Kōdōha

The ''Kōdōha'' or was a political faction in the Imperial Japanese Army active in the 1920s and 1930s. The ''Kōdōha'' sought to establish a military government that promoted totalitarian, militaristic and aggressive expansionistic ideals, and was largely supported by junior officers. The radical ''Kōdōha'' rivaled the moderate '' Tōseiha'' (Control Faction) for influence in the army until the February 26 Incident in 1936, when it was '' de facto'' dissolved and many supporters were disciplined or executed.

The ''Kōdōha'' was never an organized political party and had no official standing within the Army, but its ideology and supporters continued to influence Japanese militarism into the late 1930s., page 193

Background

The Empire of Japan had enjoyed economic growth during World War I but this ended in the early 1920s with the Shōwa financial crisis. Social unrest increased with the growing polarization of society and inequalities, such as trafficking in girls, with the labor unions increasingly influenced by socialism, communism and anarchism, but the industrial and financial leaders of Japan continued to get wealthier through their inside connections with politicians and bureaucrats. The military was considered "clean" in terms of political corruption, and elements within the army were determined to take direct action to eliminate the perceived threats to Japan created by the weaknesses of liberal democracy and political corruption.

Origins

The founders of the ''Kōdōha'' were General Sadao Araki and his protégé, Jinzaburō Masaki. Araki was a noted political philosopher within the army, who linked the ancient Japanese ''bushido'' code of the '' samurai'' with ideas similar to European fascism to form the philosophical basis of his ideology, which linked the Emperor, the people, land and morality as one and indivisible.

The ''Kōdōha'' envisioned a pure Japanese culture, a return to the pre- westernized Japan in which the state was to be purged of corrupt bureaucrats, opportunistic politicians, and greedy '' zaibatsu'' capitalists. The state would be run directly by Emperor Hirohito in a " Shōwa Restoration" assisted by the military. Domestically, the state would return to the traditional values of Japan, and externally, war with the Soviet Union was not only unavoidable, but necessary to eliminate the perceived threat posed by communism., page 200. In a news conference in September 1932, Araki first mentioned the word "''Kōdōha''" ("The Imperial Way"), from which his movement received its popular name.

Araki became Minister of War in the cabinet of Prime Minister Inukai in 1931, and Masaki became Vice Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff. Both began to purge followers of their rival General Kazushige Ugaki from important posts in both the ministry and the general staff. Whereas Ugaki was pushing for a modernization of the military in terms of materials and technology, Araki and his followers argued that the spiritual training, or élan, of the Army was more important.

Opposition

Tetsuzan Nagata and Hideki Tōjō created the '' Tōseiha'' (Control Faction) group, a loose faction united mostly by their opposition to Araki and his ''Kōdōha''.

Fundamental to both factions, however, was the common belief that national defense must be strengthened through a reform of national politics. Both factions adopted some ideas from totalitarian and fascist political philosophies, and espoused a strong skepticism of political party politics and representative democracy. However, rather than the confrontational approach of the ''Kōdōha'', which wanted to bring about a revolution, the ''Tōseiha'' foresaw that a future war would be a total war, which would require the cooperation of the bureaucracy and the ''zaibatsu'' conglomerates to maximize Japan's industrial and military capacity. The ''Kōdōha'' was strongly supportive of the Strike North strategy of a preemptive strike against the Soviet Union, but the ''Tōseiha'' wanted a "more cautious" defense expansion by the Strike South policy.

Decline

After the Manchurian Incident, the two cliques struggled against each other for dominance over the military. The ''Kōdōha'' was initially dominant; however, after the resignation of Araki in 1934 due to ill health, the ''Kōdōha'' began to suffer a decline in its influence. Araki was replaced by General Senjūrō Hayashi, who had ''Tōseiha'' sympathies.

In November 1934, a plot by ''Kōdōha'' army officers to murder a number of important politicians was discovered before it could be implemented. The ''Tōseiha'' faction forced the resignation of Masaki from his position as Inspector General of Military Education (the third most powerful position in the Japanese Army hierarchy) for his complicity in the plot, and demoted some 3,000 other officers.

In retaliation, a ''Kōdōha'' officer, Saburō Aizawa, murdered ''Tōseiha'' leader General Tetsuzan Nagata in the Aizawa Incident. Aizawa's military tribunal was held under the jurisdiction of the First Infantry Division in Tokyo, whose commander, General Heisuke Yanagawa, was a follower of Araki. The trial thus became a vehicle by which the ''Kōdōha'' was able to denounce the ''Tōseiha'', portray Aizawa as a selfless patriot, and Nagata as an unprincipled power-mad schemer.

At the climax of the Aizawa trial, to reduce tensions on the Tokyo area, the First Infantry Division was ordered from Tokyo to Manchuria. Instead, this caused the situation to escalate further, as the ''Kōdōha'' decided that the time was right for direct action, and backed the First Infantry Division in an attempted coup d'état on 26 February 1936 known as the February 26 Incident. The failure of the coup three days later resulted in the almost complete purge of ''Kōdōha'' members from top army positions and the resignation of their leader Sadao Araki.

Thus, after the February 26 Incident, the ''Kōdōha'' effectively ceased to exist, and the Tōseiha lost most of its '' raison d'être''. Although ''Tōseiha'' followers gained control of the army, the ''Kōdōha'' ideals of spiritual power and imperial mysticism remained embedded in the army, as did its tradition of insubordination of junior officers (gekokujō), and resurfaced with the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937.

See also

* '' Hakkō ichiu''

References

{{Fascism

Imperial Japanese Army
Politics of the Empire of Japan
Shōwa Statism
Far-right politics in Japan
Japanese militarism