Hkakaborazi National Park is a
national park in northern
Myanmar
Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...
with an area of . It was established in 1998.
[
It surrounds Hkakabo Razi, the highest mountain in the country.]evergreen forest
An evergreen forest is a forest made up of evergreen trees. They occur across a wide range of climatic zones, and include trees such as conifers and holly in cold climates, eucalyptus, Live oak, acacias, magnolia, and banksia in more temperate zo ...
and mixed deciduous forests in Nogmung Township
Nogmung Township ( my, နောင်မွန်းမြို့နယ်) is a township of Putao District in the Kachin State of Burma. The principal town is Nogmung
Nogmung ( my, နောင်မွန်းမြို့); sometimes ...
, Kachin State. It is managed by the Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division.Bumhpa Bum Wildlife Sanctuary
Bumhpa Bum Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area in Myanmar, covering an area of . It was established in 2004. It ranges in elevation from and harbours evergreen forest in Kachin State.
Bumhpa Bum Wildlife Sanctuary is contiguous with Khakabor ...
and Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary. These protected areas together with Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary
Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area in northern Myanmar, stretching over an area of . It was established in 2003.
It encompasses riverine habitats, subtropical moist forest, temperate forest, deciduous forest and alpine forest. It ...
comprise the largest continuous expanse of natural forest called the Northern Forest Complex stretching over an area of . Its objective is to conserve the biodiversity of the Ayeyarwady and Chindwin river basins.
Biodiversity
Flora
The vegetation in Hkakaborazi National Park comprises broadleafed evergreen
In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This also pertains to plants that retain their foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, whic ...
and mixed deciduous forest. Shrubs growing in riverine areas include ''Rhododendron simsii
''Rhododendron simsii'' (杜鵑) is a rhododendron species native to East Asia, where it grows at altitudes of .
Description
It is a twiggy evergreen or semi-evergreen shrub growing to in height, with leaves that are ovate, elliptic-ovate or ob ...
'', ''Homonoia riparia
''Homonoia riparia'', the willow-leaved water croton, a mangrove species, belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. The plant is widely distributed through South Asian and South East Asian countries such as Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Papua New ...
'', ''Ficus
''Ficus'' ( or ) is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytes and hemiepiphytes in the family Moraceae. Collectively known as fig trees or figs, they are native throughout the tropics with a few species extendi ...
'', ''Phyllanthus
''Phyllanthus'' is the largest genus in the plant family Phyllanthaceae. Estimates of the number of species in this genus vary widely, from 750David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book.'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University P ...
'', ''Ligustrum
A privet is a flowering plant in the genus ''Ligustrum''. The genus contains about 50 species of erect, deciduous or evergreen shrubs, sometimes forming small or medium-sized trees, native to Europe, north Africa, Asia, many introduced and nat ...
'', ''Camellia
''Camellia'' (pronounced or ) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Theaceae. They are found in eastern and southern Asia, from the Himalayas east to Japan and Indonesia. There are more than 220 described species, with some controv ...
'' and ''Euonymus
''Euonymus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the staff vine family, Celastraceae. Common names vary widely among different species and between different English-speaking countries, but include spindle (or spindle tree), burning-bush, strawb ...
'' species. Flowering trees like ''Wightia gigantea
''Wightia'' is a genus of flowering plants tentatively sister to the Phrymaceae which currently contains only two species. It grows as a tree, or a hemiepiphytic pseudo-vine, up to tall. It is found in South Asia and South East Asia, from Nep ...
'', ''Dipterocarpus alatus
''Dipterocarpus alatus'' ( th, ยางนา, , ; Khmer: ''chhë tiël ba:y, chhë tiël tük, chhë tiël thom''DY PHON Pauline, 2000, Plants Used In Cambodia, self-published, printed by Imprimerie Olympic, Phnom Penh or ឈើទាល (''ch ...
'', ''Elaeocarpus
''Elaeocarpus'' is a genus of nearly five hundred species of flowering plants in the family Elaeocarpaceae native to the Western Indian Ocean, Tropical and Subtropical Asia, and the Pacific. Plants in the genus ''Elaeocarpus'' are trees or shrub ...
'', ''Nephelium
''Nephelium'' is a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants in the family Sapindaceae, native to southeastern Asia.
They are evergreen trees with pinnately compound leaves, and edible drupaceous fruit; one species, ''N. lappaceum'' (rambu ...
'', ''Bauhinia
''Bauhinia'' () is a large genus of flowering plants in the subfamily Cercidoideae and tribe Bauhinieae, in the large flowering plant family Fabaceae, with a pantropical distribution. The genus was named after the Bauhin brothers Gaspard and J ...
