Kataib Hezbollah

Kata'ib Hezbollah ( ar, كتائب حزب الله, lit=Battalions of the Party of God)—or the Hezbollah Battalions—is a radical Iraqi Shiite paramilitary group which is part of the Popular Mobilization Forces backed by Iran. During the Iraq War (2003–11), the group fought against Coalition forces. It has been active in the War in Iraq (2013–2017) and the Syrian civil war (2011–present). The group was commanded by Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis until he was killed by a US drone strike in Baghdad on 3 January 2020. Thereafter, he was replaced by Abdul Aziz al-Muhammadawi (Abu Fadak), as the new leader of the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF).

Kata'ib Hezbollah is officially listed as a terrorist organization by the governments of Japan, United Arab Emirates, and the United States.

History

Formation

Kata'ib Hezbollah (KH) was founded in 2003, shortly before the Iraq War that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by the US and UK that overthrew the regime of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the Coalition forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government.

The group was founded by Jamal Jafaar al-Ibrahim, known as Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, an Iraqi-Iranian dual national designated as terrorist in 2009. Its first members were from the Badr Organization. The group's structure is secretive, but al-Muhandis, an adviser to Iran's elite Quds Force and former Badr Organization member, was known to be a senior figure in the group, and its commander. The group receives training and funding from the Quds Force. The US State Department also claimed Lebanon-based Hezbollah provided weapons and training for the group.

Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)

The group came to prominence in 2007 for attacks against U.S.-led Coalition forces in Iraq, and was known for uploading its videos of attacks on American forces on the internet.

In mid-2008, US and Iraqi forces launched a crackdown against the group and the " Special Groups", the US military term for Iran-backed militias in Iraq. At least 30 of its members were captured during those months. Many of the group's leaders were also captured and US officials claimed that "as result much of the leadership fled to Iran".

On 2 July 2009, the group was added to the U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations. The group was held responsible for numerous Improvised explosive device, IED attacks, Mortar (weapon), mortar, rocket and rocket-propelled grenade, RPG attacks as well as sniper operations, targeting US and Iraqi forces, including a November 2008 rocket attack that killed two U.N. workers.

In December 2009, the group intercepted the unencrypted video feed of MQ-1 Predator UAVs above Iraq.

On 12 February 2010, a firefight with suspected members of the group occurred southeast of Baghdad in a village near the Iranian border, the U.S. military said. Twelve people were arrested, it said. "The joint security team was fired upon by individuals dispersed in multiple residential buildings ... members of the security team returned fire, killing individuals assessed to be enemy combatants," the military said in a statement. The Provincial Iraqi officials said many of the dead were innocent bystanders, and demanded compensation. They said eight people were killed.

On 13 July 2010, General Ray Odierno named Kata'ib Hezbollah as being behind threats against List of United States Military installations in Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), American bases in Iraq. "In the last couple weeks there's been an increased threat ... and so we've increased our security on some of our bases," Odierno told reporters at a briefing in Baghdad.

On 6 June 2011, Kata'ib Hezbollah militants fired rockets at Forward Operating Base Loyalty in eastern Baghdad killing six U.S. soldiers. Another five soldiers were also wounded in the attack.

On 29 June 2011, Kata'ib Hezbollah fired Lob bomb, IRAM rockets that struck a US base near the Iranian border - Combat Outpost Shocker, COP Shocker. The attack resulted in the deaths of three American soldiers. A videotape of the rocket attack was published on the internet by the militi


In July 2011, an Iraqi intelligence official estimated the group's size at 1,000 fighters and said the militants were paid between $300 to $500 per month.

The Al-Qa'im border crossing has seen hastened military activity as the group is expected to play an important military and security role as the crossing with Syria is officially opened on September 30, 2019.

Post-US withdrawal

In 2013, Kata'ib Hezbollah and other Iraqi Shia militias acknowledged sending fighters to Syria to fight alongside forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad, against the Sunni rebels seeking to overthrow him in the Syrian Civil War.

Wathiq al-Batat, a former Kata'ib Hezbollah leader, announced the creation of a new Shia militia, the Mukhtar Army, on 4 February 2013, saying its aim is to defend Shiites and help the government combat terrorism.

In 2014, the group began taking a role in the fight against ISIL in Iraq. Also in 2014, they and six other predominantly Shia Iraqi paramilitary groups formed the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF). Since October 2016, Kata'ib Hezbollah along with the Iraqi army and other PMF groups has taken part in the Battle of Mosul (2016–17), Battle of Mosul against ISIL. They have been, alongside other PMF, active in fighting around Tal Afar, severing ISIL's link from Mosul and Tal Afar to the rest of their territory.

During 2019–2021 Iraqi protests, protests in Iraq in 2019, Kata'ib Hezbollah was reportedly involved in sniper attacks on peaceful protesters in Baghdad, which killed more than 100 people and injured another 6,000.

On 29 December 2019, the United States 2019 United States bombing of Kata'ib Hizbollah, bombed the headquarters of Kata'ib Hezbollah near Al-Qa'im (town), Al-Qa'im. The airstrikes targeted three Kata'ib Hezbollah locations in Iraq and two in Syria, and included weapons depots and command posts, according to ''Reuters'' and a US military statement. The attack was in retaliation after a barrage of over 30 rockets were fired towards the K-1 Air Base, K-1 base two days earlier and other attacks on bases with US forces in Iraq. The earlier attack killed a US contractor and wounded several Iraqi and US soldiers. Twenty-five people were reportedly killed in the US airstrikes and 51 members wounded.

In response to the American bombing of the Kata'ib Hezbollah headquarters on 29 December, protesters 2019 attack on the United States embassy in Iraq, attacked the US embassy in the Green Zone in Baghdad on 31 December 2019. Many of the protesters were members of the Kata'ib Hezbollah militia, including Kata'ib Hezbollah commander Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis. United States Secretary of Defense, Secretary of Defense Mark Esper warned on 2 January that the group may be planning new attacks in Iraq, and that the U.S. is prepared to launch preemptive attacks. Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis was killed by a US drone strike at the Baghdad International Airport on 3 January 2020.

On 27 February 2020, the U.S. State and Treasury departments designated Ahmad al-Hamidawi, the secretary general of Kataib Hezbollah, as a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist."

On 25 June 2020, Iraqi security forces raided Kata'ib Hezbollah base in Dora, Baghdad, Dora, southern Baghdad and detained at least 14 militia members.

In March 2020, the U.S. launched air raids against Kata'ib Hezbollah facilities in Karbala International Airport, Karbala in retaliation for the 2020 Camp Taji attacks.

On 11 October 2020, Kata'ib Hezbollah announced that they have agreed to conditional ceasefire against United States interests in Iraq.

On 26 February 2021, U.S. air strikes hit targets used by the KH militia and other Iranian-backed groups in Syria. These strikes were carried out in retaliation for an 2021 Erbil rocket attacks, attack on a U.S. air base in Erbil on 15 February 2021.

See also

* Belligerents of the Syrian Civil War
* Holy Shrine Defender
* List of armed groups in the Iraqi Civil War
*United States Department of State list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations, U.S. Department of State list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations
* Saraya al-Khorasani
* Executive Order 13224

References

External links

*
* Counter Extremism Project]
profile

Kata’ib Hezbollah and the Intricate Web of Iranian Military Involvement in Iraq

{{Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps

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