; tl, Lalawigan ng Kalinga) , native_name = , other_name = , settlement_type = , image_skyline = , image_caption = (from top: left to right) Bum-bag Rice Terraces, Pasil Valley, Lubuagan Mountains, Mount Manting-oy, Mount Binuluan and Tabuk City Hall. , image_flag = PH-KAL Flag.png , flag_size = 100x80px , image_seal = , seal_size = 100x80px , image_map = , map_caption = Location in the Philippines , coordinates = , subdivision_type =

Country A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. It may be a sovereign state or make up one part of a larger state. For example, the country of Japan is an independent, sovereign state, whi ...

, subdivision_name = , subdivision_type1 =

Region In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as zones, lands or territories, are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics ( physical geography), human impact characteristics ( human geography), and the interaction of humanity an ...

, subdivision_name1 = , established_title =

Founded Founding may refer to: * The formation of a corporation, government, or other organization * The laying of a building's Foundation * The casting of materials in a mold See also * Foundation (disambiguation) * Incorporation (disambiguation) In ...

, established_date = May 8, 1995 , seat_type = Capital
, seat =

Tabuk Tabuk may refer to: *Tabuk, Kalinga, the capital city of Kalinga province of the Philippines *Tabuk Province, a province of Saudi Arabia **Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, capital city of the province ** Tabuk Regional Airport * Battle of Tabuk, a military ex ...

, leader_party = , leader_title =

Governor A governor is an administrative leader and head of a polity or political region, ranking under the head of state and in some cases, such as governors-general, as the head of state's official representative. Depending on the type of political ...

, leader_name = James S. Edduba ( Lakas) , leader_title1 = Vice Governor , leader_name1 = Jocel C. Baac ( Aksyon) , leader_title2 =

Legislature A legislature is an assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. They are often contrasted with the executive and judicial powers of government. Laws enacted by legislatures are usually known ...

, leader_name2 = Kalinga Provincial Board , area_footnotes = , area_total_km2 = , area_rank = 41st out of 81 , elevation_max_m = 2,617 , elevation_max_point = Mount Alchan , population_footnotes = , population_total = , population_as_of = , population_est = 220,329 , pop_est_as_of = 2020 , population_rank = 71st out of 81 , population_density_km2 = auto , population_density_rank = 78th out of 81 , demographics_type1 = Divisions , demographics1_title1 = Independent cities , demographics1_info1 = 0 , demographics1_title2 = Component cities , demographics1_info2 = , demographics1_title3 =

Municipalities A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality'' may also mean the ...

, demographics1_info3 = , demographics1_title4 =

Barangay A barangay (; abbreviated as Brgy. or Bgy.), historically referred to as barrio (abbreviated as Bo.), is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district, or ward. In metropolita ...

s , demographics1_info4 = 153 , demographics1_title5 =

Districts A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions ...

, demographics1_info5 =

Legislative district of Kalinga The legislative districts of Kalinga are the representations of the province of Kalinga in the various national legislatures of the Philippines. The province is currently represented in the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines through i ...

, timezone = PHT , utc_offset = +8 , postal_code_type = ZIP code , postal_code = , area_code_type = , area_code = , iso_code = , blank_name_sec1 = Spoken languages , blank_info_sec1 = , website = , short_description = Province of the Philippines , image_map1 = Kalinga (), officially the Province of Kalinga (), is a landlocked

province A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions out ...

in the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

situated within the

Cordillera Administrative Region The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR; ilo, Rehion/Deppaar Administratibo ti Kordiliera; fil, Rehiyong Pampangasiwaan ng Cordillera), also known as the Cordillera Region and Cordillera (), is an administrative region in the Philippines, ...

Luzon Luzon (; ) is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the Philippines archipelago, it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, as ...

