Kogal

is a Japanese fashion culture that involves schoolgirls wearing an outfit based on Japanese school uniforms (or their actual uniforms) but with very short skirts. The short skirts are worn irrespective of the season. The girls may also wear loose socks and scarves, and have dyed hair. The word ''kogal'' is anglicized from , a contraction of ("high school gal"). The girls refer to themselves as ("gals"), although this word is applied to several other fashion looks as well.

Aside from the miniskirt or microskirt, and the loose socks, kogals favor platform boots, makeup, and Burberry check scarves; some kogals carry accessories considered kawaii or cute. They may also dye their hair brown and get artificial suntans. They have a distinctive slang peppered with English words. They are often, but not necessarily, enrolled students. Centers of kogal culture include the Harajuku and Shibuya districts of Tokyo, in particular Shibuya's 109 Building. Pop singer Namie Amuro promoted the style. Kogals are avid users of photo booths, with most visiting at least once a week, according to non-scientific polls.

Etymology

The word ''kogal'' is a contraction of .Miller, Laura, "Those Naughty Teenage Girls: Japanese Kogals, Slang, and Media Assessments", ''Journal of Linguistic Anthropology'': Volume 14: Number 2 (2004). It originated as a code used by disco bouncers to distinguish adults from minors. The term is not used by the girls it refers to. They call themselves , a Japanese pronunciation of the English word "gal". The term was first popularized in 1972 by a television ad for a brand of jeans.Shiro Gal (Light Skin Gal)
" In the 1980s, a was a fashionably dressed woman. When written , means "young woman," so is sometimes understood in the sense of "young gal".

Character

Kogals have been accused of conspicuous consumption, living off their parents and (amateur prostitution/dating service). Critics decry their materialism as reflecting a larger psychological or spiritual emptiness in modern Japanese life. Some kogals support their lifestyle with allowances from wealthy parents, living a "parasite single" existence that grates against traditional principles of duty and industry. "The modern school girls' uniform, embellished with loose socks and a cellular flip phone, has come to be perceived as the dress code for promiscuity, easiness, greed, and stupidity", according to one commentator.Sky Whitehead,
K is for Kogal
"

Others have charged that the kogal phenomenon is less about the girls and their fashions than a media practice to fetishize school uniforms and blame those required to wear them. "I wish that I were in high school at a different time," said one schoolgirl. "Now, with kogal being such an issue in Japan, nobody can see me for me. They only see me as kogal, like the ones they see on TV." Though brand-name accessories are part of the kogal look, many kogal may buy these cheaply as knock-off versions of a high-brand item from stalls in back-alley markets like Harajuku.

The kogal phenomenon has never represented a majority of teenage girls. Rather, it largely symbolizes the evolution of the role of women in capitalist Japan. As such, the kogal style rejects not only traditional gender roles but the spirit of nationalism, seeking to embody stateless consumerism. This consumerism is communicated through knock-off designer goods, trips to photo booths, singing karaoke, partying, the use of love hotels, and incorporating new loanwords into everyday speech. Kogals also take a more liberal approach to sexual activity, employing more risque language or referring openly to sex. Kogal hedonism and impolite language serve to assert self-hood of young Japanese women. Kogals' expertise in criticizing men, particularly older men, demonstrates their revolt against traditional gender norms. Kogal publications like ''Eggs artwork gallery of male anatomy show that kogal culture can also empower young women to express displeasure and value their own pleasure. Overall, kogal language, behavior, and images reflect an urge to rebel from a restrictive parent culture and assert diverse ideas of femininity.

History

Kogals were far from the first generation of Japanese girls who ("made their parents weep") and inspired salacious media exposés. The ("degenerate schoolgirls") of the early 1900s violated taboos against dating, while the , or modern girl, of the 1920s, adopted Western fashions. The hard-partying "Mambo girl" arose in the late 1950s.

Japanese fashion began to divide by age in the 1970s with the appearance of magazines aimed at teens. ''Popteen'', the most widely read of these magazines, has been publishing monthly since 1980. While mainstream fashion in the 1980s and early 1990s emphasized girlish and cute (kawaii), publications promoted a sexy aesthetic.Kinsella, Sharon, "Black faces, witches and racism", ''Bad Girls of Japan'', edited by Laura Miller, Jan Bardsley, p. 146. Top magazines, including ''Popteen'', ''Street Jam'' and ''Happie Nuts'', were produced by editors previously involved in creating pornography for men.

