The Yemek were a Turkic peoples, Turkic tribe constituting the Kimek-Kipchak confederation, whose other six constituent tribes, according to Abu Said Gardizi (d. 1061), were the Ayrums, Imur (or Imi), Tatars (Kimek), Tatars, Bayandur, Kipchaks, Lanikaz, and Ajlad.

Ethnonym

Vladimir Minorsky, Minorsky, citing Marquart, Barthold, Semenov and other sources, proposes that the name ''Kīmāk'' (pronounced ''Kimäk'') is derived from ''Iki-Imäk'', "the two Imäk", probably referring to the first two clans (''Īmī'' and ''Īmāk'') of the federation. On the other hand, Omeljan Pritsak, Pritsak attempted to connect the Kimek with the Proto-Mongolic Kumo of the Kumo Xi confederation (庫莫奚; Middle Chinese: kʰuo^H-mɑk̚-ɦei; *''qu(o)mâġ-ġay'', from *''quo'' "yellowish" plus denominal suffix *''-mAk''); Golden judges Pritsak's reconstruction "highly problematic", as Pritsak did not explain how ''Quomâġ'' might have produced ''Kimek''; still, Golden considers the connection with the Proto-Mongolic world seriously. Mahmud al-Kashgari does not mention any Kimek, but Yamāk; Kashgari further remarked that Kara-Khanid khanate, Kara-Khanids like him considered Yemeks to be "a tribe of the Kipchaks", though contemporary Kipchaks considered themselves a different party. The ethnonym ''Yemäk'' might have been transcribed in the mid 7th century by Chinese authors as 鹽莫 ''Yánmò'' < Middle Chinese *''jiäm-mâk'', referring a Tiele people, Tiele group who initially inhabited northwestern Mongolia before migrating to north of Altay Mountains and Irtysh river, Irtysh zone. Initially, Golden (1992:202, 227, 263) accepted the identification of Kimeks with Imeks/Yimeks/Yemeks, because the /k/ > ∅, resulting in ''Kimek'' > ''İmek'', was indeed attested in several Medieval Kipchak dialects; Golden also thought Yemeks unlikely to be 鹽莫 *''jiäm-mâk'' > ''Yánmò'' in Chinese source. However, Golden later changed his mind, reasoning that, as the Medieval Kipchak dialectal sound-change /k/ > ∅ had not yet happened in the mid-7th century Old Turkic, the identification of Yemeks with Kimeks is disputed. As a result, Golden (2002:660-665) later abandons the Kimeks > Yemeks identification and becomes more amenable to the identification of 鹽莫 Yánmò with Yemeks, by scholars such as Hambis, Yury Zuev, Zuev, and Kumekov, cited in Golden (1992:202). According to Tishin (2018), Yemeks were simply the most important of the seven constituent tribes whose representatives met at the Irtysh river, Irtysh valley, where the diverse Kimek tribal union emerged, as related by Gardizi.

History

In the Western Turkic Khaganate two Yueban, Chuy tribes, Chumukun and Chuban, occupied a privileged position of being voting members of the confederation's Onoq elite, but not their kins Chuyue and Chumi. A part of the Chuyue tribe intermixed with the Göktürks' remnants and formed a tribe called Shatuo, which lived in southern Dzungaria, to the west of Lake Barkol#Lake Barkol, Lake Barkol. The Shatuo separated from the Chigils, Chuyue in the middle of the 7th century. Until very recently, Chigils are a well known ethnic group, listed in censuses taken in Tsarist Russia and in the 20th century. After the disintegration in 743 AD of the Western Turkic Kaganate, a part of the Chuy tribes remained in its successor, the Uyghur Kaganate (740-840), and another part retained their independence. During the Uyghur Khaganate, Uyghur period, the Chuy tribes consolidated into the nucleus of the tribes known as Kimaks in the Arab and Persian sources. Lev Gumilyov associated one Duolu Chuy tribe, ''Chumukun'' 處木昆 (< *''čomuqun'' "immersed in water, drowned") with the Kimeks as both coincidentally occupied the same territory, i.e. Zhetysu, Semirechye, and that Chumukun were known only to Chinese and Kimek only to Persians and Arabs. The head of the Kimek confederation was titled ''Shad (prince), Shad Tutuq'', "Prince Governor" (''tutuk'' being from Middle Chinese ''tuo-tuok'' 都督 "military governor"); as well as ''Yinal Yabghu'', according to Gardizi. By the middle of the eighth century, the Kimeks occupied territory between the Ural River and Emba River, and from the Aral sea and Caspian Sea, Caspian steppes, to the Zhetysu area.

