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Korea Taekwondo Association ( 한국 태권도 협회; 韓國 跆拳道 協會; KTA), originally the Korea Tang Soo Do Association (1961),Park, S. H. (1993): About the author. In H. H. Choi: ''Taekwon-Do: The Korean art of self-defence'', 3rd ed. (Vol. 1, pp. 241–274). Mississauga: International Taekwon-Do Federation. is the first
The modern history of TaeKwonDo
Seoul: Bokyung Moonhwasa (). Retrieved on 6 January 2010.Green, T. A. (2001): ''Martial arts of the world: An encyclopedia'' (Vol. 1, p. 297). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO ().Szumowska, M. (2001): "Through the eyes of the General: The evolution of modern Taekwondo." ''Black Belt'', 39(3):70–75.Shaw, S. (2001)
The history of the Korean martial arts
Retrieved on 23 July 2009.Jewell, D. (2005)
Retrieved on 23 July 2009.TKD Timeline
''Tae Kwon Do Times'' (January 2010). Retrieved on 25 January 2010.Weiler, P. (2006)
ITF Deutschland: Geschichte – Teil 4
(German). Retrieved on 25 January 2010. although official South Korean sources give 1961 as its year of establishment.Korea Taekwondo Association: History
Retrieved on 22 July 2009.The official website of the Republic of Korea: Taekwondo
Retrieved on 23 July 2009. In 1966, some members of the KTA, led by H. H. Choi, broke off from the KTA and formed the
Retrieved on 23 July 2009. is aligned with Kukkiwon, and is a Member National Association (MNA) of the WT.World Taekwondo Federation: Member National Association – Korea
Retrieved on 23 July 2009. Its goal is to promote the martial art taekwondo as a
Retrieved on 23 July 2009.
The KTA's history has been marked by political difficulties. In 1959, Choi Hong-hi was the first President of the KTA and Byung Jik Ro (listed as "No" by Park, 1993) and Kae Byung Yun were the inaugural Vice-Presidents. When H. H. Choi was appointed as South Korea's ambassador to Malaysia in 1962, Myung Shin Choi became the second President of the KTA.Hartman, R. (c. 2000)
History of Taekwondo: Korea Taekwondo Association
Retrieved on 25 January 2010. In the early 1960s, the KTA was renamed as the Korea Taesoodo Association, and then to the current form in 1965.Jagtiani, J. R. (2007)
History of taekkwondo: A Korean martial art in modern times
''The Seoul Times'', 2007. Retrieved on 23 July 2009. During the 1960s, the KTA assembled the twelve original masters of taekwondo to promote taekwondo throughout the world. Choi headed a demonstration tour of 18 countries in 1965;Kim, P. S. (1965): "Korea dispatches Taekwon-Do (Taesoodo) mission." ''Black Belt'', 3(9):53. this was one of many demonstration missions that eventually covered every continent.Park, Y. H., Park, Y. H., & Gerrard, J. (1989/1999): ''Tae Kwon Do: The ultimate reference guide to the world's most popular martial art'' (Updated edition, p. 5). New York: Checkmark Books (). Choi again became President in 1965, but was forced to resign after a year, reportedly due to his unpopular authoritarian leadership style. He went on to establish the
Taekwondo history
Retrieved on 7 January 2010. That same year, the KTA created new black belt forms, including Koryo, Keumgang, Taebaek, Pyongwon, Shipjin, Jittae, Cheongkwon, Hansoo, and Ilyo.McLain, R. (2009)
Master Yoon Byung-in's legacy: The Changmoo-Kwan and Kangduk-Won
