Katukinan (Catuquinan) is a language family consisting of two languages in

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

, Katukina-Kanamarí and the perhaps moribund Katawixi. It is often not clear which names in the literature, which are generally tribal names and often correspond to dialects, refer to distinct languages. Indeed, they're close enough that some consider them all to be dialects of a single language, Kanamari (Fabre 2005). Campbell (2012) note that Adelaar "presents reasonably persuasive evidence that Harákmbut and Katukinan are genetically related."

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Jivaro, Máku, Mura-Matanawi, Puinave-Nadahup, Taruma, Tupi,

Yanomami The Yanomami, also spelled Yąnomamö or Yanomama, are a group of approximately 35,000 indigenous people who live in some 200–250 villages in the Amazon rainforest on the border between Venezuela and Brazil. Etymology The ethnonym ''Yanomami' ...

, and

Arawak The Arawak are a group of indigenous peoples of northern South America and of the Caribbean. Specifically, the term "Arawak" has been applied at various times to the Lokono of South America and the Taíno, who historically lived in the Greate ...

language families due to contact. This suggests that Katukinan and the language families with which it was in contact with had been earlier spoken within a central Amazon interaction sphere.

Languages and dialects

Many ethnic Katukina had shifted to other languages by the time of European contact. Examples are Panoan Katukina and unclassified Katukinaru. The common suffix ''dyapa, djapa'' means 'tribe' or 'clan', for which the varieties are named. Fabre (2005) lists ''Kanamarí, Txuhuã-djapá, Katukína do Jutaí'' (Katukina proper), and ''Katawixi'' as four attested languages.

Loukotka (1968)

A large number of Katukinan dialects have gone extinct. Loukotka (1968) illustrates data from ''Catuquina'' (Wiri-dyapá, of the Jutaí River), ''Canamari, Parawa'' (Hon-dyapa), ''Bendiapa,'' and ''Catauxi'' (Catosé, Hewadie, Katawishi, Quatausi). Canamari, Parawa, and Bendiapa (Beñ-Dyapá) may constitute a single language, as may ''Tucundiapa'' (Mangeroma, Tucano Dyapa). He also notes a ''Tawari'' (Tauaré, Kadekili-dyapa, Kayarára), and a ''Buruá'' (Burue, Buruhe), of which nothing has been recorded. All of them are classified as "Southern Catuquina" except for Catauxi, which is the only "Northern Catuquina" language. The locations of each variety given by Loukotka (1968) are: *Catuquina / Wiri-dyapá - spoken on the

Jutaí River The Jutaí River ( pt, Rio Jutaí) is a river in Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. Course The river flows through the Juruá-Purus moist forests ecoregion. The Jutaí river runs northeast before reaching its mouth on the southern bank o ...

*Canamari -

Juruá River The Juruá River (Portuguese ''Rio Juruá''; Spanish ''Río Yuruá'') is a southern affluent river of the Amazon River west of the Purus River, sharing with this the bottom of the immense inland Amazon depression, and having all the characteristic ...

*Parawa / Hon-dyapá - Grégorio River near Santo Amaro *Tucundiapa / Mangeroma - Itecoaí River (

Itaquai River The Itaquai River is a river of the upper Amazon Basin The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about , or about 35.5 percent of the South Ame ...

) *Bendiapa -

São José River SAO or Sao may refer to: Places * Sao civilisation, in Middle Africa from 6th century BC to 16th century AD * Sao, a town in Boussé Department, Burkina Faso * Saco Transportation Center (station code SAO), a train station in Saco, Maine, U. ...

*Tawari / Kadekili-dyapá / Kayarára - spoken north of the Bendiapa tribe *Buruá - spoken on the

Biá River The Biá River ( pt, Rio Biá) is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Jutaí River. The Cujubim Sustainable Development Reserve, established in 2003, lies on either side of the river in the municipality ...

and

*Catauxi -

Madeira River The Madeira River ( pt, Rio Madeira, link=no ) is a major waterway in South America. It is estimated to be in length, while the Madeira-Mamoré is estimated near or in length depending on the measuring party and their methods. The Madeira is ...

and

Purus River The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is , and the mean annual discharge is . The river shares its name with the Alto Purús National Park and ...

Mason (1950)

Mason (1950) gives ''Pidá-Dyapá'' and ''Kutiá-Dyapá'' as dialects of Catukina, and ''Cadekili-Dyapá'' and ''Wadyo-Paraniñ-Dyapá'' (Kairara) as dialects of Tawari, corresponding to Loukotka's names Kadekili-dyapa and Kayarára. He adds ''Catukino'' and a "miscellaneous" list of ''Amena-Dyapá, Cana-Dyapá, Hon-Dyapá'' (which Loukotka identifies with Parawa), ''Marö-Dyapá, Ururu-Dyapá,'' and ''Wiri-Dyapá'' (which Loukotka identifies with Catuquina). Mason's (1950) internal classification of Catukina is summarized as follows. ;Catukina *Beñ-Dyapá (Bendiapa) *Burue (Buruhe) *Canamari *Catawishi (Hewadie) *Catukina **Pidá-Dyapá **Kutiá-Dyapá *Catukino *Parawa *Tawari (Tauaré) **Cadekili-Dyapá **Wadyo-Paraniñ-Dyapá (Kairara) *Tucun-Dyapá (Tucano Dyapa, Mangeroma) *(miscellaneous) **Amena-Dyapá **Cana-Dyapá **Hon-Dyapá **Marö-Dyapá **Ururu-Dyapá **Wiri-Dyapá

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Catuquinan languages. :

Bibliography

*dos Anjos, Z. (2011). Fonologia e Gramática Katukina-Kanamari. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. (Doctoral dissertation). *Groth, Ch. (1977). Here and There in Canamarí. Anthropological Linguistics, 19:203- 215. *Ssila, M. et al. (1989). Elementos da fonologia Kanamari. Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos, 16:123-141. *Tastevin, C. (n.d.). Dialecte katawixy. (Manuscript). *Tastevin, C. (n.d.). Langue canamari. (Manuscript).

References

*Alain Fabre, 2005
''Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: "KATUKINA"''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Katukinan Languages Languages of Brazil Language families Macro-Puinavean languages