The Bus 300 affair (), also known as Kav 300 affair, was a 1984 incident in which

Shin Bet The Israel Security Agency (ISA; he, שֵׁירוּת הַבִּיטָּחוֹן הַכְּלָלִי; ''Sherut ha-Bitaẖon haKlali''; "the General Security Service"; ar, جهاز الأمن العام), better known by the acronym Shabak ( he, ...

members executed two Palestinian bus hijackers, immediately after the hostage crisis incident ended and they had been captured. After the incident, the Shin Bet members gave false testimony on their involvement in the affair. The Israeli military censor blacked out coverage of the hijacking originally, but nevertheless, the publication of information regarding the affair in foreign press, and eventually in the Israeli media, led a public uproar, which led many in the Israeli public to demand that the circumstances surrounding the deaths of the hijackers would be investigated. In 1985, a senior Israeli army general

Yitzhak Mordechai Yitzhak "Itzik" Mordechai ( he, יצחק מרדכי, born 22 November 1944) is an Israeli former general and politician. He served as a member of the Knesset between 1996 and 2001, and as Minister of Defense and Minister of Transport. He retire ...

was acquitted of charges related to the deaths of the captured hijackers. Later, it emerged that members of the

, Israel's internal security service, had implicated the general, while concealing who gave the direct order that the prisoners be killed. In 1986, the

Attorney General of Israel The attorney general of Israel ( he, היועץ המשפטי לממשלה, ''Ha-Yo'etz Ha-Mishpati La-Memshala'', lit. ''Legal Advisor to the Government'') heads the legal system of the executive branch and the public prosecution of the state. ...

Yitzhak Zamir Yitzhak Zamir (Hebrew: יצחק זמיר) (born in Poland on April 15, 1931) is a professor of public law and Dean of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem's Faculty of Law, a former Attorney General of Israel, first Dean of the University of Haifa's ...

, was forced to resign after he refused to call off an investigation into the Shin Bet's role in the affair.Gidi Weitz,
Newly released papers reveal how Shin Bet tried to hide 'Bus 300' killings
' in Haaretz 27 September 2011 Shortly afterwards

Avraham Shalom Avraham Shalom Bendor ( he, אַבְרָהָם שָׁלוֹם בֵּנְדּוֹר; 7 July 1928 – 19 June 2014) was head of Shin Bet from 1981 to 1986.Landau Commission was set up to investigate Shin Bet procedures.

Details of the incident

Egged bus 300 hostage crisis

On Thursday 12 April 1984, four armed Arab guerillas from the

Gaza Strip The Gaza Strip (;The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p.761 "Gaza Strip /'gɑːzə/ a strip of territory under the control of the Palestinian National Authority and Hamas, on the SE Mediterranean coast including the town of Gaza.. ...

reached Ashdod where they boarded, as paying passengers, an Egged bus operating on intercity bus route No.300 which was en route from

Tel Aviv Tel Aviv-Yafo ( he, תֵּל־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ, translit=Tēl-ʾĀvīv-Yāfō ; ar, تَلّ أَبِيب – يَافَا, translit=Tall ʾAbīb-Yāfā, links=no), often referred to as just Tel Aviv, is the most populous city in the ...

Ashkelon Ashkelon or Ashqelon (; Hebrew: , , ; Philistine: ), also known as Ascalon (; Ancient Greek: , ; Arabic: , ), is a coastal city in the Southern District of Israel on the Mediterranean coast, south of Tel Aviv, and north of the border wit ...

with 41 passengers. The Palestinians hijacked it shortly after it left the station at 7:30 pm. During the takeover, one of the bus passengers was severely injured. The hijackers stated that they were armed with knives and a suitcase containing two anti-tank rounds which they threatened to explode. The hijackers forced the bus to change its direction and drive towards the Egyptian border. Shortly after the bus was hijacked, the hijackers released a pregnant woman from the bus south of Ashdod. She hitchhiked to a gas station and from there alerted the authorities to the hijacking. As a result, Israeli military forces began chasing the bus. The bus, moving at 120 km/h, smashed through two primitive road blocks until Israeli soldiers fired at the bus tires and successfully managed to disable the bus near the Palestinian camp of

Deir el-Balah Deir al-Balah or Deir al Balah ( ar, دير البلح, , Monastery of the Date Palm) is a Palestinian city in the central Gaza Strip and the administrative capital of the Deir el-Balah Governorate. It is located over south of Gaza City. The c ...

located in the

, only 10 miles north of the Egyptian border. When the bus stopped, some of the passengers managed to escape from the bus through an open door. In the ensuing stand-off, members of the Israeli media began to gather at the scene. Also present were senior military officers and politicians. These included Chief of Staff

Moshe Levi Moshe Levi ( he, משה לוי, extra=1936 – January 8, 2008, April 18, 1936 – January 8, 2008) was an Israeli military commander and the 12th Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). He served in this position from 1983 to 1987, ...

