Kenneth Alibek

Kanatzhan "Kanat" Alibekov ( kk, Қанатжан Байзақұлы Әлібеков, Qanatjan Baizaqūly Älıbekov; russian: Канатжан Алибеков, Kanatzhan Alibekov; born 1950), known as Kenneth "Ken" Alibek since 1992, is a Kazakhstani-American microbiologist, and biological warfare (BW) administrative management expert.

He rose rapidly in the ranks of the Soviet Army to become the First Deputy Director of Biopreparat, with a rank of Colonel, during which time he claimed to oversee a vast program of 40 BW facilities with 32,000 employees.

During his career as a Soviet bioweaponeer, in the late 1970s and 1980s, Alibekov managed projects that included weaponizing glanders and Marburg hemorrhagic fever, and created Russia's first tularemia bomb. Jacobsen, Annie (2015), ''The Pentagon's Brain: An Uncensored History of DARPA, America's Top Secret Military Research Agency''; New York: Little, Brown and Company, pg 293. His most prominent accomplishment was the creation of a new "battle strain" of anthrax, known as "Strain 836", later described by the ''Los Angeles Times'' as "the most virulent and vicious strain of anthrax known to man".

In 1992, he defected to the United States; he has since become an American citizen and made his living as a biodefense consultant, speaker, and entrepreneur. He had actively participated in the development of biodefense strategy for the U.S. government, and between 1998 and 2005 he testified several times before the U.S. Congress and other governments on biotechnology issues, saying he was “convinced that Russia’s biological weapons program has not been completely dismantled”.

In 2002, Dr. Alibek told the United Press International that there is concern that monkeypox could be engineered into a biological weapon.

Ohio-based Locus Fermentation Solutions hired Dr. Alibek in 2014 as Executive Vice President for research and development.

Biography

Youth and early career

Alibek was born Kanat Alibekov in Kauchuk, in the Kazakh SSR of the Soviet Union (in present-day Kazakhstan), to a Kazakh family. He grew up in Almaty, the republic's former capital.

His academic performance while studying military medicine at the Tomsk Medical Institute and his family's noted patriotism led to his selection to work for Biopreparat, the secret biological weapons program overseen by the Soviet Union's Council of Ministers. His first assignment (1975) was to the Eastern European Branch of the Institute of Applied Biochemistry (IAB) near Omutninsk, a combined pesticide production facility and reserve biological weapons production plant intended for activation in a time of war. At Omutninsk, Alibek mastered the art and science of formulating and evaluating nutrient media and cultivation conditions for the optimization of microbial growth. It was here that he expanded his medical school laboratory skills into the complex skill set required for industrial-level production of microorganisms and their toxins.

After a year at Omutninsk, Alibek was transferred to the Siberian Branch of the IAB near Berdsk (another name of the branch was the Berdsk scientific and production base). With the assistance of a colleague, he designed and constructed a microbiology research and development laboratory that worked on techniques to optimize the production of biological formulations.

After several promotions, Alibek was transferred back to Omutninsk, where he rose to the position of deputy director. He was soon transferred to the Kazakhstan Scientific and Production Base in Stepnogorsk (another reserve BW facility) to become the new director of that facility. Officially, he was deputy director of the Progress Scientific and Production Association, a manufacturer of fertilizer and pesticide.

At Stepnogorsk, Alibek created an efficient industrial scale assembly line for biological formulations. In a time of war, the assembly line could be used to produce weaponized anthrax. Continued successes in science and biotechnology led to more promotions, which resulted in a transfer to Moscow.Anderson (2006), ''Op. cit.''

Work at Biopreparat-Moscow

In Moscow, Alibek began his service as Deputy Chief of the Biosafety Directorate at Biopreparat. He was later promoted (1988) to First Deputy Director of Biopreparat, where he not only oversaw the biological weapons facilities but also the significant number of pharmaceutical facilities that produced antibiotics, vaccines, sera, and interferon for the public.

