Khādir or Khadar and Bangar, Bāngur or Bhangar (

Hindi language Hindi (Devanāgarī: or , ), or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: ), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in the Hindi Belt region encompassing parts of northern, central, eastern, and western India. Hindi has been ...

: खादर और बांगर,

Urdu language Urdu (;"Urdu"
''

Hindi Hindi (Devanāgarī: or , ), or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: ), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in the Hindi Belt region encompassing parts of northern, central, eastern, and western India. Hindi has been de ...

Urdu Urdu (;"Urdu"
''

Punjabi and Sindhi in the

Indo-Gangetic plains The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the North Indian River Plain, is a fertile plain encompassing northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, including most of northern and eastern India, around half of Pakistan, virtually all of Bangla ...

North India North India is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of India. The dominant geographical features of North India are the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayas, which demarcate the region from the Tibetan Plateau and Central ...

and

Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...

to differentiate between two types of

river A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases, a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of wate ...

plain In geography, a plain is a flat expanse of land that generally does not change much in elevation, and is primarily treeless. Plains occur as lowlands along valleys or at the base of mountains, as coastal plains, and as plateaus or uplands ...

s and alluvial soils. Bangur and Khadir areas are commonly found in the

doab ''Doab'' () is a term used in South Asia Quote: "Originally and chiefly in South Asia: (the name of) a strip or narrow tract of land between two rivers; spec. (with) the area between the rivers Ganges and Jumna in northern India." for the tract ...

regions. Some villages may have both Khadar and Bangar areas within their revenue boundaries. Bhangar soils are less fertile as they are above flood level whereas Khadar soils are more fertile as they are below the flood level. Bhanger is full of kankers (lime nodules) while khadar soil is composed of fine silt and clay. It is fertile land as it contains alluvial soil deposited by rivers.

Khadir or Nali areas

Khadir or Khadar (Hindi: खादर or खादिर), also called Nali or Naili, are low-lying areas that are

floodplain A floodplain or flood plain or bottomlands is an area of land adjacent to a river which stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls, and which experiences flooding during periods of high discharge.Goudi ...

s of a river and which are usually relatively narrower compared to unflooded ''bangar'' area. Khadar areas are prone to flooding and sometimes include portions of former river-beds that became available for agriculture when a river changes course. It is moisture retentive and sticky when wet. ''Khadir'' soil consists of new

alluvial soil Alluvium (from Latin ''alluvius'', from ''alluere'' 'to wash against') is loose clay, silt, sand, or gravel that has been deposited by running water in a stream bed, on a floodplain, in an alluvial fan or beach, or in similar settings. Alluv ...

relatively higher in new

silt Silt is granular material of a size between sand and clay and composed mostly of broken grains of quartz. Silt may occur as a soil (often mixed with sand or clay) or as sediment mixed in suspension with water. Silt usually has a floury feel when ...

content from the river, gets replenished with each flooding cycle, and is often very fertile.Kiran Prem,1994
Haryana District Gazetteers: Faridabad
Haryana, Page 16. The ''Khadir'' is also called ''Nali'' in the northern

Haryana Haryana (; ) is an Indian state located in the northern part of the country. It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 Nov 1966 on a linguistic basis. It is ranked 21st in terms of area, with less than 1.4% () of India's land ar ...

which is the fertile

prairie Prairies are ecosystems considered part of the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome by ecologists, based on similar temperate climates, moderate rainfall, and a composition of grasses, herbs, and shrubs, rather than trees, as the ...

tract between the

Ghaggar The Ghaggar-Hakra River is an intermittent river in India and Pakistan that flows only during the monsoon season. The river is known as Ghaggar in India, before the Ottu barrage, and as the Hakra in Pakistan, downstream of the barrage, ending ...

river and the southern limits of the Saraswati channel depression that gets flooded during the rains."The imperial gazeteers of India, 1908"

British Raj The British Raj (; from Hindi ''rāj'': kingdom, realm, state, or empire) was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent; * * it is also called Crown rule in India, * * * * or Direct rule in India, * Quote: "Mill, who was himsel ...

, page 288.] Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader), Sri Sri Ravi's

Art of Living Foundation The Art of Living Foundation is a volunteer-based, humanitarian and educational non-governmental organization (NGO). It was founded in 1981 by Ravi Shankar. The Art of Living Foundation has its centers in 180 countries. Art of Living offers s ...

World Culture Festival, 2016 (11 March) was held on

Yamuna The Yamuna (Hindustani language, Hindustani: ), also spelt Jumna, is the second-largest tributary river of the Ganges by discharge and the longest tributary in List of major rivers of India, India. Originating from the Yamunotri Glacier at a ...

's Khadir floodplains and

National Green Tribunal The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 is an Act of the Parliament of India which enables the creation of a special tribunal to handle the expeditious disposal of the cases pertaining to environmental issues. It draws inspiration from India's ...

(NGT) recommended a fine of INR 50 million, on Art of Living Foundation for damaging ecology on Yamuna's Khadar flood plains.