. Its capital is

and borders

Mountain Province Mountain Province is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Bontoc. Mountain Province was formerly referred to as ''Mountain'' in some foreign references. The name is usually short ...

to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east,

Cagayan Cagayan ( ), officially the Province of Cagayan ( ilo, Probinsia ti Cagayan; ibg, Provinsiya na Cagayan; itv, Provinsiya ya Cagayan; fil, Lalawigan ng Cagayan), is a province in the Philippines located in the Cagayan Valley region, coverin ...

to the northeast, and

Apayao Apayao, officially the Province of Apayao ( ilo, Probinsia ti Apayao; fil, Lalawigan ng Apayao), is a landlocked province in the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Kabugao serves as its capital. The provincial ca ...

to the north. Kalinga and Apayao are the result of the 1995 partitioning of the former province of Kalinga-Apayao which was seen to better service the respective needs of the various indigenous peoples in the area. Unbeknownst to many,

President President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) * President (education), a leader of a college or university * President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ...

Emilio Aguinaldo Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (: March 22, 1869February 6, 1964) was a Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and military leader who is the youngest president of the Philippines (1899–1901) and is recognized as the first president of the Philippine ...

proclaimed

Lubuagan Lubuagan, officially the Municipality of Lubuagan is a 4th class municipality in the province of Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 9,323 people. It is north of Manila and from Tabuk. Lubuagan Municipa ...

town the

seat of government The seat of government is (as defined by ''Brewer's Politics'') "the building, complex of buildings or the city from which a government exercises its authority". In most countries, the nation’s capital is also seat of its government, thus that ...

for 73 days from 6 March 1900 to 18 May 1900 before finally fleeing to

Palanan Palanan, officially the Municipality of Palanan ( ilo, Ili ti Palanan; tl, Bayan ng Palanan), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Isabela, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 17,684 people. It was in Pal ...

History

Kalinga was taken from

and Isabela provinces and established by the Americans through ''

Philippine Commission The Philippine Commission was the name of two bodies, both appointed by the president of the United States, to assist with governing the Philippines. The first Philippine Commission, also known as the Schurman Commission, was appointed by Preside ...

Act No. 1642'' on May 9, 1907 as a sub-province of

Lepanto-Bontoc Lepanto-Bontoc was a province of the Philippines, existing from 1902 to 1908. The province encompassed much of the central section of the Cordillera mountains in Luzon. Its capital was Cervantes, in the sub-province of Lepanto. Administrative D ...

. Kalinga was later organized as one of the sub-provinces of

, created by ''Act No. 1876''. In the early years, the subprovince underwent series of territorial changes. Part of Kalinga was transferred to another sub-province

Bontoc Bontoc may refer to: * Bontoc, Mountain Province, Philippines * Bontoc, Southern Leyte, Philippines * Bontoc people, an ethnic group from Central Luzon, Philippines * Bontoc language Bontoc (Bontok) (also called Finallig) is the native language ...

through ''

Executive Order In the United States, an executive order is a directive by the president of the United States that manages operations of the federal government. The legal or constitutional basis for executive orders has multiple sources. Article Two of t ...

No. 53'' in 1914. In the municipal district of

Pinukpuk Pinukpuk, officially the Municipality of Pinukpuk is a 1st class municipality in the province of Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 34,275 people. It is in the northern part of Kalinga province, which is ...

, barrios were moved to Balbalan in 1926; as well as parts of it to Conner in

in 1927. Kalinga was became part of a province along with Apayao when the old Mountain Province was divided into four separate provinces through ''

Republic Act This article contains a partial list of Philippine laws. Sources of Philippine laws ;Notes : *Customs may be considered as supplementary source of law, however, customs which are contrary to law, public order or public policy shall not be ...

No. 4695'' in 1966 and, with Abra, became part of the territories in the

which was created through ''Executive Order No. 220'' in 1987. Kalinga was converted into a province in 1995 by virtue of ''RA No. 7878'' when majority of the voters in ''Kalinga-Apayao'' approved in a plebiscite the division of the province into two.

Etymology

The province's name is derived from the Ibanag and Gaddang noun "kalinga", which means "enemy", "fighter", or "headtaker".