, Minister of Defence

Moshe Arens Moshe Arens (27 December 1925 – 7 January 2019) was an Israeli aeronautical engineer, researcher, diplomat and Likud politician. A member of the Knesset between 1973 and 1992 and again from 1999 until 2003, he served as Minister of Defense thre ...

, and the Director of the Israeli domestic intelligence service

Avraham Shalom Avraham Shalom Bendor ( he, אַבְרָהָם שָׁלוֹם בֵּנְדּוֹר; 7 July 1928 – 19 June 2014) was head of Shin Bet from 1981 to 1986.Gidi Weit
'New Testimonies on Bus 300 Affair Reveal How Lies Protected Israel's Secret Service,'
Haaretz 6 April 2013.

Takeover operation

After lengthy negotiations, at around 7:00 am of 13 April, a special force of

Sayeret Matkal General Staff Reconnaissance Unit (formerly Unit 269 or Unit 262), more commonly known as Sayeret Matkal ( he, סיירת מטכ״ל) is the special reconnaissance unit (''sayeret'') of Israel's General Staff (''matkal''). It is the prime special ...

under the command of brigadier-general

stormed the bus while shooting at the hijackers through the vehicle's windows. During this takeover operation, the soldiers were able to kill two of the hijackers, capture the two additional hijackers, and release all hostages except for one passenger – a 19-year-old female soldier named Irit Portuguez who was killed by the IDF forces fire during the takeover operation. Seven passengers were wounded during the course of the operation.

Execution of two captured hijackers

Two hijackers were captured alive, bound and taken to a nearby field, where they were beaten by people who had gathered around them. Shin Bet chief

Avraham Shalom Avraham Shalom Bendor ( he, אַבְרָהָם שָׁלוֹם בֵּנְדּוֹר; 7 July 1928 – 19 June 2014) was head of Shin Bet from 1981 to 1986.Ehud Yatom, approached the bound men. Before he left the site, Shalom ordered Yatom to execute them. "As a result, Yatom and several members of the Shin Bet took the men into a vehicle, and drove them to an isolated place, where the two were beaten to death with rocks and iron bars." The Israeli military censor blacked out coverage of the hijacking originally. As a result, initial reports published in Israel and worldwide claimed that all hijackers were killed during the takeover. Nevertheless, three days later the Israeli daily newspaper ''

Hadashot ''Hadashot'' (, lit. ''News'') was a Hebrew-language daily newspaper published in Israel between 1984 and 1993. History On 4 March 1984 Haaretz Group CEO Amos Schocken announced that a new daily newspaper, ''Hadashot'' was to be launched, with ...

'' quoted a report from ''

The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid d ...

'', thus bypassing the

Israeli Military Censor The Israeli Military Censor ( he, הצנזורה הצבאית) is a unit in the IDF Directorate of Military Intelligence tasked with carrying out preventive censorship inside the State of Israel regarding the publication of information that might ...

, which stated that two of the hijackers were captured alive. A few days later ''Hadashot'' published on its front page a photograph taken by Alex Levac, in which one of the hijackers was being held alive and fully conscious while taken off the bus. The publication of the photograph caused a public uproar and as a result many in the Israeli public demanded that the circumstances surrounding the deaths of hijackers would be investigated.

Claim of responsibility

In Damascus,

Bassam Abu Sharif Bassam Abu Sharif ( ar, بسام أبو شريف; born 1946 in Jerusalem) is a former senior adviser to Yasser Arafat and leading cadre of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). He was previously a member of the Popular Front for the Li ...

of the

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine ( ar, الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين, translit=al-Jabhah al-Sha`biyyah li-Taḥrīr Filasṭīn, PFLP) is a secular Palestinian Marxist–Leninist and revolutionary so ...

