysler Building was capped with
Krupp

Krupp steel.
Gustav and especially Bertha were initially skeptical of Hitler, who
was not of their class. Gustav's skepticism toward the Nazis waned
when
Hitler

Hitler dropped plans to nationalize business, the Communists
gained seats in the 6 November elections, and Chancellor Kurt von
Schleicher suggested a planned economy with price controls. Despite
this, as late as the day before President Paul von Hindenburg
appointed
Hitler

Hitler Chancellor, Gustav warned him not to do so. However,
after
Hitler

Hitler won power, Gustav became enamoured with the Nazis (Fritz
Thyssen described him as "a super-Nazi") to a degree his wife and
subordinates found bizarre.
In 1933,
Hitler

Hitler made Gustav chairman of the Reich Federation of German
Industry. Gustav ousted Jews from the organization and disbanded the
board, establishing himself as the sole-decision maker.
Hitler

Hitler visited
Gustav just before the Röhm purge in 1934, which among other things
eliminated many of those who actually believed in the "socialism" of
"National Socialism."[citation needed] Gustav supported the "Adolf
Hitler

Hitler Endowment Fund of German Industry", administrated by Bormann,
who used it to collect millions of Marks from German businessmen. As
part of Hitler’s secret rearmament program,
Krupp

Krupp expanded from
35,000 to 112,000 employees.
Gustav was alarmed at Hitler's aggressive foreign policy after the
Munich Agreement, but by then he was fast succumbing to senility and
was effectively displaced by his son Alfried. He was indicted at the
Nuremberg Trials

Nuremberg Trials but never tried, due to his advanced dementia. He was
thus the only German to be accused of being a war criminal after both
world wars. He was nursed by his wife in a roadside inn near
Blühnbach until his death in 1950, and then cremated and interred
quietly, since his adopted name was at that time one of the most
notorious in the American Zone.
Alfried's era[edit]
Main article: Alfried
Krupp

Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach
Krupp

Krupp production of
Tiger I
.2.jpg)
Tiger I tanks
As the eldest son of Bertha Krupp, Alfried was destined by family
tradition to become the sole heir of the
Krupp

Krupp concern. An amateur
photographer and Olympic sailor, he was an early supporter of Nazism
among German industrialists, joining the SS in 1931, and never
disavowing his allegiance to Hitler.
His father’s health began to decline in 1939, and after a stroke in
1941, Alfried took over full control of the firm, continuing its role
as main arms supplier to
Germany
.jpg/440px-Germany-_Simon_McDonald_(8484625313).jpg)
Germany at war. In 1943,
Hitler

Hitler decreed the
Lex Krupp, authorizing the transfer of all Bertha’s shares to
Alfried, giving him the name "Krupp" and dispossessing his siblings.
During the war,
Krupp

Krupp was allowed to take over many industries in
occupied nations, including Arthur
Krupp

Krupp steel works in Berndorf,
Austria, the Alsacian
Corporation

Corporation for Mechanical Construction
(Elsaessische Maschinenfabrik AG, or ELMAG), Robert Rothschild's
tractor factory in France,
Škoda Works

Škoda Works in Czechoslovakia, and
Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau AG (Deschimag) in Bremen. This
activity became the basis for the charge of "plunder" at the war
crimes trial of
Krupp

Krupp executives after the war.
As another war crime,
Krupp

Krupp used slave labor, both POWs and civilians
from occupied countries, and
Krupp

Krupp representatives were sent to
concentration camps to select laborers. Treatment of Slavic and Jewish
slaves was particularly harsh, since they were considered sub-human in
Nazi Germany, and Jews were targeted for "extermination through
labor". The number of slaves cannot be calculated due to constant
fluctuation but is estimated at 100,000, at a time when the free
employees of
Krupp

Krupp numbered 278,000. The highest number of Jewish
slave laborers at any one time was about 25,000 in January 1943.[8]
In 1942–1943,
Krupp