'', ''Schima
''Schima'' is a genus of evergreen trees belonging to the tea family, Theaceae.
The genus inhabits warm temperate to subtropical climates across southern and southeastern Asia, from the eastern Himalaya of Nepal and eastern India across Ind ...
'', ''Fagraea
''Fagraea'' is a genus of plants in the family Gentianaceae. It includes trees, shrubs, lianas, and epiphytes. They can be found in forests, swamps, and other habitat in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands, with the center of diversity in M ...
'', '' Aeschynanthus'' and Magnoliaceae
The Magnoliaceae () are a flowering plant family, the magnolia family, in the order Magnoliales. It consists of two genera: ''Magnolia'' and '' Liriodendron'' (tulip trees).
Unlike most angiosperms, whose flower parts are in whorls (rings), t ...
grow at elevations of about . ''Altingia
''Liquidambar'', commonly called sweetgum
(star gum in the UK),
gum, redgum, satin-walnut, or American storax, is the only genus in the flowering plant family Altingiaceae and has 15 species. They were formerly often treated in Hamamelidaceae. ...
excelsa'', ''Terminalia myriocarpa
''Terminalia myriocarpa'', the East Indian almond, is a tree species in the genus '' Terminalia'' found in Southeast Asia.
Ecology
The larvae of the moth '' Acrocercops terminaliae'' feed on ''T. myriocarpa''.
Chemistry
The phenolic compounds ...
'', ''Selaginella
''Selaginella'' is the sole genus of vascular plants in the family Selaginellaceae, the spikemosses or lesser clubmosses.
This family is distinguished from Lycopodiaceae (the clubmosses) by having scale-leaves bearing a ligule and by having ...
'', ''Lysimachia
''Lysimachia'' () is a genus consisting of 193 accepted species of flowering plants traditionally classified in the family Primulaceae. Based on a molecular phylogenetic study it was transferred to the family Myrsinaceae, before this family wa ...
'', '' Impatiens'' and at least six ''Begonia
''Begonia'' is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the family Begoniaceae. The genus contains more than 2,000 different plant species. The Begonias are native to moist subtropical and tropical climates. Some species are commonly grown ind ...
'' species are among the flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...
s growing at elevations of about . ''Albizia
''Albizia'' is a genus of more than 160 species of mostly fast-growing subtropical and tropical trees and shrubs in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae. The genus is pantropical, occurring in Asia, Africa, Madagascar, America and A ...
'', ''Alnus
Alders are trees comprising the genus ''Alnus'' in the birch family Betulaceae. The genus comprises about 35 species of monoecious trees and shrubs, a few reaching a large size, distributed throughout the north temperate zone with a few sp ...
'', ''Ficus'', ''Saurauia
''Saurauia'' is a genus of plants in the family Actinidiaceae. It comprises about over 300 species distributed in the tropics and subtropics of Asia and South and Central America. Genetic evidence and the cell biology of the group support monophy ...
'', ''Callicarpa
''Callicarpa'' (beautyberry) is a genus of shrubs and small trees in the family Lamiaceae.Heywood, V.H., Brummitt, R.K., Culham, A. & Seberg, O. 2007: Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. They are native to east ...
arborea'' grow in selectively logged areas. Diverse bamboo
Bamboos are a diverse group of evergreen perennial flowering plants making up the subfamily Bambusoideae of the grass family Poaceae. Giant bamboos are the largest members of the grass family. The origin of the word "bamboo" is uncertain, ...
species grow in all forest zones up to . Alpine vegetation includes plum-flowered rhododendron ('' Rhododendron pruniflorum''), '' Rhododendron selense'', ''Primula sikkimensis
''Primula sikkimensis'' (Himalayan cowslip, Sikkim cowslip, ) is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to the Himalayan region at altitudes of , from western Nepal to south west China. It is an herbaceous perennial growin ...
'', ''Gentiana sino-ornata
''Gentiana sino-ornata'', the showy Chinese gentian, is a species of flowering plant in the family Gentianaceae, native to western China and Tibet. It is a low-growing semi-evergreen perennial growing to tall, with multiple prostrate stems long ...
'' and '' Saussurea gossypiphora''.[
Seventeen orchid species were recorded during expeditions in 1996 and 1997, including black orchid ('' Paphiopedilum wardii''), ivory-colored cymbidium ('' Cymbidium eburneum''), aloe-leafed cymbidium ('' Cymbidium aloifolium''), '']Aerides falcata
''Aerides falcata'' is a species of epiphytic orchid native to Yunnan, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar.