''Totally Tae Kwon Do'', 5:32–40. On 29 January 1971, Un Yong Kim became the sixth President of the KTA, and continued in the position in 1973.Anonymous (1973): "Black Belt Times: New Korea Taekwondo center." ''Black Belt'', 11(5):12. The KTA's leadership would remain stable for the next 20 years or so. In 1989, Chong Soo Hong from the Moo Duk Kwan was appointed Vice-President of the KTA.Chun, R. (1975/2003): ''Beginning Moo Duk Kwan Tae Kwon Do: Korean art of self-defense'' (Vol. 1), 27th printing (2003), p. 13. Santa Clarita, CA: Ohara (). The early 2000s were a time of trouble for the KTA leadership. One source states that Un Yong Kim resigned from the KTA presidency in 2001,Ko Mu Do Kwan: Taekwondo
Retrieved on 26 January 2010. while other sources state that in 1997, Pil Gon Rhee was already in place as President of the KTA.Hong's USA Taekwondo, Habgido, Gumdo, Inc.: Commendations, citations, certificates & citizenship awards
Retrieved on 7 January 2010.Grandmaster Yong Chin Pak: Plaques
Retrieved on 7 January 2010. In any case, Kim presided over the organisation for around 20 years. In March 2002, Cheon Seo Koo was elected President of the KTA,
(9 April 2002). Retrieved on 18 January 2010. and apparently held that position until at least 2004,Macintyre, D. (2004)
''TIME'' (8 March 2004). Retrieved on 8 January 2010. though news sources have reported that he was arrested in late 2003.Kim, W.-B., & Lee, S.-K. (2003)
4 detained in taekwondo probe
''JoongAng Daily'' (6 December 2003). Retrieved on 25 March 2010.BBC News: S Korea Taekwondo chief held
(5 December 2003). Retrieved on 25 March 2010. In early 2008, Jung Gil Kim was President of the KTA.Kim, G. (2008)
GNP Floor Leader Hong elected as KTA head: Hong Joon-Pyo stresses Taekwondo's advance abroad
''The Seoul Times'' (2008). Retrieved on 7 January 2010. On 11 June 2008, Joon Pyo Hong was elected as the 24th President of the KTA, and he continued in the position in 2009.Kang, S.-W. (2009)
''The Korea Times'' (20 September 2009). Retrieved on 8 January 2010.
The modern history of taekwondo
(Chapter 4, Section 2: Producing elite taekwondo-in). Retrieved on 23 July 2009. Since then, however, some ''dan'' ranks have apparently still been awarded under the authority of the KTA (e.g., S. S. Lee's 9th ''dan'' from the Jidokwan, KTA, in 1993).East Coast Taekwondo Academy: Grand Master
Retrieved on 23 July 2009.
Retrieved on 2 January 2010. J. R. Hilland (''dan'' rank and year unspecified);
Retrieved on 23 July 2009. K.-S. Hong, 5th ''dan'' (year unspecified);
Retrieved on 21 December 2009. E. A. Humesky, 1st ''dan'' (1968), 2nd ''dan'' (1970), 3rd ''dan'' (1972);
Retrieved on 23 July 2009. C. D. Jung, 7th ''dan'' (year unspecified);
Retrieved on 4 January 2010. K. W. Kim, 9th ''dan'' (1971);Kim Studio: Grandmaster Kim
(2003). Retrieved on 6 May 2010. S. Kim, 6th ''dan'' (1967), 7th ''dan'' (1973), 8th ''dan'' (1979);
Retrieved on 23 July 2009. Y. B. Kong, 9th ''dan'' (2005);Barkousky, L. (2005)
Master of self: Grand master says Tae Kwon Do reaches beyond physical skill
''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'' (10 April 2005). Retrieved on 29 January 2010. S. S. Lee, 9th ''dan'' Jidokwan (1993);
Retrieved on 21 December 2009. Y. S. Lee (''dan'' rank and year unspecified);Hawkins, P. (2004)
An interview with Grandmaster Lee Yoo Sun
''Totally Tae Kwon Do'', 5:9–15. W. C. Park, 4th ''dan'' (1963), 5th ''dan'' (1966);
Retrieved on 6 January 2010. T. Walsh, 2nd ''dan'' (1971);
Retrieved on 20 December 2009. and Y. K. Yoon, 6th ''dan'' (1999).
Retrieved on 23 July 2009.