Krupp built the Berthawerk factory (named for his
mother), near the Markstadt forced labour camp, for production of
artillery fuses. Jewish women were used as slave labor there, leased
from the SS for 4 Marks a head per day. Later in 1943 it was taken
over by Union Werke.
In 1942, although Russia in retreat relocated many factories to the
Urals, steel factories were simply too large to move.
Krupp

Krupp took over
production, including at the Molotov steel works near Kharkov and
Kramatorsk

Kramatorsk in eastern Ukraine, and at mines supplying the iron,
manganese, and chrome vital for steel production.
The battle of Stalingrad in 1942 convinced
Krupp

Krupp that
Germany
.jpg/440px-Germany-_Simon_McDonald_(8484625313).jpg)
Germany would
lose the war, and he secretly began liquidating 200 million Marks in
government bonds. This allowed him to retain much of his fortune and
hide it overseas.
Beginning in 1943, Allied bombers targeted the main German industrial
district in the Ruhr. Most damage at Krupp’s works was actually to
the slave labor camps, and German tank production continued to
increase from 1,000 to 1,800 per month. However, by the end of the
war, with a manpower shortage preventing repairs, the main factories
were out of commission.
On 25 July 1943 the
Royal Air Force

Royal Air Force attacked the
Krupp

Krupp Works with 627
heavy bombers, dropping 2,032 long tons of bombs in an Oboe-marked
attack. Upon his arrival at the works the next morning, Gustav Krupp
suffered a fit from which he never recovered.[9]
Devastation of
Krupp

Krupp factory, Essen, 1945
After the war, the
Ruhr

Ruhr became part of the British Zone of occupation.
The British dismantled Krupp’s factories, sending machinery all over
Europe
.svg/400px-Eurasia_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Europe as war reparations. The Russians seized Krupp’s Grusonwerk in
Magdeburg, including the formula for tungsten steel. Germaniawerft in
Kiel

Kiel was dismantled, and Krupp’s role as an arms manufacturer came
to an end.
Allied High Commission

Allied High Commission Law 27, in 1950, mandated the
decartelization of German industry.
Electric locomotive

Electric locomotive construction at the
Krupp

Krupp Works, Essen, 1960
Krupp

Krupp Works, Essen, 1961
Meanwhile, Alfried was held in Landsberg prison, where
Hitler

Hitler had been
imprisoned in 1924. At the
Krupp

Krupp Trial, held in 1947–1948 in
Nuremberg following the main Nuremberg trials, Alfried and most of his
co-defendants were convicted of crimes against humanity (plunder and
slave labor), while being acquitted of crimes against peace, and
conspiracy. Alfried was condemned to 12 years in prison and the
"forfeiture of all [his] property both real and personal," making him
a pauper. Two years later, on 31 January 1951, John J. McCloy, High
Commissioner of the American zone of occupation, issued an amnesty to
the
Krupp

Krupp defendants. Much of Alfried’s industrial empire was
restored, but he was forced to transfer some of his fortune to his
siblings, and he renounced arms manufacturing.
By this time, West Germany’s
Wirtschaftswunder

Wirtschaftswunder had begun, and the
Korean War

Korean War had shifted the United States’s priority from
denazification to anti-Communism. German industry was seen as integral
to western Europe’s economic recovery, the limit on steel production
was lifted, and the reputation of Hitler-era firms and industrialists
was rehabilitated.
In 1953
Krupp

Krupp negotiated the Mehlem agreement with the governments of
the US, Great Britain and France. Hitler’s
Lex Krupp was upheld,
reestablishing Alfried as sole proprietor, but
Krupp

Krupp mining and steel
businesses were sequestered and pledged to be divested by 1959. There
is scant evidence that Alfried intended to fulfill his side of the
bargain, and he continued to receive royalties from the sequestered
industries.
Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach
.jpg/550px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F010290-0005,_Villa_Hügel_Essen,_Präsident_von_Togo_(retuschiert).jpg)
Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach (to the right), with Sylvanus
Olympio the President of Togo, while visiting
Villa Hügel