References
falcata
The falcata is a type of sword typical of pre-Roman Iberia. The falcata was used to great effect fo ...
'', '' Arundina graminifolia'', '' Bulbophyllum odoratissimum'', ''Dendrobium
''Dendrobium'' is a genus of mostly epiphytic and lithophytic orchids in the family Orchidaceae. It is a very large genus, containing more than 1,800 species that are found in diverse habitats throughout much of south, east and southeast Asi ...
hercoglossum'', charming dendrobium ('' Dendrobium pulchellum''), pinecone-like raceme dendrobium (''Dendrobium thyrsiflorum'') and '' Phaius tankervilleae''.
Mammals
During expeditions in 1996 and 1997, a new muntjac species, the leaf muntjac
The leaf muntjac, leaf deer or Putao muntjac (''Muntiacus putaoensis'') is a small species of muntjac. It was documented in 1997 by biologist Alan Rabinowitz during his field study in the isolated Nogmung Township in Myanmar. Rabinowitz discovered ...
(''Muntiacus putaoensis''), was discovered in lowland forest of Hkakaborazi Protected Area. Local hunters reported blue sheep
The bharal (''Pseudois nayaur''), also called the blue sheep, is a caprine native to the high Himalayas. It is the only member of the genus ''Pseudois.'' It occurs in India, Bhutan, China (in Gansu, Ningxia, Sichuan, Tibet, and Inner Mongolia), ...
(''Pseudois nayaur''), red serow
The red serow (''Capricornis rubidus''), also called the Burmese red serow is a goat-antelope thought to be native to southern Bangladesh and northern Myanmar. It has been sometimes been considered a subspecies of '' C. sumatraensis''. In the nor ...
(''Capricornis rubidus'') and takin
The takin (''Budorcas taxicolor''; ), also called cattle chamois or gnu goat, is a large species of ungulate of the subfamily Caprinae found in the eastern Himalayas. It includes four subspecies: the Mishmi takin (''B. t. taxicolor''), the g ...
(''Budorcas taxicolor'') to occur in the foothills of Hkakabo Razi mountain. Red goral
The red goral (''Naemorhedus baileyi'') is a species of even-toed ungulate in the subfamily Caprinae in the family Bovidae. It is found in India, Tibet and Myanmar. Its natural habitats are seasonal mountainous areas 1,000 to 2,000 meters above s ...
(''Naemorhedus baileyi'') was sighted.
During surveys between May 2002 and May 2003, Indian muntjac
The Indian muntjac or the common muntjac (''Muntiacus muntjak''), also called the southern red muntjac and barking deer, is a deer species native to South and Southeast Asia. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. In popular local l ...
(''Muntiacus muntjac''), leaf muntjac, wild boar
The wild boar (''Sus scrofa''), also known as the wild swine, common wild pig, Eurasian wild pig, or simply wild pig, is a suid native to much of Eurasia and North Africa, and has been introduced to the Americas and Oceania. The species is ...
(''Sus scrofa''), mainland serow
The mainland serow (''Capricornis sumatraensis'') is a serow species native to the Himalayas, Southeast Asia and China.
The mainland serow is related closely to the red serow, Himalayan serow, Sumatran serow, and the Chinese serow (''C. milneed ...
(''Capricornis milneedwardsii''), stump-tailed macaque (''Macaca arctoides''), rhesus macaque
The rhesus macaque (''Macaca mulatta''), colloquially rhesus monkey, is a species of Old World monkey. There are between six and nine recognised subspecies that are split between two groups, the Chinese-derived and the Indian-derived. Generally ...
(''M. mulatta''), capped langur
The capped langur (''Trachypithecus pileatus'') is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It is native to Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Myanmar. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat ...
(''Trachypithecus pileatus''), western hoolock gibbon
The western hoolock gibbon (''Hoolock hoolock'') is a primate from the gibbon family, Hylobatidae. The species is found in Assam, Mizoram, and Meghalaya in India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar west of the Chindwin River.
Classification
Mootnick an ...
(''Hoolock hoolock''), Malayan porcupine
The Malayan porcupine or Himalayan porcupine (''Hystrix brachyura'') is a species of rodent in the family Hystricidae. Three subspecies are extant in South and Southeast Asia.
Geographical distribution
The Malayan porcupine ranges from Nepal th ...
(''Hystrix brachyura''), brush-tailed porcupine
The brush-tailed porcupines are a genus, ''Atherurus'', of Old World porcupines found in Asia and Africa.
Characteristics
The brush-tailed porcupines have bodies covered in quills like their New World relatives. These quills are shorter and not ...
