Ketevan "Kato" Svanidze (Georgian: ეკატერინა სვიმონის ასული სვანიძე, Ketevan Svimonis asuli Svanidze; Russian: Екатери́на Семёновна Свани́дзе, Yekaterina Semyonovna Svanidze; 2 April 1885 – 5 December 1907) was the first wife of Joseph Stalin and the mother of his eldest son, Yakov. Svanidze and Stalin were married for just 18 months before she died of an illness in 1907. Her death sent Stalin into a deep grief, and he reportedly said "with her died my last warm feelings for humanity." Years later, several of her family members were executed during Stalin's purges.

Contents

1 Early life 2 Early life in Tiflis 3 Marriage to Stalin 4 Illness and death 5 Family 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links

Early life[edit] Kato was born in the small mountain village of Baji, Kutais Governorate, Russian Empire
Russian Empire (present day Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Georgia). She was the daughter of Sipora (née Dvali) and Svimon Svanidze. The family were aznauri (minor nobility), but were impoverished. Svimon was a teacher in Kutaisi.[1] Kato had at least two sisters, Alexandra ("Sashiko", born c. 1878–1936) and Maria ("Mariko", 1888–1942), and one brother, Alexander Svanidze
Alexander Svanidze ("Alyosha", 1886–1941).[2][3] Records also indicate two more children born to Svimon and Sipora: a girl, Bashiko, and a boy, Miho, but no further information is available about their lifespans and it is not known whether they lived past early childhood.[4] Alexander was a member of the Bolshevik Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in Georgia and a friend of Stalin. They attended the Tiflis Spiritual Seminary
Tiflis Spiritual Seminary together until Stalin's expulsion in 1899 for missing his final examinations.[5] As the Svanidze family hailed from Racha, an area known for its "placid and loving beauties," the sisters were thus described using the flattering demonym "Rachelian." Kato in particular was considered "ravishingly pretty."[6] Kato was considered "educated and emancipated" by the standards of her day.[7] She and her sisters worked as seamstresses at their own couture shop in Tiflis, the successful "Madame Hervieu" atelier, making uniforms and dresses for the army and nobility.[6] Early life in Tiflis[edit]

Stalin in 1902

Kato Svanidze, c. 1905

Further information: Early life of Joseph Stalin In the first years of the 20th century, Stalin (born Ioseb Jughashvili, nicknamed "Soso") ran with a revolutionary gang in Georgia, responsible for various criminal activities including robberies, kidnappings and running an underground newspaper. In 1905, Alexander Svanidze
Alexander Svanidze invited Stalin to live with him, his three sisters and his brother-in-law, Mikheil "Misha" Monaselidze,[a][b] another of their seminary classmates who had recently married Sashiko Svanidze. The house, at 3 Freylinskaya St., was close to Erivan Square in Tiflis and right behind the South Caucasus military district headquarters.[8] The atelier was frequented by the sisters' upper-class clientele, which combined with its central location, made it ideal for a hideout. "Our place above the suspicion of the police. While my fellows did illegal stuff in one room, my wife was fitting the dresses of generals' wives next door," Monaselidze wrote.[9] Though Svanidze was Stalin's social superior, they soon fell in love. She "was fascinated by Stalin, and enchanted by his ideas. He was charming and she really adored him," Monaselidze wrote. Kato was supportive of the Bolshevik movement, organising fundraisers for the Social Democrats, and was well aware of his criminal activities.[10] Marriage to Stalin[edit] In 1906, Stalin announced to compatriot Mikhail Tskhakaya
Mikhail Tskhakaya that he was marrying Svanidze later that evening and that there would be a small party.[11] Kato shared the same name as Stalin's mother, Ekaterine ("Keke") Geladze. Like Keke, Kato was also religious and prayed for Stalin's safety.[8] Although Stalin was an atheist, he agreed to her request for a church wedding. At first they had trouble finding a priest who would agree to marry them, as Stalin was using falsified papers under the name "Galiashvili," one of a dozen or so aliases he used prior to the revolution.[12][13] Eventually priest Kita Tkhinvaleli, whom they had known at the Tbilisi seminary, agreed to marry them. They were married in secret at 2 a.m. on 29 July [O.S. 16 July] 1906 in Saint David's Cathedral in Tiflis, at the base of the future Mtatsminda Pantheon. Tskhakaya served as the official witness and tamada. Simon "Kamo" Ter-Petrosian was among the 10-member party celebrating the wedding, and joked, "Where are the idiotic police? All their wanted men are here and they could come and trap us like goats!"[14][12]

Kato Svanidze, date unknown.