Villa Hügel on May 17,
1961
Despite having only 16,000 employees and 16,000 pensioners, Alfried
refused to cut pensions. He ended unprofitable businesses including
shipbuilding, railway tyres, and farm equipment. He hired Berthold
Beitz, an insurance executive, as the face of the company, and began a
public relations campaign to promote
Krupp

Krupp worldwide, omitting
references to Nazism or arms manufacturing. Beginning with Adenauer,
he established personal diplomacy with heads of state, making both
open and secret deals to sell equipment and engineering expertise.
Expansion was significant in the former colonies of Great Britain and
behind the Iron Curtain, in countries eager to industrialize but
suspicious of NATO.
Krupp

Krupp built rolling mills in Mexico, paper mills
in Egypt, foundries in Iran, refineries in Greece, a vegetable oil
processing plant in Sudan, and its own steel plant in Brazil. In
India,
Krupp

Krupp rebuilt
Rourkela

Rourkela in
Odisha

Odisha as company town similar to his
own Essen. In West Germany,
Krupp

Krupp made jet fighters in Bremen, as a
joint venture with United Aircraft, and built an atomic reactor in
Jülich, partly funded by the government. The company expanded to
125,000 employees worldwide, and in 1959
Krupp

Krupp was the fourth largest
in
Europe
.svg/400px-Eurasia_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Europe (after Royal Dutch, Unilever, and Mannesmann), and the 12th
largest in the world.
1959 was also Krupp’s deadline to sell his sequestered industries,
but he was supported by other
Ruhr

Ruhr industrialists, who refused to
place bids.
Krupp

Krupp not only took back control of those companies in
1960, he used a shell company in Sweden to buy the Bochumer Verein
für Gussstahlfabrikation AG, in his opinion the best remaining steel
manufacturer in West Germany. The Common Market allowed these moves,
effectively ending the Allied policy of decartelization. Alfried was
the richest man in Europe, and among the world’s handful of
billionaires.
The treatment of Jews during the war had remained an issue. In 1951,
Adenauer acknowledged that "unspeakable crimes were perpetrated in the
name of the German people, which impose upon them the obligation to
make moral and material amends." Negotiations with the Claims
Conference resulted in the Reparations Agreement between Israel and
West Germany. IG Farben, Siemens, Krupp, AEG, Telefunken, and
Rheinmetall

Rheinmetall separately provided compensation to Jewish slave laborers,
but Alfried refused to consider compensation to non-Jewish slave
laborers.
In the mid-1960s, a series of blows ended the special status of Krupp.
A recession in 1966 exposed the company’s overextended credit and
turned Alfried’s cherished mining and steel companies into
loss-leaders. In 1967, the West German Federal Tax Court ended sales
tax exemptions for private companies, of which
Krupp

Krupp was the largest,
and voided the Hitler-era exemption of the company from inheritance
tax. Alfried's only son,
Arndt von Bohlen und Halbach
.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F010290-0005,_Villa_Hügel_Essen,_Präsident_von_Togo_(retuschiert).jpg)
Arndt von Bohlen und Halbach (1938–1986),
would not develop an interest in the family business and was willing
to renounce his inheritance. Alfried arranged for the firm to be
reorganized as a corporation and a foundation for scientific research,
with a generous pension for Arndt. Although Arndt was homosexual, like
his great-grandfather Friedrich (Fritz) Krupp, he married but was
childless. He was an alcoholic and died of cancer in 1986, aged 48,
399 years after Arndt
Krupp

Krupp arrived in Essen.
From Fried
Krupp

Krupp to Thyssen Krupp[edit]
Alfried had married twice, both ending in divorce, and by family
tradition he had excluded his siblings from company management. He
died in
Essen