(''Atherurus macrourus''), Asiatic golden cat
The Asian golden cat (''Catopuma temminckii'') is a medium-sized wild cat native to the northeastern Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and China. It has been listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List since 2008, and is threatened by poac ...
(''Catopuma temminkii''), sun bear
The sun bear (''Helarctos malayanus'') is a species in the family Ursidae (the only species in the genus ''Helarctos'') occurring in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. It is the smallest bear, standing nearly at the shoulder and weighing ...
(''Helarctos malayanus''), dhole
The dhole (''Cuon alpinus''; ) is a canid native to Central, South, East and Southeast Asia. Other English names for the species include Asian wild dog, Asiatic wild dog, Indian wild dog, whistling dog, red dog, red wolf, and mountain wolf. It ...
(''Cuon alpinus''), binturong
The binturong (''Arctictis binturong'') (, ), also known as the bearcat, is a viverrid native to South and Southeast Asia. It is uncommon in much of its range, and has been assessed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because of a declining pop ...
(''Arctictis binturong''), masked palm civet
The masked palm civet (''Paguma larvata''), also called the gem-faced civet, is a palm civet species native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It has been listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List since 2008 as it occurs in many p ...
(''Paguma larvata''), hog badger
Hog badgers are three species of mustelid in the genus ''Arctonyx''. They represent one of the two genera in the subfamily Melinae, alongside the true badgers (genus '' Meles'').
Taxonomy
''Arctonyx'' was formerly considered a monotypic genus ...
(''Arctonyx collaris'') and orange-bellied Himalayan squirrel (''Dremomys lokriah'') were recorded.
Wildlife recorded during camera trap
A camera trap is a camera that is automatically triggered by a change in some activity in its vicinity, like presence of an animal or a human being. It is typically equipped with a motion sensor – usually a passive infrared (PIR) senso ...
ping surveys in 2003 and 2004 comprised yellow-throated marten
The yellow-throated marten (''Martes flavigula'') is a marten species native to Asia. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List due to its wide distribution, evidently relatively stable population, occurrence in a number of protected are ...
(''Martes flavigula''), spotted linsang
The spotted linsang (''Prionodon pardicolor'') is a linsang, a tree-dwelling carnivorous mammal, native to much of Southeast Asia. It is widely, though usually sparsely, recorded, and listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.
Characterist ...
(''Prionodon pardicolor''), Chinese ferret-badger
The Chinese ferret-badger (''Melogale moschata''), also known as the small-toothed ferret-badger is a member of the Mustelidae, and widely distributed in Southeast Asia. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List and considered tolerant ...
(''Melogale moschata''), clouded leopard (''Neofelis nebulosa''), marbled cat
The marbled cat (''Pardofelis marmorata'') is a small wild cat native from the eastern Himalayas to Southeast Asia, where it inhabits forests up to an elevation of . As it is present in a large range, it has been listed as Near Threatened on the ...
(''Pardofelis marmorata'') and leopard cat
The leopard cat (''Prionailurus bengalensis'') is a small wild cat native to continental South, Southeast, and East Asia. Since 2002 it has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List as it is widely distributed although threatened by hab ...
(''Prionailurus bengalensis'').
Birds
Among the 160 bird species sighted during a survey in spring 1997 were crested serpent eagle
The crested serpent eagle (''Spilornis cheela'') is a medium-sized bird of prey that is found in forested habitats across tropical Asia. Within its widespread range across the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia and East Asia, there are considera ...
(''Spilornis cheela''), Indian paradise flycatcher
The Indian paradise flycatcher (''Terpsiphone paradisi'') is a medium-sized passerine bird native to Asia, where it is widely distributed. As the global population is considered stable, it has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List sin ...
(''Terpsiphone paradisi''), Kalij pheasant
The kalij pheasant (''Lophura leucomelanos'') is a pheasant found in forests and thickets, especially in the Himalayan foothills, from Pakistan to western Thailand. Males are rather variable depending on the subspecies involved, but all have at ...
(''Lophura leucomelanos''), Himalayan monal
The Himalayan monal (''Lophophorus impejanus''), also called Impeyan monal and Impeyan pheasant, is a pheasant native to Himalayan forests and shrublands at elevations of . It is part of the family Phasianidae and is listed as Least Concern on th ...
(''Lophophorus impejanus''), rufous-necked hornbill
The rufous-necked hornbill (''Aceros nipalensis'') is a species of hornbill in Bhutan, northeastern India, especially in Arunachal Pradesh, Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It is locally extinct in Nepal due to hunting and significant lo ...