Svanidze was approximately one month pregnant at the time, though it is not confirmed if she knew of this; Stephen Kotkin, in his biography Stalin: Volume I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928, however, writes that Svanidze informed Stalin she was pregnant and this was the reason for the hurried wedding.[14] Stalin (known as "Soso" to his Georgian friends) and Kato were very much in love. "I was amazed how Soso, who was so severe in his work and to his comrades, could be so tender, affectionate and attentive to his wife," noted Monaselidze, who along with his wife wrote detailed memoirs in the 1930s.[15] Stalin later told his youngest child, daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva, that his first wife was "very sweet and beautiful, she melted my heart."[16] The couple did not register the marriage with the state and Svanidze kept her maiden name.[17] A few months later authorities made the connection; an Okhrana
Okhrana raid on a Bolshevik residence in Moscow revealed a paper with their address on Freylinskaya Street and the message, "seamstress Svanidze, ask for Soso." Stalin was not in Georgia at the time, but the five-month pregnant Kato and her cousin Spiridon Dvali were arrested. Spiridon was sentenced to death for bomb making. Her sister Sashiko called upon some of their prominent clientele, including wives of the local police chief and gendarmerie colonel. She was able to get Kato released to the home of the police chief and Spiridon's sentence reduced.[18] When Stalin returned, he was able to visit Kato at the police chief's house; the police did not know what he looked like and the Svanidze sisters claimed he was their cousin. "He was deeply despondent about what had happened," Monaselidze wrote. Kato was allowed to leave the home for two hours per night and released two months later.[19] Their son, Iakob, was born 31 March [O.S. 18 March] 1907. He was possibly named after Stalin's godfather Yakobi "Koba" Egnatashvili, who had helped support Stalin's mother financially and who was rumoured to be his biological father.[20][21] Stalin was present for the birth of his son, whom he nicknamed Patsana ("Laddie"). "After the birth of the baby, his love for wife and child became ten times more," Monoselidze wrote.[19] Following the high-profile Tiflis bank robbery in June 1907, Stalin moved Kato and their son to Baku, where he had previously worked for Baron Alphonse de Rothschild's oil company. Kato resumed her work as a seamstress, while Stalin continued his role as a Bolshevik leader.[19] Illness and death[edit]

Funeral of Kato Svanidze, with family and husband Stalin (right)

Stalin in 1911

In August 1907, Stalin left for Germany to attend the Second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart. Kato became sick, suffering in the summer heat. "Soso would go early in the morning and return late at night while Kato sat at home with a tiny baby terrified that he would be arrested," Monaselidze wrote. "Bad diet, little sleep, the heat and stress weakened her and she fell ill. Surrounded by strangers, she had no friends around her. Soso was so busy he forgot his family!"[22] Kato's family heard of her illness and wrote her and Stalin, begging him to bring her back to recuperate in the familiar climate in Georgia. Stalin delayed until October, when it became obvious she was getting worse. On the 13-hour trip back to Tiflis, she apparently drank infected water and contracted typhus. Though some historians have attributed her illness to tuberculosis, her family recalled the symptoms of typhus rash and dysentery. She died in Stalin's arms 5 December [O.S. 22 November] 1907.[23] Her cousin Mariam Svanidze, still alive at 109 in 2005, told historian Simon Sebag Montefiore
Simon Sebag Montefiore she remembered Kato's illness clearly: "I was then nine years old. Kato and my father got typhus at the same time. Books say Kato died of TB, but I can assure you it was typhus. Both got the red rash. We knew if the rash went black, they'd die. My father's rash stayed red. He lived, but I remember that Kato's turned black. Then all the family knew she'd die. And die she did."[24] At her church funeral, as Montefiore claims, Stalin said, "This creature softened my heart of stone. She died and with her died my last warm feelings for humanity." She was buried at the Kukia cemetery next to Saint Nino's Church in Tiflis. Stalin, distraught, threw himself into her open grave and had to be dragged out. He spotted Okhrana
Okhrana agents approaching and fled.[25] "I was so overcome with grief that my comrades took my gun away from me," he later recalled. Wrote Monaselidze, "Soso sank into deep grief. He barely spoke and nobody dared speak to him. All the time he blamed himself for not accepting our advice and for taking her to Baku
Baku in the heat."[11] Family[edit] After Kato's death, Stalin went to his hometown of Gori to stay with his mother, then returned to Baku. He left his infant son to be raised by Kato's mother, Sashiko and Misha Monaselidze, and rarely visited. He was in and out of prison for the next few years, but did not see him from 1911 to 1921, when his uncle Alexander insisted he move to Moscow.[26][27] Alexander married an opera singer, Maria Anisimovna Korona, and rose in the ranks of the Communist Party. Mariko also moved to Moscow and worked as the secretary for Avel Enukidze.[27] In 1937, during the Great Purge, Mariko was arrested as part of the accusations against Enukidze, who was executed shortly after. In 1938, Stalin ordered Alexander and his wife, Maria, to be arrested. He demanded that Alexander admit he was a German spy; but Alexander refused. Mariko, Alexander and Maria were all executed in 1941. Alexander and Maria's son, Ivan Svanidze, was briefly married to Stalin's only daughter, Svetlana Alliluyeva. He filed for divorce in 1959; Soviet law required the divorce decree be printed in the newspaper along with their home addresses.[28] Kato's cousin Nikolai Samsonovich Svanidze (1895–1937) was also executed during the purge. Nikolai's grandson and namesake is Russian journalist and presenter Nikolai Svanidze
Nikolai Svanidze (born 1955).[29] In 2006, Nikolai portrayed his relative Alexander Svanidze
Alexander Svanidze in a Russian television miniseries, The Wife of Stalin, about his second wife, Nadezhda Alliluyeva.[30] Notes[edit]