Essen in 1967, and the company’s transformation was
completed the next year, capitalized at 500 million DM, with Beitz in
charge of the
Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach
.jpg/550px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F010290-0005,_Villa_Hügel_Essen,_Präsident_von_Togo_(retuschiert).jpg)
Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation and
chairman of the corporation’s board until 1989. Between 1968 and
1990 the foundation awarded grants totaling around 360 million DM. In
1969, the coal mines were transferred to Ruhrkohle AG. Stahlwerke
Südwestfalen was bought for stainless steel, and
Polysius AG and
Heinrich Koppers for engineering and the construction of industrial
plants.
In 1974, the Iranian monarchy bought 25.04% of the steel subsidiary
Fried.
Krupp

Krupp Hüttenwerke AG, and in 1976 it bought 25.01% of Fried.
Krupp

Krupp GmbH, whose capital stock was increased to 700 million DM by the
summer of 1978. Following the Iranian Revolution, these ownership
interests were held by the Islamic Republic of Iran.
In the early 1980s, the company spun off all its operating activities
and was restructured as a holding company. VDM Nickel-Technologie was
bought in 1989, for high-performance materials, mechanical engineering
and electronics. That year, Gerhard Cromme became chairman and chief
executive of Krupp. After its hostile takeover of rival steelmaker
Hoesch AG

Hoesch AG in 1990–1991, the companies were merged in 1992 as "Fried.
Krupp

Krupp AG Hoesch Krupp," under Cromme. After closing one main steel
plant and laying off 20,000 employees, the company had a steelmaking
capacity of around eight million metric tons and sales of about 28
billion DM (US$18.9 billion). The new
Krupp

Krupp had six divisions: steel,
engineering, plant construction, automotive supplies, trade, and
services. After two years of heavy losses, a modest net profit of 40
million DM (US$29.2 million) followed in 1994.
In 1993
Krupp

Krupp became a publicly traded company for the first time in
its long history, though as late as 1998 the foundation still held
50.47% and the Iranian government 22.92%. In 1994, Italian stainless
steelmaker Acciai Speciali Terni was acquired, and in 1995 these
operations were merged with those of Thyssen in the Krupp-Thyssen
Nirosta joint venture (60% owned by
Krupp

Krupp and 40% owned by Thyssen).
In 1997
Krupp

Krupp attempted a hostile takeover of the larger Thyssen, but
the bid was abandoned after resistance from Thyssen management and
protests by its workers. Nevertheless, Thyssen agreed to merge the two
firms' flat steel operations, and Thyssen
Krupp

Krupp Stahl AG was created
in 1997 as a jointly owned subsidiary (60% by Thyssen and 40% by
Krupp). About 6,300 workers were laid off. Later that year,
Krupp

Krupp and
Thyssen announced a full merger, which was completed in 1999 with the
formation of
ThyssenKrupp

ThyssenKrupp AG. Cromme and Ekkehard Schulz were named
co-chief executives of the new company, operating worldwide in three
main business areas: steel, capital goods (elevators and industrial
equipment), and services (specialty materials, environmental services,
mechanical engineering, and scaffolding services).
Roles played in important historical events[edit]
The Franco-Prussian War[edit]
The unexpected victory of Prussia over
France

France (19 July 1870 –
10 May 1871) demonstrated the superiority of breech-loaded steel
cannon over muzzle-loaded brass.
Krupp

Krupp artillery was a significant
factor at the battles of Wissembourg and Gravelotte, and was used
during the siege of Paris. Krupp's anti-balloon guns were the first
anti-aircraft guns. Prussia fortified the major North German ports
with batteries that could hit French ships from a distance of 4,000
yards, inhibiting invasion.
Venezuela Crisis[edit]
Krupp's construction of the
Great Venezuela Railway

Great Venezuela Railway from 1888 to 1894
raised Venezuelan national debt. Venezuela's suspension of debt
payments in 1901 led to gunboat diplomacy of the Venezuela Crisis of
1902–1903.[10]
Balkan wars[edit]
Russia and the Ottoman Empire both bought large quantities of Krupp
guns. By 1887, Russia had bought 3,096
Krupp