Korea Taekwondo Association
Korea Taekwondo Association
(older version)
(1971)
{{National Members of the World Taekwondo Federation Korea, South Organizations based in Seoul Sports organizations established in 1959 Taekwondo organizations National Taekwondo teams
taekwondo
''Taekwondo'', ''Tae Kwon Do'' or ''Taekwon-Do'' (; ko, 태권도/跆拳道 ) is a Korean martial arts, Korean form of martial arts involving punching and kicking techniques, with emphasis on head-height kicks, spinning jump kicks, and fast k ...
organisation. It was founded in 1959,Kang, W. S., & Lee, K. M. (1999)The modern history of TaeKwonDo
Seoul: Bokyung Moonhwasa (). Retrieved on 6 January 2010.Green, T. A. (2001): ''Martial arts of the world: An encyclopedia'' (Vol. 1, p. 297). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO ().Szumowska, M. (2001): "Through the eyes of the General: The evolution of modern Taekwondo." ''Black Belt'', 39(3):70–75.Shaw, S. (2001)
The history of the Korean martial arts
Retrieved on 23 July 2009.Jewell, D. (2005)
Retrieved on 23 July 2009.TKD Timeline
''Tae Kwon Do Times'' (January 2010). Retrieved on 25 January 2010.Weiler, P. (2006)
ITF Deutschland: Geschichte – Teil 4
(German). Retrieved on 25 January 2010. although official South Korean sources give 1961 as its year of establishment.Korea Taekwondo Association: History
Retrieved on 22 July 2009.The official website of the Republic of Korea: Taekwondo
Retrieved on 23 July 2009. In 1966, some members of the KTA, led by H. H. Choi, broke off from the KTA and formed the
International Taekwon-Do Federation
International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) is an international taekwondo organization founded on March 22, 1966, by General Choi Hong Hi (Korean: 최홍희) in Seoul, South Korea. The ITF was founded to promote and encourage the growth of the K ...
(ITF). The Kukkiwon
Kukkiwon (), also known as World Taekwondo Headquarters, and home of the World Taekwondo Academy, is where the official taekwondo governing organization was established by the South Korean government.Min, B.-H. (2005)Kukkiwon, the spiritual home ...
and the then-World Taekwondo Federation
World Taekwondo, called the World Taekwondo Federation until June 2017, is an international federation governing the sport of taekwondo and is a member of the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF).
The ''World Taekwo ...
(WTF, now known as World Taekwondo T were created by the KTA in the early 1970s. The KTA sits under the Korea Sports Council,Korea Taekwondo Association: OrganizationRetrieved on 23 July 2009. is aligned with Kukkiwon, and is a Member National Association (MNA) of the WT.
Retrieved on 23 July 2009. Its goal is to promote the martial art taekwondo as a
national sport
A national sport is considered to be an intrinsic part of the culture of a nation. Some sports are ''de facto'' (not established by law) national sports, as sumo is in Japan and Gaelic games are in Ireland and field hockey in Pakistan, while othe ...
within South Korea.Korea Taekwondo Association: Goal & FunctionRetrieved on 23 July 2009.
History
The KTA's history has been marked by political difficulties. In 1959, Choi Hong-hi was the first President of the KTA and Byung Jik Ro (listed as "No" by Park, 1993) and Kae Byung Yun were the inaugural Vice-Presidents. When H. H. Choi was appointed as South Korea's ambassador to Malaysia in 1962, Myung Shin Choi became the second President of the KTA.Hartman, R. (c. 2000)History of Taekwondo: Korea Taekwondo Association
Retrieved on 25 January 2010. In the early 1960s, the KTA was renamed as the Korea Taesoodo Association, and then to the current form in 1965.Jagtiani, J. R. (2007)
History of taekkwondo: A Korean martial art in modern times
''The Seoul Times'', 2007. Retrieved on 23 July 2009. During the 1960s, the KTA assembled the twelve original masters of taekwondo to promote taekwondo throughout the world. Choi headed a demonstration tour of 18 countries in 1965;Kim, P. S. (1965): "Korea dispatches Taekwon-Do (Taesoodo) mission." ''Black Belt'', 3(9):53. this was one of many demonstration missions that eventually covered every continent.Park, Y. H., Park, Y. H., & Gerrard, J. (1989/1999): ''Tae Kwon Do: The ultimate reference guide to the world's most popular martial art'' (Updated edition, p. 5). New York: Checkmark Books (). Choi again became President in 1965, but was forced to resign after a year, reportedly due to his unpopular authoritarian leadership style. He went on to establish the
International Taekwon-Do Federation
International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) is an international taekwondo organization founded on March 22, 1966, by General Choi Hong Hi (Korean: 최홍희) in Seoul, South Korea. The ITF was founded to promote and encourage the growth of the K ...