a Mikheil (and Mikheili) is the Georgian equivalent of Michael (Mikhail in Russian). b Simon Sebag Montefiore
Simon Sebag Montefiore misspells the name as "Monoselidze" throughout his book; the actual name is Monaselidze (Georgian: მონასელიძე), a somewhat common Georgian surname.[31]

References[edit]

^ Sebag Montefiore 2007, p. 294 ^ Nikolai Zenkovich (2005). Самые секретные родственники [The Most Secret families]. p. 368. ISBN 978-5-94850-408-7.  ^ Сванидзе Александр Семенович 1886–1941) [Svanidze Alexander Semyonovich (1886–1941)]. Sakharov Center. Retrieved 2 February 2015.  ^ Gely Kleymenov. О личной жизни Иосифа Сталина [Personal Life of Joseph Stalin]. Retrieved 8 February 2015.  ^ Kotkin (2014), p. 36 ^ a b Sebag Montefiore 2007, p. 287 ^ Kotkin (2014), p. 321 ^ a b Kotkin (2014), p. 269 ^ Sebag Montefiore 2007, p. 288 ^ Sebag Montefiore 2007, pp. 314–316 ^ a b Sebag Montefiore 2007, p. 321 ^ a b Sebag Montefiore 2007, p. 323 ^ Sebag Montefiore (2007), p. 712 ^ a b Kotkin (2014), p. 270 ^ Sebag Montefiore 2007, pp. 324 ^ Sebag Montefiore 2007, pp. 322 ^ Alexander V. Ostrovsky (2002). Кто стоял за спиной Сталина? [Who Stood Behind Stalin?]. p. 17. ISBN 978-5-7654-1771-3.  ^ Sebag Montefiore 2007, p. 326 ^ a b c Sebag Montefiore 2007, p. 327 ^ Sebag Montefiore 2007, p. 29 ^ Sebag Montefiore 2007, p. 341 ^ Sebag Montefiore 2007, p. 382 ^ Sebag Montefiore 2007, pp. 384–385. ^ Sebag Montefiore 2007, p. 385–386. ^ Sebag Montefiore 2007, pp. 387–389 ^ Sebag Montefiore 2007, p. 389 ^ a b Sebag Montefiore 2007, p. 686 ^ Miklós Kun (2003). Stalin: An Unknown Portrait. Central European University Press. p. 417. ISBN 978-963-9241-19-0.  ^ Nikolai Svanidze
Nikolai Svanidze (21 July 2014). Андрею Пионтковскому [Dear Andrei Piontkovsky]. Echo Moscow (in Russian). Retrieved 8 February 2015.  ^ Elizabeth Treneva (21 November 2014). Надежда и Иосиф: смертельный роман [Nadezhda and Josef: Deadly Romance]. Echo Moscow (in Russian). Retrieved 8 February 2015.  ^ სტალინის 60 წლის იუბილესთან დაკავშირებით მისი კლასის ამხანაგები გორის სასულიერო სამინარიასა და ტფილისის სამინარიაში [Stalin's 60th birthday reunion of his classmates from the Gori and Tiflis seminaries]. The National Parliamentary Library of Georgia. მონასელიძე, მიხეილ (მიშა) (Monaselidze, Mikheil (Misha) 

Bibliography[edit]

Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2007). Young Stalin (ePub ed.). Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-85068-7.  Kotkin, Stephen (2014). Stalin: Volume I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 (ePub ed.). Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-379-4. 