Krupp guns, while the Ottomans
bought 2,773
Krupp

Krupp guns. By the start of the
Balkan wars

Balkan wars the largest
export market for
Krupp

Krupp worldwide was Turkey, which purchased 3,943
Krupp

Krupp guns of various types between 1854 and 1912. The 2nd largest
customer in the Balkans was Romania, which purchased 1,450 guns in the
same period, while Bulgaria purchased 517 pieces, Greece 356,
Austria-Hungary 298, Montenegro 25, and Serbia just 6 guns.[11]
World War I[edit]
Detail of a WWI gun breech block manufactured by
Krupp

Krupp in Essen
Krupp

Krupp produced most of the artillery of the Imperial German Army,
including its heavy siege guns: the 1914 420 mm Big Bertha, the
1916 Langer Max, and the seven Paris Guns in 1917 and 1918. In
addition,
Friedrich Krupp

Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft built German warships and
submarines in Kiel. During the war
Krupp

Krupp modified also the design of
an existing Langer Max gun which they built in Koekelare. The gun
called
Batterie Pommern

Batterie Pommern was the largest gun of the world in 1917 and
was able to shoot shells of ±750 kg from
Koekelare

Koekelare to Dunkirk.
Before
World War I

World War I Krupps had a contract with the British armaments
company
Vickers

Vickers and Son Ltd. (formerly
Vickers

Vickers Maxim) to supply
Vickers-constructed Maxim machine guns. Conversely, from 1902 Krupps
was contracted by
Vickers

Vickers to supply its patented fuses to Vickers
bullets. It is known that wounded and deceased German soldiers were
found to have spent
Vickers

Vickers bullets with the German inscription
"Krupps patent zünder [fuses]" lying around their bodies.
World War II[edit]
Krupp

Krupp received its first order for 135
Panzer I

Panzer I tanks in 1933, and
during World War II made tanks, artillery, naval guns, armor plate,
munitions and other armaments for the German military. Friedrich Krupp
Germaniawerft shipyard launched the cruiser Prinz Eugen, as well as
many of Germany's U-boats (130 between 1934 and 1945) using
preassembled parts supplied by other
Krupp

Krupp factories in a process
similar to the construction of the US liberty ships.
In the 1930s,
Krupp

Krupp developed two 800 mm railway guns, the
Schwerer Gustav

Schwerer Gustav and the Dora. These guns were the biggest artillery
pieces ever fielded by an army during wartime, and weighed almost
1,344 tons. They could fire a 7-ton shell over a distance of 37
kilometers. More crucial to the operations of the German military was
Krupp's development of the famed 88 mm anti-aircraft cannon which
found use as a notoriously effective anti-tank gun.
In an address to the
Hitler

Hitler Youth,
Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler stated "In our eyes,
the German boy of the future must be slim and slender, as fast as a
greyhound, tough as leather and hard as
Krupp

Krupp steel" („... der
deutsche Junge der Zukunft muß schlank und rank sein, flink wie
Windhunde, zäh wie Leder und hart wie Kruppstahl.")
Krupp

Krupp Industries employed workers conscripted by the Nazi regime from
across Europe. These workers were initially paid, but as Nazi fortunes
declined they were kept as slave workers. They were abused, beaten,
and starved by the thousands, as detailed in the book The Arms of
Krupp. Nazi
Germany
.jpg/440px-Germany-_Simon_McDonald_(8484625313).jpg)
Germany kept two million French POWs captured in 1940 as
forced laborers throughout the war. They added compulsory (and
volunteer) workers from occupied nations, especially in metal
factories. The shortage of volunteers led the Vichy government of
France

France to deport workers to Germany, where they constituted 15% of the
labor force by August 1944. The largest number worked in the giant
Krupp

Krupp steel works in Essen. Low pay, long hours, frequent bombings,
and crowded air raid shelters added to the unpleasantness of poor
housing, inadequate heating, limited food, and poor medical care, all
compounded by harsh Nazi discipline. In an affidavit provided at the
Nuremberg Trials

