Kerkennah

Kerkennah Islands ( aeb, قرقنة '; Ancient Greek: ''Κέρκιννα Cercinna''; Spanish:''Querquenes'') are a group of islands lying off the east coast of Tunisia in the Gulf of Gabès, at . The Islands are low-lying, being no more than above sea level. The main islands are Chergui and Gharbi. The archipelago has an area of and a population of 15,501 (2014).

Kerkennah's main town, Remla (on Chergui), has a population of 2,000. The population of the islands significantly decreased during the 1980s due to drought. The islands were unable to provide suitable irrigation systems and, with clean water rapidly running out, many islanders were forced to leave for mainland Tunisia, the nearest city being Sfax.

History

The natives of Tunisia and Kerkennah originally settled there, but during the spread of the Roman Empire, Kerkennah was used as a port and look-out point by the Romans, to keep note of off-shore activity. In 2 BC, Augustus exiled Sempronius Gracchus, a lover of Julia the Elder, to the islands for 14 years for his indiscretions with his then-married daughter. Greeks called it Cercina ( grc, Κέρκινα) and Cercinna ( grc, Κέρκιννα).Strabo, Geography, §17.3.16
/ref> Strabo and Ptolemaeus wrote that also the city that was on the island was called Cercinna ( grc, Κέρκιννα), same as the island.

Among the Catholic bishops whom the Arian Vandal king Huneric summoned to Carthage in 484, was a Bishop Athenius of Cercina, the seat of the bishopric being in the most easterly island of the group.G.-L. Feuille, ''v. Cercina'', i
''Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques''
vol. XII, Paris 1953, col. 160 No longer a residential bishopric, Cercina is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ), p. 866

In 532, Saint Fulgentius of Ruspe built a monastery on one of the islets of the group.

During the Second World War, the Battle of the Tarigo Convoy was fought near the islands on 16 April 1941.

Geography

The islands are warm and dry, with strong prevailing winds. This is mainly due to its positioning in the Gulf of Gabes, with strong sea winds ( Gharbi), carried over the mainland, making them hot and dry. What little water vapour there is, is lost over cooler Tunisia first. This causes the general ecology of the island to mainly consist of tall xerophytic (and often halophytic) flora, such as palms and saltbushes.

The land is arid and there is little agriculture, though the islanders own chickens and goats for their own personal consumption. Fishing, especially for octopus, is a key industry of Kerkennah, whence it is exported to mainland Tunisia and other nearby countries.

Tourism is limited in Kerkennah and it lacks grandiose sandy beaches. Many mainland Tunisians spend their holidays in Kerkennah, and many more affluent Tunisians often build private second homes on the island. Tourists also come from European countries. Temperatures on the island are high, with a minimum of and often reaching .

The north includes a port known as Kraten.

Wilflife - Important Bird Area

The whole archipelago is an important wintering area for migratory birds. BirdLife international classifies the Kerkennah islands as an Important Bird Area (code TN026) particularly critical as it constitutes a major migration bottleneck (category A4i) and in that it hosts at time significant populations of some species whose distribution is mostly confined to the Mediterranean North-African biome (i.e. category A3).

In terms of winter-migrating birds, great cormorants, gulls and terns are the most striking: For the great cormorant ''Phalacrocorax carbo'' between 1,000 and 10,000 individuals can be counted some winters (the migration route can depend on the amount of rains for a given year). For gulls and terns, notable species including slender-billed gull ''Larus genei'', lesser black-backed gull ''Larus fuscus'', Caspian gull ''Larus cachinnans'', Caspian tern ''Sterna caspia'' and Sandwich tern ''Sterna sandvicensis''.

The islands constitute a critical migration bottleneck for 3 species: the previously mentionned great cormorants, the Eurasian spoonbill ''Platalea leucorodia (''400–800 individuals'')'' and the flamingos ''Phoenicopterus ruber'' (400 to1,500 individuals).

In addition, the following 7 species that are mostly restricted to the Mediterranean North African biome see significant populations migrate through the Kerkennah (BirdLife conservation criteria A3): Barbary partridge ''Alectoris barbara'', Moussier's redstart ''Phoenicurus moussieri'', Western black-eared wheatear ''Oenantha hispanica'', Sardinian warbler ''Sylvia melanocephalia'', Eastern subalpine warbler ''Sylvia cantillans'', spectacled warbler ''Sylvia conspicillata'' and the spotless starling ''sturnus unicolor''.

Finally, some species do not simply pass through but breed on Kerkenah, such as the common kestrel ''Falco tinnunculus'', the cream-colored courser ''Cursorius cursor'', the European bee-eater ''Merops apiaster'' and the Great grey shrike ''Lanius excubitor''.

Aside from these birds, the islands are also an important stop-over site each spring and autumn for hundreds of thousands of migrant passerines. All the islands are classified as hunting reserve, meaning that the hunting of game, including birds, is only allowed at specific times and under license.

The Kerkennah Islands gerbil, ''Gerbillus simoni zakariai'' is a subspecies of ''Gerbillus simoni'' endemic to the archipelago.

See also

* Océano Club de Kerkennah

References

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Islands of Tunisia
Communes of Tunisia
Populated places in Sfax Governorate
Ramsar sites in Tunisia
Mediterranean islands
Catholic titular sees in Africa