(''Aceros nipalensis''), great hornbill
The great hornbill (''Buceros bicornis''), also known as the concave-casqued hornbill, great Indian hornbill or great pied hornbill, is one of the larger members of the hornbill family. It occurs in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It ...
(''Buceros bicornis''), wreathed hornbill
The wreathed hornbill (''Rhyticeros undulatus'') is an Old World tropical bird of the hornbill family Bucerotidae, also called bar-pouched wreathed hornbill due to its distinctive blue-black band on its lower throat sac. It is named after its cha ...
(''Rhyticeros undulatus''), Oriental pied hornbill
The oriental pied hornbill (''Anthracoceros albirostris'') is an Indo-Malayan pied hornbill, a large canopy-dwelling bird belonging to the family Bucerotidae. Two other common names for this species are Sunda pied hornbill (''convexus'') and Mala ...
(''Anthracoceros albirostris''), great barbet
The great barbet (''Psilopogon virens'') is an Asian barbet native to the Indian sub-continent and Southeast Asia, where it inhabits foremost forests up to altitude. It has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2004 because o ...
(''Psilopogon virens''), golden-throated barbet (''P. franklinii''), blue-throated barbet (''P. asiaticus''), ibisbill
The ibisbill (''Ibidorhyncha struthersii'') is a bird related to the waders, but sufficiently distinctive to merit its own family Ibidorhynchidae. It is grey with a white belly, red legs and long down-curved bill, and a black face and black breas ...
(''Ibidorhyncha struthersii''), rosy minivet (''Pericrocotus roseus''), scarlet minivet (''P. speciosus''), red-whiskered bulbul
The red-whiskered bulbul (''Pycnonotus jocosus''), or crested bulbul, is a passerine bird native to Asia. It is a member of the bulbul family. It is a resident frugivore found mainly in tropical Asia. It has been introduced in many tropical are ...
(''Pycnonotus jocosus''), common emerald dove
The common emerald dove (''Chalcophaps indica''), also called Asian emerald dove and grey-capped emerald dove, is a widespread resident breeding pigeon native to the tropical and subtropical parts of the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. ...
(''Chalcophaps indica''), rufous treepie
The rufous treepie (''Dendrocitta vagabunda'') is a treepie, native to the Indian Subcontinent and adjoining parts of Southeast Asia. It is a member of the crow family, Corvidae. It is long tailed and has loud musical calls making it very conspi ...
(''Dendrocitta vagabunda''), red-headed trogon
The red-headed trogon (''Harpactes erythrocephalus'') is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae.
Etymology
''H. erythrocephalus'' comes from the Ancient Greek terms ἐρυθρός ''eruthros'' meaning red and κεφαλή, ''kephalē'' mea ...
(''Harpactes erythrocephalus''), maroon oriole (''Oriolus traillii''), Asian fairy-bluebird
The Asian fairy-bluebird (''Irena puella'') is a medium-sized, arboreal passerine bird. This fairy-bluebird is found in forests across tropical southern Asia, Indochina and the Greater Sundas. Two or three eggs are laid in a small cup nest in a ...
(''Irena puella''), golden babbler (''Cyanoderma chrysaea''), rusty-naped pitta
The rusty-naped pitta (''Hydrornis oatesi'') is a species of bird in the family Pittidae.
Taxonomy
The rusty-naped pitta was described by the amateur ornithologist Allan Octavian Hume in 1873 from specimens collected in the eastern Pegu Hills, ...
(''Hydrornis oatesi'') and purple sunbird
The purple sunbird (''Cinnyris asiaticus'') is a small bird in the sunbird family found mainly in South and Southeast Asia but extending west into parts of the Arabian peninsula. Like other sunbirds they feed mainly on nectar, although they will ...
(''Cinnyris asiaticus'').
In 2005, the Naung Mung scimitar babbler (''Jabouilleia naungmungensis'') was described based on three zoological specimen
A zoological specimen is an animal or part of an animal preserved for scientific use.
Various uses are: to verify the identity of a (species), to allow study, increase public knowledge of zoology.
Zoological specimens are extremely diverse. Exampl ...
s collected southwest of Hkakaborazi National Park in disturbed primary forest
An old-growth forestalso termed primary forest, virgin forest, late seral forest, primeval forest, or first-growth forestis a forest that has attained great age without significant disturbance, and thereby exhibits unique ecological feature ...
at an elevation of .
See also
*
References
External links
*
{{authority control
National parks of Myanmar
Protected areas established in 1996
ASEAN heritage parks
Important Bird Areas of Myanmar