Nuremberg Trials following the war, Dr. Wilhelm Jaeger, the senior
doctor for the
Krupp

Krupp "slaves," wrote, "Sanitary conditions were
atrocious. At Kramerplatz only ten children's toilets were available
for 1200 inhabitants. . . Excretion contaminated the entire floors of
these lavatories. The Tartars and Kirghiz suffered most; they
collapsed like flies [from] bad housing, the poor quality and
insufficient quantity of food, overwork and insufficient rest. . .
Countless fleas, bugs and other vermin tortured the inhabitants of
these camps. . ."[12] The survivors finally returned home in the
summer of 1945 after their liberation by the allied armies.[13]
Krupp

Krupp industries was prosecuted after the end of war for its support
to the Nazi regime and use of forced labour.
Post-World War II[edit]
Krupp's trucks were once again produced after the war, but so as to
minimize the negative wartime connotations of the
Krupp

Krupp name they were
sold as "Südwerke" trucks from 1946 until 1954, when the
Krupp

Krupp name
was considered rehabilitated.
Krupp

Krupp
Steel

Steel Works of Essen, Germany, manufactured the spherical
pressure chamber of the dive vessel Trieste,[14] the first vessel to
take humans to the deepest known point in the oceans, accomplished in
1960. This was a heavy duty replacement for the original pressure
sphere (made in Italy by Acciaierie Terni) and was manufactured in
three finely machined sections: an equatorial ring and two
hemispherical caps. The sphere weighed 13 metric tons in air (eight
metric tons in water) with walls that were 12.7 centimetres
(5.0 in) thick.
Krupp

Krupp
Steel

Steel Works was also contracted in the mid-1960s to construct
the Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope, which, from 1972 to 2000 was the
largest fully steerable radio telescope in the world.[15]
Peacetime activities[edit]
Railway expansion period[edit]
Krupp

Krupp was the first company to patent a seamless, reliable and strong
enough railway tyre for rail freight.
Krupp

Krupp received original
contracts in the
United States

United States and enjoyed a period of technological
superiority while also contributing the majority of rail to the new
continental railway system. "Nearly all railroads were using Krupp
rails, the New York Central, Illinois Central, Delaware and Hudson,
Maine Central, Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, Bangor and Aroostook,
Great Northern, Boston and Albany, Florida and East Coast, Texas and
Pacific, Southern Pacific, and Mexican National."[16]
Rail marked "KRUPP 1926 GERMANY". Photo taken in Boston area 2015
Diesel engines[edit]
In 1893, a mechanical engineer by the name of
Rudolf Diesel

Rudolf Diesel approached
Gustav with a patent for a "new kind of internal combustion engine
employing autoignition of the fuel". He also included his text
"Theorie und Konstruktion eines rationellen Wärmemotors". Four years
later, the first 3-horsepower diesel engine was produced.[17]
Pronunciation[edit]
The common English pronunciations are /krʊp/ or /krʌp/.[18] The
common German pronunciations are [kʁʊp] or [kɾʊp]. Thus the u is
usually treated as short in both languages, corresponding logically
(in either language's regular orthography) with the doubled consonant
that follows. A British documentary on the
Krupp

Krupp family and firm
included footage of German-speakers of the 1930s who would have had
speaking contact with the family, which attests the long [uː], thus
[kʁuːp] or [kɾuːp], rather than what would be the regular German
spelling pronunciation, [kʁʊp] or [kɾʊp]. The documentary's
narration used the English /uː/ equivalent, /kruːp/. This would seem
to indicate that the short u is a spelling pronunciation, but it is
nonetheless the most common treatment.
Notes[edit]
^ Taylor, Telford (2012). The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A
Personal Memoir. Random House. p. 319.
^ Michaelis, Kate Woodbridge; Michaelis, Otho E.; Monthaye, E. (2017).
Alfred Krupp: a Sketch of His Life and Work: After the German of
Victor Niemeyer. Abe Books. p. 31. CS1 maint: Multiple
names: authors list (link)
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text
from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed.
(1911). "Krupp, Alfred". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.).
Cambridge University Press. p. 934.
^ Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Krupp
Foundries, Social Work at".
New International Encyclopedia