External links[edit]

(in Russian) Екатерина Сванидзе: Судьба Красоты on YouTube
YouTube Yekaterina Svanidze: Fateful Beauty

v t e

Joseph Stalin

History and politics

Overviews

Early life Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish-Soviet War Rise Rule as Soviet leader Cult of personality

Chronology

August Uprising Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)/(1928–1941) Collectivization

Kolkhoz Sovkhoz

Chinese Civil War First five-year plan Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 16th / 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 1931 Menshevik Trial Spanish Civil War Soviet invasion of Xinjiang Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang 1937 Soviet Union legislative election 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact Invasion of Poland Winter War Moscow Peace Treaty Occupation of the Baltic states German–Soviet Axis talks Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact Continuation War World War II Soviet atomic bomb project Tehran Conference Yalta Conference Potsdam Conference Ili Rebellion Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 1946 Iran crisis 1946 Soviet Union legislative election Turkish Straits crisis First Indochina War Cold War Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance Eastern Bloc Cominform Greek Civil War 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito–Stalin split Berlin Blockade Comecon 1950 Soviet Union legislative election 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Korean War

Concepts

Stalinism Neo-Stalinism Korenizatsiya Socialism in One Country Great Break Socialist realism Stalinist architecture Aggravation of class struggle under socialism Five-year plans Great Construction Projects of Communism Engineers of the human soul 1936 Soviet Constitution New Soviet man Stakhanovite Transformation of nature

Controversies

National delimitation in the Soviet Union Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour Great Purge Holodomor Gulag Decossackization Dekulakization Population transfer (Nazi–Soviet) Forced settlement Great Break Tax on trees Hitler Youth Conspiracy Hotel Lux Wittorf affair Soviet war crimes Rootless cosmopolitan Night of the Murdered Poets Doctors' plot Moscow Trials Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization Allegations of antisemitism NKVD prisoner massacres Murder of Sergey Kirov Katyń massacre Medvedev Forest massacre 1937 Soviet Census Deportations (Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Koreans) Operation "North" Georgian Affair Mingrelian Affair Leningrad Affair Relationship with Shostakovich Lysenkoism Japhetic theory Suppressed research in the Soviet Union Censorship of images Operation "Lentil" in the Caucasus Operation "Priboi" Vinnytsia massacre Kurapaty 1946–1947 Soviet famine Nazino affair 1941 Red Army purge 1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi 1907 Tiflis bank robbery Soviet offensive plans controversy

Works

"Marxism and the National Question" "The Principles of Leninism" "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia" "Ten Blows" speech Alleged 19 August 1939 speech Falsifiers of History Stalin Note The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) 1936 Soviet Constitution Stalin's poetry Dialectical and Historical Materialism Order No. 227 Order No. 270 "Marxism and Problems of Linguistics"

De-Stalinization

20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Pospelov Commission Rehabilitation Khrushchev Thaw On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences Gomulka thaw (Polish October) Soviet Nonconformist Art Shvernik Commission 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Era of Stagnation

Criticism and opposition

Stalin Epigram Lenin's Testament Ryutin Affair Anti-Stalinist left Trotskyism True Communists Russian Liberation Movement (Russian Liberation Army Russian Corps) Ukrainian Liberation Army Darkness at Noon Animal Farm Nineteen Eighty-Four Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism The Soviet Story

Remembrance

How the Steel Was Tempered Friends of the Soviet Union Iosif Stalin tank Iosif Stalin locomotive Generalissimus of the Soviet Union Stalin statues Pantheon, Moscow 1956 Georgian demonstrations Stalin Monument in Budapest Stalin Monument in Prague Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori Batumi Stalin Museum Places named after Stalin Yanks for Stalin Stalin Prize Stalin Peace Prize Stalin Society Stalin Bloc – For the USSR Name of Russia

Family

Besarion Jughashvili
Besarion Jughashvili (father) Keke Geladze
Keke Geladze (mother) Kato Svanidze
Kato Svanidze (first wife) Yakov Dzhugashvili
Yakov Dzhugashvili (son) Konstantin Kuzakov (son) Artyom Sergeyev (adopted son) Nadezhda Alliluyeva (second wife) Vasily Dzhugashvili
Vasily Dzhugashvili (son) Svetlana Alliluyeva
Svetlana Alliluyeva (daughter) Yevgeny Dzhugashvili (grandson) Galina Dzhugashvili (granddaughter) Joseph Alliluyev (grandson) Sergei Alliluyev (second father-in-law) Alexander Svanidze
Alexander Svanidze (brother-in-law) Yuri Zhdanov (son-in-law) William Wesley Peters (son-in-law)

Friends

Ioseb Iremashvili Kamo (Bolshevik) Kliment Voroshilov Vyacheslav Molotov Lazar Kaganovich Grigory Ordzhonikidze Anastas Mikoyan

Residences

Tiflis Spiritual Seminary Kuntsevo Dacha Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro) Sochi Dacha Blizhnyaya Dacha

Category Commons Brezhnev Era template Soviet Union portal