Kaloeng (Kalerng, Kaleung) is a
Southwestern
The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography. A compass rose is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, east, south, and west—each sepa ...
Tai
Tai or TAI may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
*Tai (comics) a fictional Marvel Comics supervillain
*Tai Fraiser, a fictional character in the 1995 film ''Clueless''
*Tai Kamiya, a fictional character in ''Digimon''
Businesses and organisations ...
language of
Thailand
Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...
and
Laos
Laos (, ''Lāo'' )), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic ( Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, French: République démocratique populaire lao), is a socialist ...
.
Distribution
In Thailand, Kaloeng is spoken in
Sakon Nakhon Province,
Nakhon Phanom Province, and
Mukdahan Province (Trongdee 2016). In Laos, it is spoken in
Khammouan Province.
External classification
Mudjalin Luksanawong classifies the Kaloeng language as part of the
Sakon Nakhon
Sakon Nakhon ( th, สกลนคร, ; sometimes written Sakhon Nakhon) is a city (thesaban nakhon) in Thailand within the Isan region, and capital city of Sakon Nakhon Province as well as Mueang Sakon Nakhon District, with a population of ap ...
subbranch of the Southwestern Tai.
*Nakhon Phanom
**''
Nakhon Phanom
Nakhon Phanom ( th, นครพนม, ) is a town (''thesaban mueang'') in northeastern Thailand, capital of Nakhon Phanom Province. The town covers ''tambons'' Nai Mueang and Nong Saeng and parts of ''tambons'' At Samat and Nong Yat, all in M ...
''
*Sakon Nakhon
**Yoy-Yooy-Kalööng
***''
Yoy''
***''Yooy''
***''Kalööng''
In the Sakon Nakhon languages,
Proto-Tai *hw- and *w- (Pittayaporn 2009:134-135) became /ph/- (Trongdee 2016:55). Also, the Sakon Nakhon languages display the uncommon labiovelar initial clusters thw-, cw-, sw-, hw-, ŋw-, lw-, ʔw- (Trongdee 2016:56).
Internal classification
Thananan Trongdee
classifies the Kaloeng dialects as follows according to the evolution of the Proto-Kaloeng
diphthong
A diphthong ( ; , ), also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech o ...
*-aɯ.
*Group 1: *-aɯ > -aɯ (all spoken in Laos)
**
Hinboun District
Hinboun District (Lao : ຫີນບູນ) is a district (''muang
Mueang ( th, เมือง ''mɯ̄ang'', ), Muang ( lo, ເມືອງ ''mɯ́ang'', ; Tai Nuea: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ''muang''), Mong ( shn, ''mə́ŋ'', ), Meng () or Mường (Vi ...
: Pha Wang; Nong Hoi
**
Yommalath District: Phon Bok
**
Nong Bok District: Nong Bok
**
Boualapha District: Kha Yu
**
Kounkham District: Kong Lo
*(''branch'')
**Group 2: *-aɯ > -əi
***
Mueang Sakon Nakhon District: Muanglai ม่วงลาย
***
Kut Bak District: Ban Bua บ้านบัว
***
Kusuman District
Kusuman ( th, กุสุมาลย์, ) is a district ('' amphoe'') of Sakon Nakhon province, Thailand.
Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise) Phon Na Kaeo and Mueang Sakon Nakhon of Sakon Nakhon Province, Na Wa, ...
: Saen Phan แสนพัน
***
Khamcha-i District: Non Sang Si
**Group 3: *-aɯ > -ai
***
Mueang Sakon Nakhon District: Na Yo นายอ; Dong Mafai ดงมะไฟ
***
Phanna Nikhom District: Choeng Chum เชิงชุม
***
Mueang Nakhon Phanom District
Mueang Nakhon Phanom ( th, เมืองนครพนม, )) is the capital district ('' amphoe mueang'') of Nakhon Phanom province, northeastern Thailand.
Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise): That Phanom, Renu ...
: Kurukhu กุรุคุ; Khamtoei คำเตย
***
Phon Sawan District
Phon Sawan ( th, โพนสวรรค์, ) is a district ('' amphoe'') in Nakhon Phanom province, northeast Thailand.
Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the west clockwise): Na Wa, Si Songkhram, Tha Uthen, and Mueang Nakhon Phan ...
: Phon Bok โพนบก
***
Tha Uthen District
Tha Uthen ( th, ท่าอุเทน, ) is a district ('' amphoe'') of Nakhon Phanom province, northeastern Thailand.
Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise) Mueang Nakhon Phanom, Phon Sawan, Si Songkhram, and Ban ...
: Na Sok นาโสก
***
Pla Pak District: Kutakai ปลาปาก
***
Na Kae District: Phra Song พระซอง
***
Yommalath District, Laos: Don Pueai
***
Nong Bok District, Laos: Dong Phak Pue
References
{{Tai-Kadai languages
Languages of Thailand
Languages of Laos
Southwestern Tai languages