New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.).
New York: Dodd, Mead.
^ Eric Dorn Brose (2004). The Kaiser's Army: The Politics of Military
Technology in
Germany
.jpg/440px-Germany-_Simon_McDonald_(8484625313).jpg)
Germany During the Machine Age, 1870–1918. Oxford
University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-19-517945-3.
^ Humboldt, Alexander von; Rodríguez, José Angel (1 January 1999).
Alemanes en las regiones equinocciales: libro homenaje al bicentenario
de la llegada de Alexander von Humboldt a Venezuela, 1799–1999 (in
Spanish). Fondo Editorial Humanidades. ISBN 9789803540715.
Retrieved 16 July 2015.
^ Manchester, pp. 226-227
^ Slave Labor at
Krupp

Krupp post at the Axis History Forum
^ "Night Fighters: A Development and Combat History - Bill Gunston -
Google Books". Books.google.co.uk. 2013-03-31. Retrieved
2015-11-02.
^ Tomz, Michael Enforcement by Gunboats Stanford University (2006)
p.189
^ Donald J. Stocker; Jonathan A. Grant. Girding for Battle: The Arms
Trade in a Global Perspective, 1815-1940. Greenwood Publishing Group.
pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-275-97339-1.
^ Shirer, William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York:
Simon and Schuster, Inc. 1959. pp. 949.
^ Françoise Berger, "L'exploitation de la Main-d'oeuvre Française
dans l'industrie Siderurgique Allemande pendant la Seconde Guerre
Mondiale," [The Exploitation of French Labor in the German Iron and
Steel

Steel Industry During World War II], Revue D'histoire Moderne et
Contemporaine (2003) 50#3 pp 148-181
^ Prophetically, the 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
remarks that Captain Nemo's submarine was made of steel from
Krupp

Krupp of
Prussia.
^ Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy Radio Telescope
Effelsberg History
^ Manchester, pp. 67, 141
^ Manchester, p. 199
^
Merriam-Webster

Merriam-Webster (2008), Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
(11th ed.), Springfield, MA, US: Merriam-Webster,
ISBN 978-0-87779-809-5 [online version]
References[edit]
Books
Manchester, William (2003) [1968], The Arms of Krupp: 1587–1968
(Paperback ed.), Boston, MA, US: Little, Brown and Company,
ISBN 0-316-52940-0.
Mason, Peter (1985), Blood and Iron (Paperback ed.), Penguin US,
ISBN 0-14-007149-0.
Tenfelde, Klaus (ed.) (2005), Pictures of Krupp: Photography and
History in the Industrial Age, London, UK and New York, NY, US: Philip
Wilson Publishers, ISBN 978-0-85667-580-5. CS1 maint: Extra
text: authors list (link)
Articles
EC McCreary, "Social Welfare and Business: The
Krupp

Krupp Welfare Program,
1860–1914" (1968) 42(1) The Business History Review 24–49.
Further reading[edit]
Friz, D.M. (1988), Alfried
Krupp

Krupp und Berthold Beitz: der Erbe und sein
Statthalter [Alfried
Krupp

Krupp und Berthold Beitz: The Heir and His
Deputy], Zürich, Switzerland: Orell-Füssli,
ISBN 3-280-01852-8.
Gall, Lothar (2000), Krupp: der Aufstieg eines Industrieimperiums
[Krupp: The Rise of an Industrial Empire], Berlin, Germany: Siedler,
ISBN 978-3-88680-583-9.
Gall, Lothar (ed.) (2002),
Krupp

Krupp im 20. Jahrhundert [
Krupp

Krupp in the 20th
Century], Berlin, Germany: Siedler,
ISBN 978-3-88680-742-0. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
(link)
External links[edit]
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