, claimed that his organisation was responsible for the attack. He said the hijackers demanded the release of 30 prisoners held at Nafha prison in Israel. Israeli sources dismissed these claims accusing Fatah of being responsible.

Subsequent related events

Moshe Arens, who sanctioned the operation, argued after the event that, despite casualties amongst the passengers, the operation was "absolutely necessary." He said: "It was a long and difficult night and we followed the policy that has been traditionally laid down by Israel that we do not give in to terrorist demands." At 8:00 am, the morning after the hijacking, IDF forces began blowing up the houses of the families of the four hijackers.

Aftermath

The first inquiry

Just over a week after the hijacking David Shipler, ''

'' correspondent in Israel, filed a report revealing that the daily newspaper ''

'' had a photograph, taken by Alex Levac, of one of the hijackers being led away in handcuffs. Their journalists had positively identified the man in the picture as Majdi Abu Jummaa, aged 18, one of the four dead. The story was re-published around the world. The story was broken in Israel on Sunday 22 April by '' Al HaMishmar'' of the Mapam party. In a lead story passed by the censor they quoted "authorized senior sources" as saying that there was no alternative to the establishment of a commission of inquiry into the deaths of the two hijackers. On 24 April, David Shipler was summoned to the office of the director of the Government press office, Mordechai Dolinsky, and was "severely reprimanded." It was believed that his Israeli press credentials were not revoked only because he was leaving his post shortly anyway. On 25 April, the weekly '' HaOlam HaZeh (This World)'', which had appeared with blank spaces the week before, published on its front page a blurred picture of a man being led away. The editor of the magazine, Uri Avnery, had overcome the censors' opposition after threatening to take the case to the High Court. Yossi Klein, editor of ''Hadashot'', confirmed to correspondents that the man in the picture was not Majdi Abu Jammaa. On 27 April, ''Hadeshot'' was ordered to stop publishing for four days. This punishment, which had not been applied to a Jewish publication for over fifteen years, was due to their reporting that Minister of Defence Arens had set up a committee of inquiry, headed by Reserve General

Meir Zorea Meir "Zarro" Zorea MC ( he, מאיר זורע, born Meyer Zarodinsky ( he, מאיר זארודינסקי) on 14 March 1923, died 24 June 1995) was a general in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and later a member of the Knesset. He earned distinc ...

. This information had been released to the Editors Committee of Israel's major newspapers on condition that the information was not published. ''Hadeshot'', owned by the publishers of the respected ''

Ha'aretz ''Haaretz'' ( , originally ''Ḥadshot Haaretz'' – , ) is an Israeli newspaper. It was founded in 1918, making it the longest running newspaper currently in print in Israel, and is now published in both Hebrew and English in the Berliner ...

'' newspaper, was not a member of the Editors Committee. Zorea's report was delivered in secret to the parliamentary Foreign Affairs and Security Committee on 29 May. Its findings were not made public but were said to have "stunned the security establishment." At the same time ''Hadashot'' refuted Moshe Arens' statement that he had not been at the scene of the hijacking by claiming that their photographer had been standing beside him shortly before he took the picture of Majdi Abu Jammaa. Concerns were also being raised about a television interview that Arens had given shortly after the event when he said: "Whoever plans terrorist acts in Israel must know that he will not get out alive." The IDF Chief of Staff,

Raphael Eitan Rafael "Raful" Eitan ( he, רפאל "רפול" איתן, born 11 January 1929 – 23 November 2004) was an Israeli general, former Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces (Ramatkal) and later a politician, a Knesset member, and government ...

, had made a similar statement: "Terrorists must know that they will not come out alive from such an operation."