Geography

Kalinga covers a total area of occupying the central section of the

. The province is bordered by

to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east,

to the northeast, and

to the north. Large swaths of the province's lowlands are open

grassland A grassland is an area where the vegetation is dominated by grasses ( Poaceae). However, sedge ( Cyperaceae) and rush ( Juncaceae) can also be found along with variable proportions of legumes, like clover, and other herbs. Grasslands occur na ...

suitable for pasture, while the highlands have extensive areas of

tropical rainforest Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season – all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm – and may also be referred to as ''lowland equator ...

. In higher elevations to the west, particularly in the mountains of Balbalan, lie some of the most intact pine forests of

Luzon island Luzon (; ) is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the Philippines archipelago, it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, ...

Rizal Rizal, officially the Province of Rizal ( fil, Lalawigan ng Rizal), is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon. Its capital is the city of Antipolo. It is about east of Manila. The province is named after Jos� ...

and

with their flatlands are the biggest rice producers. Next in rice production are the mountainous area, and of note are the

rice Rice is the seed of the grass species '' Oryza sativa'' (Asian rice) or less commonly ''Oryza glaberrima'' (African rice). The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera '' Zizania'' and '' Porteresia'', both wild and domesticat ...

terraces of Balbalan, Lubuagan, Pasil,

Tinglayan Tinglayan, officially the Municipality of Tinglayan is a 4th class municipality in the province of Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 13,148 people. Geography Barangays Tinglayan is politically subdivide ...

, and Tanudan.

Climate

Hydrology

The province is drained mainly by the Chico River, with its

headwaters The headwaters of a river or stream is the farthest place in that river or stream from its estuary or downstream confluence with another river, as measured along the course of the river. It is also known as a river's source. Definition The ...

in the

and emptying into the

Cagayan River The Cagayan River, also known as the Río Grande de Cagayán, is the longest river and the largest river by discharge volume of water in the Philippines. It has a total length of approximately and a drainage basin covering . It is located in t ...

. The Chico River has several

tributaries A tributary, or affluent, is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream or main stem (or parent) river or a lake. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean. Tributaries and the main stem river drain the surrounding drain ...

: Bunog River in Tinglayan in the south; the Tanudan and Biga Rivers in the east; Pasil River in the central area; and Poswoy, Dao-angan, Mabaca and Saltan Rivers in the west. Several small lakes can also be found in Kalinga.

Administrative divisions

Kalinga comprises one component city and seven

municipalities A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality'' may also mean the ...

, all encompassed by a single legislative district.

was proclaimed a component city in 2007, but in November 2008 the

Supreme Court of the Philippines The Supreme Court ( fil, Kataas-taasang Hukuman; colloquially referred to as the ''Korte Suprema'' lso used in formal writing is the highest court in the Philippines. The Supreme Court was established by the Second Philippine Commission on J ...

ruled that its cityhood was unconstitutional. However, Tabuk had its city status reinstated by the Supreme Court on December 22, 2009. Ph fil kalinga

Barangays

The seven municipalities and one component city of the province comprise 152

barangay A barangay (; abbreviated as Brgy. or Bgy.), historically referred to as barrio (abbreviated as Bo.), is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district, or ward. In metropolita ...

s, with ''Bulanao'' in

Tabuk City Tabuk, known officially as the City of Tabuk ( ilo, Siudad ti Tabuk; fil, Lungsod ng Tabuk), is a 5th class component city and capital of the province of Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 121,033 peopl ...

as the most populous in 2010, and ''Anggacan Sur'' in Tanudan as the least. If the City of Tabuk is excluded, ''Pinukpuk Junction'' in

municipality has the highest population.

Demographics

The population of Kalinga in the 2020 census was 229,570 people, with a density of . On the 2000 census survey, Kalinga people comprised of the total provincial population of 173,638.