Bangar areas and subtypes

Bangar/Bangad/Bhangar (Hindi: बांगर) areas are beyond the floodplains,August 2010
On The brink: Water governance in the Yamuna river basin in Haryana
Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development
PEACE Institute Charitable Trust
page vi. that lie more upland, and compared to Khadar it consists of older

which is higher in

sand Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class of s ...

loam Loam (in geology and soil science) is soil composed mostly of sand (particle size > ), silt (particle size > ), and a smaller amount of clay (particle size < ). By weight, its mineral composition is about 40–40–20% concentration of sand–sil ...

content. Bangar areas are less prone to flooding but are usually more sandy and less fertile as well. A Bangar area, can be further subdivided into the following based on the type of irrigation:Punjab Law Reporter journal
Sunil Kumar Singh, 2001, Dictionary of Land Revenue Terms in India, Centre for Rural Studies,

Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA) is a civil service training institute on public policy and public administration in India. The academy's main purpose is to train civil servants of the IAS cadre and also con ...

n association withGreenfields Publishers. * Barani area are traditionally rain-fed areas. These are any low rain area where rain-fed

dry farming Dryland farming and dry farming encompass specific agricultural techniques for the non-irrigated cultivation of crops. Dryland farming is associated with drylands, areas characterized by a cool wet season (which charges the soil with virtuall ...

is practiced.

Bagar tract Bagar, also Bagad (बागड़) and even Bar, a term meaning the "dry country",Nonica Datta The Tribune, 3 July 1999. refers to the sandy tract of north-western India and eastern parts of current Pakistan bordering India. For example, area ...

, the dry sandy tract of land on the border of Rajasthan state adjoining the states of Haryana and Punjab,E. Walter Coward, 1980
"Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Asia: Perspectives from the social sciences"

Cornell University Cornell University is a private statutory land-grant research university based in Ithaca, New York. It is a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, Cornell was founded with the intention to teach an ...

press, . is an example of Barani land. Not all the Barani lands are part of the Bagar tract. Some of Barani areas nowadays are dependent on tubewells for irrigation wherever groundwater level is not too low, hence technically they can now be termed as ''Chahi'' even though their legal classification in land revenue records may still be ''Barani''. * Nahri is any

canal Canals or artificial waterways are waterways or engineered channels built for drainage management (e.g. flood control and irrigation) or for conveyancing water transport vehicles (e.g. water taxi). They carry free, calm surface flow un ...

-irrigated land, for example, the ''Rangoi tract'' is a Nahri area because it is irrigated by the ''Rangoi canal'' made for the purpose of carrying flood waters of Ghagghar river to the dry bangar areas.1987
"gazetteer of India: Hisar District"
, page 7.1987
"Gazeteers of Hisar district, 1987"
,

Government of Haryana The Government of Haryana, also known as the State Government of Haryana, or locally as the State Government, is the supreme governing authority of the Indian state of Haryana and its 22 districts. It consists of an executive, ceremonially led ...

, page 162.] For the ''Nahri'' lands, Warabandi is a roaster of water to be drawn from a canal by each farmer for irrigating their land. Chak (village), Chak, based on British Raj era revenue collection system, is the land revenue settlement/assessment circle marking a contiguous block of land,Technical terms in land revenue and law
which has also become synonymous with the name of the village founded by migrant farmers within the revenue circle.Randhir Singh, Sir William Roberts, 1932
An economic survey of Kala Gaddi Thamman (Chak 73 g. b. ) a village in the Lyallpur District of the Punjab
* Chahi is any land that is irrigated through

well A well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, or drilling to access liquid resources, usually water. The oldest and most common kind of well is a water well, to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The ...

tube well A tube well is a type of water well in which a long, -wide, stainless steel tube or pipe is bored underground. The lower end is fitted with a strainer, and a pump lifts water for irrigation. The required depth of the well depends on the dep ...

s. Chahi Khalis is the land irrigated only by the well. Chahi Nahri is the land partly irrigated by the well and partly by the canal. Chahi Sailab is the land within Kadhir areas which is partly irrigated by the well and partly by the floods. Chahi Taal or Taal is land irrigated by

johad A johad, also known as a pokhar or a percolation pond, is a community-owned traditional harvested rainwater storage wetland principally used for effectively harnessing water resources in the states of Haryana, Rajasthan, Punjab, and weste ...

(pond).

Related terms

Zamindar A zamindar ( Hindustani: Devanagari: , ; Persian: , ) in the Indian subcontinent was an autonomous or semiautonomous ruler of a province. The term itself came into use during the reign of Mughals and later the British had begun using it as a ...

(landlord) is the Indian legal term for the owner of land. Both Bangar and Kadhir land can also be classified based on the type of

land use Land use involves the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as settlements and semi-natural habitats such as arable fields, pastures, and managed woods. Land use by humans has a long h ...