In response to a Spring 1990 announcement that the Ministry of Medical and Microbiological Industry was to be reorganized, Alibek drafted and forwarded a memo to General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev proposing the cessation of Biopreparat's BW work. Though Gorbachev approved the proposal, an additional paragraph had been secretly inserted into Alibek's draft, resulting in a presidential decree that ordered the end of Biopreparat's BW work but also required them to remain prepared for future production.

Though disappointed by the double-dealing, Alibek used his position at Biopreparat and the authority granted to him by the first part of the decree to begin the destruction of the BW program. Specifically, he ordered the dismantling of BW production and testing capabilities at a number of research and development facilities, including Stepnogorsk, Kol'tsovo, Obolensk and a number of others. He also negotiated a concurrent appointment to a Biopreparat facility called Biomash. Biomash designed and produced technical equipment for microbial cultivation and testing. He planned to increase the proportion of its products sent to hospitals and civilian medical laboratories beyond the 40% allocated at the time.

Emigration and life in the United States

Alibek was subsequently placed in charge of intensive preparations for inspections of Soviet biological facilities by a joint American and British delegation. When he participated in the subsequent Soviet inspection of American facilities, his growing suspicion that the United States did not have an offensive bioweapons program was confirmed before his return to Russia (the Soviet Union dissolved while he was in the US). In January 1992, not long after his return from the US, Alibek, protesting against the continuation of bioweapons work, resigned from both the Soviet Army and Biopreparat. In October 1992 he emigrated with his family to the US.

After moving to the US, Alibekov provided the government with a detailed accounting of the former Soviet BW program. During CIA debriefing, he described the Soviet efforts to weaponize a particularly virulent smallpox strain, producing hundreds of tonnes of the virus that could be disseminated with bombs or ballistic missiles. (Information about the Soviet BW program had already been provided in 1989 by the defected scientist Vladimir Pasechnik.)

Alibekov has testified before the US Congress multiple times (see also Sverdlovsk anthrax leak) and has provided guidance to the intelligence, policy, national security, and medical communities.

He was the impetus behind the creation of a biodefense graduate education program at George Mason University serving as Distinguished Professor of Medical Microbiology and the program's Director of Education. He also developed the plans for GMU's biosafety level three (BSL-3) research facility and secured $40 million of grants from the federal and state governments for its construction.

In 1999, Alibek published an autobiographical account of his work in the Soviet Union and his defection.

Reporting the prospect of Iraq gaining the ability to get hold of smallpox or anthrax, Alibek said "there is no doubt that Saddam Hussein has weapons of mass destruction." However, no biological weapons were later found in Iraq.

Entrepreneur and research administrator

Alibek was the president, chief scientific officer and chief executive officer at AFG Biosolutions, Inc in Gaithersburg, Maryland, where he and his scientific team continued their development of advanced solutions for antimicrobial immunity. Motivated by the lack of affordable anti-cancer therapies available in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, AFG was using Alibek's biotechnology experience to plan, build, and manage a new pharmaceutical production facility designed specifically to address this problem.

Alibek created this new pharmaceutical production company, MaxWell Biocorporation (MWB), in 2006 and served as its CEO and President. Based in Washington, D.C., with several subsidiaries and affiliates in the United States and Ukraine, MWB's main goal is said to be the creation of a new, large-scale, high-technology, ultra-modern pharmaceutical 'fill-and-finish' facility in Ukraine. Off-patent generic pharmaceuticals produced at this site are supposed to target severe oncological, cardiological, immunological, and chronic infectious diseases.

Construction of the Boryspil facility began in April 2007 and was completed in March 2008; initial production was scheduled to begin in 2008. The stated intention was that high-quality pharmaceuticals would be produced and become an affordable source of therapy for millions of underprivileged who currently have no therapeutic options.MaxwellUSA
Abilek stepped down as President of MWB in the summer of 2008 shortly after the facility opened.