Ilocanos The Ilocanos ( ilo, Tattao nga Iloko/), Ilokanos, or Iloko people are the third largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group and mostly reside within the Ilocos Region in the northwestern seaboard of Luzon, Philippines. The native language of the Ilo ...

came in second at , while other ethnic groups in the province were the Kankanaey at ,

at ,

Tagalog Tagalog may refer to: Language * Tagalog language, a language spoken in the Philippines ** Old Tagalog, an archaic form of the language ** Batangas Tagalog, a dialect of the language * Tagalog script, the writing system historically used for Taga ...

at and Applai at . The primary language spoken is

Kalinga Kalinga may refer to: Geography, linguistics and/or ethnology * Kalinga (historical region), a historical region of India ** Kalinga (Mahabharata), an apocryphal kingdom mentioned in classical Indian literature ** Kalinga script, an ancient writin ...

, including its dialects of Balangao, Butbut,

Limos Limos (; Ancient Greek: Λιμός means 'starvation'), Roman Fames , is the "sad" goddess or god of starvation, hunger and famine in ancient Greek religion. They were opposed by Demeter, goddess of grain and the harvest with whom Ovid wrote Li ...

, Lower Tanudan,

, Mabaka, Madukayang, Southern Kalingan, and Upper Tanudan. Gaddang, as well as Ilocano,

, and

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ...

are also spoken in as ''

lingua franca A lingua franca (; ; for plurals see ), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups ...

s'' with varying degrees of proficiency.

Economy

Culture

There are many sub-

tribes The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confli ...

in the province. The strong sense of tribal membership and filial loyalty results in frequent tribal unrest and occasional outright war. Due to the mountainous terrain and warrior-culture of the people, the Kalinga were able to preserve their culture despite centuries of occupation in the lowlands by the

Spaniards Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a Romance ethnic group native to Spain. Within Spain, there are a number of national and regional ethnic identities that reflect the country's complex history, including a number of different languages, both ...

Americans Americans are the citizens and nationals of the United States of America.; ; Although direct citizens and nationals make up the majority of Americans, many dual citizens, expatriates, and permanent residents could also legally claim Ame ...

, and the Japanese. On February 22, 2019, the Department of Tourism announced the bid of ''Digdiga Ni Tupayya'', a Kalinga courtship dance, to be included in the

UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists UNESCO established its Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage with the aim of ensuring better protection of important intangible cultural heritages worldwide and the awareness of their significance.Compare: This list is published by the Intergover ...

Historic figures

Macli-ing Dulag Macli-ing Dulag (customarily referred to by his first name, also spelled Macliing or Macli'ing; c. 1930 – 24 April 1980) was a ''pangat'' (leader) of the Butbut tribe of Kalinga province in the Philippines. He is best as one of the leaders of ...

- a Kalinga warrior and leader (''pangat'') who opposed the Chico River Dam Project. Murdered by military personnel under the command of dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Dulag's death is remembered as one of the two occasions for the declaration of Cordillera Day in the entire

. His name has been inscribed in the heroes' marker in

Quezon City Quezon City (, ; fil, Lungsod Quezon ), also known as the City of Quezon and Q.C. (read in Filipino as Kyusi), is the List of cities in the Philippines, most populous city in the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a populatio ...

. *

Conrado Balweg Conrado Balweg was a former Filipino Catholic priest and rebel who was the founder of the Cordillera People’s Liberation Army, a militant group which advocated autonomy for the Cordillera region in the Philippines. He was also known by the ''n ...

- a former Filipino Catholic priest and rebel who was the founder of the Cordillera People's Liberation Army, a militant group which advocated autonomy for the Cordillera region in the Philippines. He was also known by the nom-de-guerre Ka Ambo. * Whang-od - a Kalinga master tattooist (''mambabatok'') and recipient of the prestigious ''Dangal ng Haraya'' Award. *

Alonzo Saclag Alonzo Saclag is a Filipino musician and dancer who is a recipient of the National Living Treasures Award. Background Alonzo Saclag was born on August 4, 1942. A member of the Kalinga people and a native of Lubuagan, Kalinga province ; tl, Lala ...

- Awarded as a National Living Treasure for his efforts to preserve the culture of Kalinga through performing arts.

References

External links

* * {{Authority control Provinces of the Philippines States and territories established in 1995 1995 establishments in the Philippines Former sub-provinces of the Philippines