(ITF) the following year. B. J. Ro of the Song Moo Kwan, who had been one of the KTA's inaugural Vice-Presidents, became the fourth President.
In 1967, Yong Chae Kim of the Kang Duk Kwan became the fifth President of the KTA.Shaw, S. (1989/2004)Taekwondo history
Retrieved on 7 January 2010. That same year, the KTA created new black belt forms, including Koryo, Keumgang, Taebaek, Pyongwon, Shipjin, Jittae, Cheongkwon, Hansoo, and Ilyo.McLain, R. (2009)
Master Yoon Byung-in's legacy: The Changmoo-Kwan and Kangduk-Won
''Totally Tae Kwon Do'', 5:32–40. On 29 January 1971, Un Yong Kim became the sixth President of the KTA, and continued in the position in 1973.Anonymous (1973): "Black Belt Times: New Korea Taekwondo center." ''Black Belt'', 11(5):12. The KTA's leadership would remain stable for the next 20 years or so. In 1989, Chong Soo Hong from the Moo Duk Kwan was appointed Vice-President of the KTA.Chun, R. (1975/2003): ''Beginning Moo Duk Kwan Tae Kwon Do: Korean art of self-defense'' (Vol. 1), 27th printing (2003), p. 13. Santa Clarita, CA: Ohara (). The early 2000s were a time of trouble for the KTA leadership. One source states that Un Yong Kim resigned from the KTA presidency in 2001,Ko Mu Do Kwan: Taekwondo
Retrieved on 26 January 2010. while other sources state that in 1997, Pil Gon Rhee was already in place as President of the KTA.Hong's USA Taekwondo, Habgido, Gumdo, Inc.: Commendations, citations, certificates & citizenship awards
Retrieved on 7 January 2010.Grandmaster Yong Chin Pak: Plaques
Retrieved on 7 January 2010. In any case, Kim presided over the organisation for around 20 years. In March 2002, Cheon Seo Koo was elected President of the KTA,
(9 April 2002). Retrieved on 18 January 2010. and apparently held that position until at least 2004,Macintyre, D. (2004)
''TIME'' (8 March 2004). Retrieved on 8 January 2010. though news sources have reported that he was arrested in late 2003.Kim, W.-B., & Lee, S.-K. (2003)
4 detained in taekwondo probe
''JoongAng Daily'' (6 December 2003). Retrieved on 25 March 2010.BBC News: S Korea Taekwondo chief held
(5 December 2003). Retrieved on 25 March 2010. In early 2008, Jung Gil Kim was President of the KTA.Kim, G. (2008)
GNP Floor Leader Hong elected as KTA head: Hong Joon-Pyo stresses Taekwondo's advance abroad
''The Seoul Times'' (2008). Retrieved on 7 January 2010. On 11 June 2008, Joon Pyo Hong was elected as the 24th President of the KTA, and he continued in the position in 2009.Kang, S.-W. (2009)
''The Korea Times'' (20 September 2009). Retrieved on 8 January 2010.