The main focus of Alibek's research was to develop novel forms of therapy for late-stage oncological diseases and other chronic degenerative pathologies and disorders. He focuses on the role of chronic viral and bacterial infections in causing age-related diseases and premature aging. Additionally, he develops and implements novel systemic immunotherapy methods for late-stage cancer patients.

Alibek has a wife and five children (two sons and three daughters); one of his daughters is autistic.

Work in Kazakhstan

In 2010, by invitation, he began working in Kazakhstan as a head of the Department of Chemistry and Biology at the School of Science and Technology of Nazarbayev University, where, among other things, he was engaged in the development of anti-cancer drugs and life-prolonging drugs, and was also the chairman of the board of the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Care and headed the National Scientific Center for Oncology and Transplantation.. During his stay, he published a number of articles in research journals and taught various courses in various fields of biology and medicine. He focuses on a possible role of chronic infections, metabolic disorders, and immunosuppression on cancer development. In 2011, he was awarded a prize from the Deputy Prime Minister for his contribution to the development of the educational system in Kazakhstan. In 2014, he was awarded a medal by the Minister of Education and Science of Kazakhstan for his contribution to research in Kazakhstan. He continues his work as an administrative manager of a research and medicine and education professor. He keeps his American citizenship and residence, and his family lives in the United States.

However, after 7 years, no significant scientific results from the work of Ken Alibek followed. During his activity, Ken Alibek received more than 1 billion tenge from the budget for the "New Systemic Therapy for Cancer Tumors" project he tried to implement. The promising Swedish technique has remained a common concept, a panacea for cancer treatment has not appeared. Three submitted Alibekov patent applications for registration were rejected by the "National Institute of Intellectual Property" of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan as there was no novelty. After Kazakhstan realized that under the guise of super-progressive technologies, Alibekov was promoting long-known foreign methods, and Ken Alibek himself was not a qualified specialist in oncology, medicine or science, he wrote a letter of termination of the contract and left back to America.

In 2016, Ken Alibek was chosen as one of the nominees in the "Science" category of the national project «El Tulgasy» (Name of the Motherland) The idea of the project was to select the most significant citizens of Kazakhstan whose names are now associated with the achievements of the country. More than 350,000 people voted in this project, and Alibek was voted into 10th place in his category.

Autism research

Starting from 2007, Ken Alibek in addition to his other project, started doing research in autism. He supports the idea that the disorder is the result of prenatal viral and bacterial infections. Despite the lack of formal physician experience, a legal physician license to practice medicine, and professional qualification to work with autistic children as both a scientist and a physician, Ken Alibek considers himself a scientist and a doctor and treats autistic children using antiviral, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory approaches. His patients are located in different countries, mainly in the post-Soviet space, and he consult mainly using free telemedicine services. Although Ken Alibek claims to treat autism, there is no objectively evaluated and published data on the effectiveness of his approach.

Publications

; Books
*Alibek, Ken and Steven Handelman (1999), ''Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World – Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran It'', Random House, .
*"The Anthrax Vaccine: Is It safe? Does it Work?" (2002), Reviewer. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., Institute of Medicine.
*''Biological Threats and Terrorism: Assessing the Science and Response Capabilities'' (2002), Workshop Summary, Contributor. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., Institute of Medicine.
*Weinstein, R.S. and K. Alibek (2003), ''Biological and Chemical Terrorism: A Guide for Healthcare Providers and First Responders'', Thieme Medical Publishing, New York.
*Alibek, K., et al. (2003), ''Biological Weapons'', Bio-Prep, Louisiana.
*Fong, I. and K. Alibek (2005), ''Bioterrorism and Infectious Agents: A New Dilemma for the 21st Century'', Springer.
*Fong, I. and K. Alibek (2006), ''New and Evolving Infections of the 21st Century'', Springer.