The trial

In 1985, Brigadier General

, who had led the storming of the bus, and eleven others were put on trial for the killing of the two prisoners. They were accused of being amongst a larger group who beat and kicked the prisoners to death. Witnesses described the General hitting the prisoners with a pistol. He was cleared of the charges, and the charges against the others dropped. In the spring of 1986 the deputy chief of

, Reuven Hazak and two officials Rafi Malka and Peleg Raday, met Prime Minister Shimon Peres and accused their superior,

Avraham Shalom Avraham Shalom Bendor ( he, אַבְרָהָם שָׁלוֹם בֵּנְדּוֹר; 7 July 1928 – 19 June 2014) was head of Shin Bet from 1981 to 1986.Attorney General

to launch a criminal probe against the senior Shin Bet officials accused of covering up the killings. On hearing the evidence, Zamir opened a police investigation into Shin Bet actions and in particular the role of its Director. In May 1986 Zamir was forced to resign amidst accusations of disregarding national security after refusing to end his investigations. His resignation was reported in the international media and Israeli newspapers were able to bypass the Military Censor with revelations about the Shin Bet. It became public that Avraham Shalom was accused of ordering the killing of the two prisoners and organising an extensive cover-up which included implicating General Mordechai. In June 1986, a little-known judge,

Yosef Harish Yosef Harish ( he, יוסף חריש ‎ 1923 – 6 November 2013) was an Israeli jurist who served as the country's Attorney General between 1986 and 1993. Biography Born in Jerusalem in 1923, Harish was educated in a yeshiva. He joined the ...

, took over as Attorney General and President

Chaim Herzog Major-General Chaim Herzog ( he, חיים הרצוג; 17 September 1918 – 17 April 1997) was an Irish-born Israeli politician, general, lawyer and author who served as the sixth President of Israel between 1983 and 1993. Born in Belfast and ...

issued a blanket pardon to Shalom and four other Shin Bet officers. These pardons were challenged in the Supreme Court. During the appeal papers were revealed in which Shalom asserted that all his actions were "authorised and approved." This implicated the Prime Minister at the time of the killings –

Yitzhak Shamir Yitzhak Shamir ( he, יצחק שמיר, ; born Yitzhak Yezernitsky; October 22, 1915 – June 30, 2012) was an Israeli politician and the seventh Prime Minister of Israel, serving two terms, 1983–1984 and 1986–1992. Before the establishment ...

. On 6 August 1986, the Supreme Court upheld the pardons, but Attorney General Harish promised there would be an investigation.

Effects of the affair

The affair had significantly damaged the Shin Bet's reputation and public image in Israel. It also led to a re-examination of censorship in Israel after it became evident that the censors had contributed to the cover-up of the affair. As part of the overall investigation of Shin Bet during the affair it was discovered that the organization routinely used physical force during interrogations which led to the establishment of the Landau Commission to investigate the organization's interrogation and other procedures. According to Israeli journalist Gideon Levy, the people who exposed the scandal were never honoured, and those who covered up the incident went on to prestigious careers.

Ehud Yatom

In 1996, retiring Shin Bet officer Ehud Yatom gave an interview to the daily '' Yediot Aharonot'' in which he is quoted as saying: "I smashed their skulls," on orders from Shin Bet head Avraham Shalom, and "I'm proud of everything I've done." Yatom said he put the men on stretchers into a van. "On the way I received an order from Avraham Shalom to kill the men, so I killed them." "Only clean, moral hands in Shin Bet can do what is needed in a democratic state." From 2003 to 2006 Yatom was a Member of the Knesset.

Popular culture

Uri Barbash directed the ''Kav 300'' mini series which was shown in 1997 on Israeli television. The series focused on the "jurisdicial struggle between the Israeli Attorney General and the Shabak head following the murder of two terrorists in captivity by the Shabak". In 2011 Gidi Weitz directed ''Alef Techasel Otam'', a documentary movie about the affair which aired to strong review and much public interest on Channel 10. The incident was also referenced in the documentary, '' The Gatekeepers''. Rotem Shamir directed the ''Rescue Bus 300'' docu-action film starring Daniel Gal as Irit Portuguez, produced by Keshet Broadcasting and aired on

Keshet 12 Channel 12 ( he, ערוץ 12), also known as Keshet 12 ( he, קשת 12), is an Israeli free-to-air television channel owned by Keshet Media Group. It launched on 1 November 2017 as one of two replacements of the outgoing Channel 2. History Is ...

on 5 May 2018.

Notes

Sources

Time: Israel Struggle At the Top, 1996

{{coord missing, Israel Shin Bet Military scandals Terrorist incidents in Israel in the 1980s Hijacking Hostage taking in Israel Attacks on buses by Palestinian militant groups Operations involving Israeli special forces Extrajudicial killings in Asia 1984 murders in Israel Terrorist incidents in Asia in 1984 Terrorist incidents in Israel