: * Banjar is any uncultivated land. Kalar is barren land. ** Banjar Jadid is any new

fallow land Fallow is a farming technique in which arable land is left without sowing for one or more vegetative cycles. The goal of fallowing is to allow the land to recover and store organic matter while retaining moisture and disrupting pest life cycle ...

that has been left uncultivated for the last four harvests. ** Banjar Kadid is the old fallow land that has been left uncultivated for the last eight harvests. * Jangal is any uncultivated land covered with

brushwood Brushwood can mean: * ''Melaleuca uncinata'' or Broombrush * Brushwood, New South Wales, a rural community in the central east part of the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia * Brian Brushwood Brian Allen Brushwood (born January 17, ...

and small trees. Whereas Bir land means a

nature reserve A nature reserve (also known as a wildlife refuge, wildlife sanctuary, biosphere reserve or bioreserve, natural or nature preserve, or nature conservation area) is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna, or features of geological or ...

. * Abadi is any inhabited area on any type of land ncluding the ''Gair Mumkin'' land where cultivation is not possibleand Abadi Deh is any inhabited area on the cultivatable land. Abadi is an Urdu word which means a population, usually a large one, hence the name of the type of land. * Gair Mumkin is any non-cultivable land, such as

hills A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a distinct summit. Terminology The distinction between a hill and a mountain is unclear and largely subjective, but a hill is universally considered to be not as ...

, parts of foothills, or

mountains A mountain is an elevated portion of the Earth's crust, generally with steep sides that show significant exposed bedrock. Although definitions vary, a mountain may differ from a plateau in having a limited summit area, and is usually higher th ...

. * Shamlat (शामलात) is land that belongs to the community, jointly owned by the villagers in proportion to their land ownership of the cultivatable land and it is usually left uncultivated for community usage, such as grazing or for building future facilities like schools, dispensaries,

, etc. Shamlat Deh (शामलात देह) is the community land jointly belonging to all land owners of the village. ** Shamlat Panna (शामलात पाना) is the community land belonging to all land owners of a ''panna'' in a village, whereas pana itself is a habitation subdivision of villagers in

Jat The Jat people ((), ()) are a traditionally agricultural community in Northern India and Pakistan. Originally pastoralists in the lower Indus river-valley of Sindh, Jats migrated north into the Punjab region in late medieval times, and su ...

villages,A.R. Desai, 1994
Rural Sociology in India
page 716. which is also called Shamlat Patti (शामलात पत्ती) in the non-Jat villages. It is also called as Taraf (towards/direction). *** Shamlat Thola (शामलात ठोला) is the community land belonging to a ''thola'' in a village, which is a habitation subdivision of ''panna'' in the Jat villages usually made up of people belonging to the same gotra lineage. Shamlat Thola is also called Shamlat Thok (शामलात ठोक) in the non-Jat villages.

Other useful terms

Other useful terms in the measurement of land in Haryana and Punjab are Bigha,

Khasra A Khasra Girdawari ( Hindustani: ख़सरा or خسره گرداوری) is a legal Revenue Department document used in India and Pakistan that specifies land and crop details. It is often used in conjunction with a '' shajra'' (or ''shajra k ...

Patwari A Village accountant or Patwari (Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, West Bengal), Talati (Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra) or Lekhpal (Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand), is an administrative government position in rural areas of the Indian subcontinent ...

(

Village accountant A Village accountant or Patwari (Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, West Bengal), Talati (Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra) or Lekhpal (Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand), is an administrative government position in rural areas of the Indian subcontinent ...

Shajra A shujra or shujrah is a detailed village map that is used for legal (land ownership) and administrative purposes in India and Pakistan. A ''shujra'' maps out the village lands into land parcels and gives each parcel a unique number. The ''patwari ...

Zaildar Zaildar was the title of the grand jagirdars (landlords) of the area, who were in charge of a Zail which was an administrative unit of group of villages during the British Indian Empire. The Settlement Officer, with the advice of the Deputy Co ...

, Manish faujdar, etc.

Doab

Since North India are coursed by a multiplicity of Himalayan rivers that divide the plains into ''

s'' (i.e. regions between two rivers), the Indo-Gangetic plains consist of alternating regions of river, ''khadir'' and ''bangar''. The centers of the ''doabs'' consist of ''bangar'' and the peripheries, which line the rivers, consist of ''khadir''. Historically, villages in the ''doabs'' have been officially classified as ''khadir'', ''khadir-bangar'' (i.e. mixed) or ''bangar'' for many centuries and different agricultural tax rates applied based on a tiered land-productivity scale. In some areas, these terms have become incorporated in several village names themselves, such as ''Murshidpur Bangar'' and ''Ranchi Bangar-Khadir'' in Mathura district of

Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh (; , 'Northern Province') is a state in northern India. With over 200 million inhabitants, it is the most populated state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world. It was established in 1950 ...

. Other places include Chilla Saroda Bangar, Gharonda Neemka Bangar, Pehlad Pur Bangar, Rampur Bangar and Salarpur Khadar.

References

{{coord missing, Haryana Geography of India Geography of Pakistan Geography of Haryana