Rank promotions
The first official KTA '' dan'' promotion test was held on 11 November 1962. The KTA continued awarding ''dan'' ranks for several years, but handed over direct ''dan'' promotion responsibilities to either the then-WTF in April 1976, according to a ''Black Belt'' magazine report,Anonymous (1977): "Kukkiwon reveals new Dan test rules." ''Black Belt'', 15(7):71. or to Kukkiwon on 5 February 1980, according to historians Won Sik Kang and Kyong Myong Lee.Kang, W. S., & Lee, K. M. (1999)The modern history of taekwondo
(Chapter 4, Section 2: Producing elite taekwondo-in). Retrieved on 23 July 2009. Since then, however, some ''dan'' ranks have apparently still been awarded under the authority of the KTA (e.g., S. S. Lee's 9th ''dan'' from the Jidokwan, KTA, in 1993).East Coast Taekwondo Academy: Grand Master
Retrieved on 23 July 2009.
See also
*Korean martial arts
Korean martial arts (Hangul: 무술, Hanja: 武術, ''musul'' or Hangul: 무예, Hanja: 武藝, ''muye'') are fighting practices and methods which have their place in the history of Korea but have been adapted for use by both military and non ...
* Kwans
Kwan (Hanja: 館; Hangul:관) in Korean literally means building or hall, but when used in martial arts it can also refer to a school or clan of martial artists who follow the same style and/or leader.
Taekwondo: The Five Kwans / The Nine Kwans ...
Notes
a. S. H. Park (1993, p. 248) lists the KTA's founding committee in 1959: "As announced in Dong-A Newspaper; President, Gen. Choi Hong Hi, Vice President, Mr. No Byung Jik, Mr. Yun Kae Byung. Secretary General, Hwang Ki. Standing Directors; Mr. Hyun Jong Myung, Mr. Lee Nam Suk, Mr. Lee Jong Woo, Mr. Ko Jae Chun and Mr. Lee Young Suk. Directors; Mr. Um Un Kyu, Mr. Chong Chang Young, Mr. Bae Young Ki and Mr. Nam Tae Hi. Auditors, Mr. Kim Soon Bae and Mr. Cho Byoung Shi." b. The claim that the KTA was founded in 1961 might be an attempt to dissociate the organisation from H. H. Choi (its inaugural president) due to later political differences between Choi and the South Korean government. c. People claiming ''dan'' ranks from the KTA include: I. Ahmed, 1st ''dan'' (1969), 2nd ''dan'' (1970);World Martial Arts College: Martial arts biography of Grand Master Dr Ibraham AhmedRetrieved on 2 January 2010. J. R. Hilland (''dan'' rank and year unspecified);
Retrieved on 23 July 2009. K.-S. Hong, 5th ''dan'' (year unspecified);
Retrieved on 21 December 2009. E. A. Humesky, 1st ''dan'' (1968), 2nd ''dan'' (1970), 3rd ''dan'' (1972);
Retrieved on 23 July 2009. C. D. Jung, 7th ''dan'' (year unspecified);
Retrieved on 4 January 2010. K. W. Kim, 9th ''dan'' (1971);Kim Studio: Grandmaster Kim
(2003). Retrieved on 6 May 2010. S. Kim, 6th ''dan'' (1967), 7th ''dan'' (1973), 8th ''dan'' (1979);
Retrieved on 23 July 2009. Y. B. Kong, 9th ''dan'' (2005);Barkousky, L. (2005)
Master of self: Grand master says Tae Kwon Do reaches beyond physical skill
''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'' (10 April 2005). Retrieved on 29 January 2010. S. S. Lee, 9th ''dan'' Jidokwan (1993);
Retrieved on 21 December 2009. Y. S. Lee (''dan'' rank and year unspecified);Hawkins, P. (2004)
An interview with Grandmaster Lee Yoo Sun
''Totally Tae Kwon Do'', 5:9–15. W. C. Park, 4th ''dan'' (1963), 5th ''dan'' (1966);
Retrieved on 6 January 2010. T. Walsh, 2nd ''dan'' (1971);
Retrieved on 20 December 2009. and Y. K. Yoon, 6th ''dan'' (1999).
Retrieved on 23 July 2009.
References
External links
Korea Taekwondo Association
Korea Taekwondo Association
(older version)
(1971)
{{National Members of the World Taekwondo Federation Korea, South Organizations based in Seoul Sports organizations established in 1959 Taekwondo organizations National Taekwondo teams