Also in the 1980s, a male-and-female motorcycle-oriented slacker culture emerged in the form of the "Yankiis" (from the American word "Yankee") and Bosozoku Gals. The original kogals were dropouts from private school who, instead of lengthening their skirts like androgynous Yankii girls, created a new form of teen rebellion by shortening them. These middle school dropouts were thus taking their cues from high school students and attempting to justify their independence by looking and acting older. The gals added their own touches like loose socks and a cellular phone.Evers, Izumi, Patrick Macias, (2007) ''Japanese Schoolgirl Inferno: Tokyo Teen Fashion Subculture Handbook'', p. 11. .

The 1993 television special (The Kogal Night) introduced the kogal to a mass audience and provided a model for aspiring kogals to follow. Platform shoes were popularized by singer Namie Amuro in 1994. ''Egg'', a fashion magazine for kogals, was established in 1995.

In the mid-1990s, the Japanese media gave a great deal of attention to the phenomenon of ("paid dating") supposedly engaged in by bored housewives and high school students, thus linking kogals to prostitutes.Kinsella, Sharon, "What's Behind the Fetishism of Japanese School Uniforms?", ''Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture,'' Volume 6, Number 2, May 2002 , pp. 215-237(23) The movie (''Bounce Ko Gals'') (1997) by Masato Harada depicts kogals prostituting themselves to buy trendy fashion accessories.

Kogal culture peaked in 1998. Kogals were then displaced by another style that gained popularity through ''Egg'': , a gal culture that first appeared in the mid-1990s and used dark makeup combined with heavy amounts of tanning." apanese Schoolgirl Inferno: Tokyo Teen Fashion Subculture Handbook evolved into another extreme look (though less extreme than ) called ("mountain hag"). As looks grew more extreme, fewer girls were attracted to gal culture. Although there are still female students who sexualize their uniforms, the kogal is no longer a focus of fashion or media attention.

Gal fashion later reemerged in the form of the skin-whitening , associated with ''Popteen''. One such example of this is the Gal, who take their fashion cues from Hollywood. Clad in stilettos and jewels, these gals parade the streets of Shibuya. The women opting for this style are often gals of previous generations that are returning for this style, which is sexy yet more adult. Unlike their younger counterparts, there is less clubbing and more projecting an image of sky-high social status. Despite this, the Gals are more serious about their lives than other gal groups, with their age placing them in college or the workforce. One of the driving forces behind this is Sifow, a singer and idol that subscribes to the Gal style.

The ''Hime gyaru'' (literally "lady gal," also translated as "princess gal"), also part of the style, first appeared in 2007. The girls in this subculture seem to want to live as princesses like out of fairy tales, complete with over-glamorous lifestyles and items. They wear princess-like dresses (usually in pink or other pastels), and sport large, curly brown hair, usually in bouffants. Popular brands for this subsection of Gal include Liz Lisa and Jesus Diamante.

The waves of changing female Japanese beauty culture such as the kogal represent a growing diversity in female beauty which contrasts with the focus on docility and cuteness perpetuated previously. Kogal and its predecessors visually chronicle the evolution of Japan into a consumer culture, visibly displaying the changing values and norms within Japanese culture as consumerism necessitates the displacement of the identity to surface features.

Language

Kogals are identified primarily by looks, but their speech, called , is also distinctive, including, but not restricted to the following: , , , , , , . As a way to celebrate their individuality, gals might say .

Gals' words are often created by contracting Japanese phrases or by literal translation of an English phrase, i.e. without reordering to follow Japanese syntax.コギャル語＆ギャル語辞典
" Gal words may also be created by adding the suffix (from English "-ing") to verbs, for example . Roman script abbreviations are popular, for example "MM" stands for ("really frustrating"). "MK5" stands for . Another feature of gal speech is the suffix , meaning "like" or "learned from," as in .

The English used in kogal speech is often a combination of two or more English words which have taken on new meaning in Japan.

See also

* ''Gals!'' – a manga by Mihona Fujii about kogals
*
* ''My First Girlfriend Is a Gal'', a manga by Meguru Ueno
* Japanese street fashion
* Modern girl
* Preppy
* Uniform fetishism
*

References

Further reading

*

"Those Naughty Teenage Girls: Japanese Kogals, Slang, and Media Assessments"
by Laura Miller. ''Journal of Linguistic Anthropology'': Volume 14: Number 2 (2004).
*

{{Japanese subcultures

Gyaru
Society of Japan
Japanese subcultures
Japanese words and phrases
Slang terms for women

ja:コギャル