Kimek Khanate

After the 840 AD breakup of the Uyghur Khaganate, the Yemeks headed a new political tribal union, creating a new Kimek state. Abu Said Gardizi (d. 1061) wrote that the Kimak federation consisted of seven tribes: Yemeks (Ar. ''Yamāk'' < Middle Turkic, MTrk *''Yemǟk'' or *''(Y)imēk''), Ayrum, Eymür, Tatars, Bayandur, Kipchak people, Kipchak, Lanikaz and Ajlad. Later, an expanded Kimek Kaganate partially controlled the territories of the Oghuz Turks, Oguz, Kangly, and Pecheneg, Bagjanak tribes, and in the west bordered the Khazars, Khazar and Bulgars, Bulgar territories. The Kimaks led a semi-settled life, as the Hudud al-Alam, Hudūd mentioned a town named *''Yimäkiya'' (> ''Yamakkiyya'' > ms. ''Namakiyya''); while the Kipchaks, in some customs, resembled the contemporary Oghuzes, who were nomadic herders. In the beginning of the eleventh century the Kipchak Khanlyk moved west, occupying lands that had earlier belonged to the Oguz. After seizing the Oguz lands, the Kipchaks grew considerably stronger, and the Kimeks became dependents of the Kipchaks. The fall of the Kimek Kaganate in the middle of the 11th century was caused by the migration of Central Asian Mongolian-speaking nomads, displaced by the Mongolian-speaking Khitan people, Khitan state of Liao Dynasty, Liao, which formed in 916 AD in Northern China. The Khitan nomads occupied the Kimek and Kipchak lands west of the Irtysh. In the eleventh to twelfth centuries a Mongol-speaking Naimans, Naiman tribe displaced the Kimeks and Kipchaks from the Mongolian Altai and Upper Irtysh as it moved west. Between the ninth and thirteenth centuries Kimek tribes were nomadizing in the steppes of the modern Astrakhan Oblast of Russia. A portion of the Kimeks that left the Ob River, Ob-Irtysh interfluvial region joined the Kipchak confederation that survived until the Mongol invasion, and later united with the Nogai people, Nogai confederation of the Kipchak descendants. The last organized tribes of the Nogai in Russian sources were dispersed with the Russian construction of ''Cheval de frise, zaseka'' bulwarks in the Don River (Russia), Don and Volga regions in the 17th-18th centuries, which separated the cattle breeding populations from their summer pastures. Another part of the Nogai were deported from the Budjak steppes after Russian conquest of Western Ukraine and Moldova in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century.

Ethnolinguistic Belonging

According to C. E. Bosworth (2007) and R. Turaeva (2015) the Kimek tribe was Turkic peoples, Turkic. According to R. Preucel and S. Mrozowki (2010) and S. Divitçioğlu (2010), the Kimek tribe was Tungusic peoples, Tungusic. Josef Markwart proposed that Kimeks were Turkicized Tatar confederation, Tatars, who were related to the Mongolic languages, para-Mongolic-speaking Tatabï, known to Chinese as Kumo Xi. Sümer associates the Kimeks with the Chiks (who were mentioned in Tang Huiyao and Bilge Qaghan Orkhon inscriptions, inscription); however, Golden sees little evidence for this.

Genetics

A genetic study published in ''Nature (journal), Nature'' in May 2018 examined the remains of Kimek male buried in Pavlodar Region, Kazakhstan ca. 1350 AD. He was found to be carrying the paternal haplogroup Haplogroup R1b, R1b1b and the maternal Haplogroup A (mtDNA), haplogroup A. It was noted that he was not found to have "elevated East Asian people, East Asian ancestry".. "Only one sample here represents Kimak nomads, and it does not show elevated East Asian ancestry."

Notes

References

Sources

* * *Faizrakhmanov G., "Ancient Turks in Sibiria and Central Asia" Kazan, 'Master Lain', 2000, *Gumilev L.N., "Ancient Turks", Moscow, 'Science', 1967 *Gumilev L.N., "Hunnu in China", Moscow, 'Science', 1974 *Kimball L., "The Vanished Kimak Empire", Western Washington U., 1994 *Pletneva S.A., "Kipchaks", Moscow, 'Science', 1990, {{DEFAULTSORT:Kimek Kipchaks Turkic peoples of Asia Extinct Turkic peoples