; Book chapters
*"Firepower in the Lab: Automation in the Fight Against Infectious Diseases and Bioterrorism" (2001), Chapter 15 of ''Biological Weapons: Past, Present, and Future'', National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., Institute of Medicine.
*''Jane's Chem-Bio Handbook'' (2002), Second Edition, F. R. Sidell, W. C. Patrick, T. R. Dashiell, K. Alibek, Jane's Information Group, Alexandria, VA.
*K. Alibek, C. Lobanova, "Modulation of Innate Immunity to Protect Against Biological Weapon Threat" (2006). In: ''Microorganisms and Bioterrorism'', Springer.

;Op-Eds
*''The New York Times''
**"Russia's Deadly Expertise", March 27, 1998.
**"Smallpox Could Still Be a Danger", May 24, 1999.
*''The Wall Street Journal''
**"Russia Retains Biological Weapons Capability", February, 2000.
**"Bioterror: A Very Real Threat", October, 2001.
*''The Washington Post''
**"Anthrax under the Microscope", with Matthew Meselson, November 5, 2002.

; Selected Congressional Testimony
''Testimony before the Joint Economic Committee'', May 1998: "Terrorist and Intelligence Operations: Potential Impact on the US Economy"
*''Testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence'', June, 1999

* ttp://commdocs.house.gov/committees/security/has144240.000/has144240_0f.htm ''Testimony before the House Armed Services Committee'', May, 2000br>''Testimony before the House Subcommittee on National Security, Veterans Affairs, and International Relations of the Committee on Government Reform'', October 2001: "Combating Terrorism: Assessing the Threat of a Biological Weapons Attack", House Serial No. 107-103
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080802025742/http://bioterrorism.slu.edu/bt/official/congress/alibek112901.pdf ''Testimony before the Senate Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies of the Committee on Appropriations'', November, 2001]
''Testimony before the Subcommittee on Prevention of Nuclear and Biological Attack, Committee on Homeland Security'', US House of Representatives, July 28, 2005: "Implementing a National Biodefense Strategy"
*[https://fas.org/irp/congress/2005_hr/bioterror.html ''Testimony before the House Subcommittee on Prevention of Nuclear and Biological Attack'', July, 2005: "Engineering Bio-terror Agents: Lessons Learned from the Offensive US and Russian Biological Weapons Programs"]

Criticism

*In a September 2003 news release, Alibek and another professor suggested, based on their laboratory research, that smallpox vaccination might increase a person's resistance to HIV. The work was rejected after peer review by the '' Journal of the American Medical Association'' and ''The Lancet'' and is no longer being pursued. According to smallpox expert and former White House science advisor Donald A. Henderson, "This is a theory that... does not hold up at all, and it does not make any sense from a biologic point of view... This idea ... was straight off the wall. I would put no credence in it at all." In 2010 an article coauthored by Alibek appeared in the scientific journal, ''Biomed Central - Immunology,'' einstein, et al. BMC Immunology 201011:23 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-11-23that outlined the results of their research showing that prior immunization with vaccinia (Dryvax) may confer resistance to HIV replication.
*Alibek has promoted "Dr. Ken Alibek's Immune System Support Formula," a dietary supplement sold over the Internet. It contains vitamins, minerals, and a proprietary bacterial mix that will purportedly "bolster the immune system"."Random Samples", ''Science'', 11 October 2002: Vol. 298. no. 5592, p. 359
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References

Further reading

*"Interview Dr. Ken Alibek", ''Journal of Homeland Security'' (September 18, 2000)

External links

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Alibek, Kenneth
American people of Kazakhstani descent
Kazakhstani emigrants to the United States
Kazakhstani scientists
Living people
People from Almaty Region
Siberian State Medical University alumni
Soviet biological weapons program
Soviet military doctors
Soviet microbiologists
The Heritage Foundation
1950 births
2001 anthrax attacks
20th-century biologists
People related to biological warfare